4982 research outputs found
Sort by
Pueblos indígenas, pensamiento y debates de hoy: Las ciencias sociales y la paradoja del habla subalterna
Get PDFEl habla subalterna indígena se encuentra llena de complejidades, en gran medida por la relación que los sujetos “intelectuales indígenas” mantienen con las ciencias sociales y los corpus conceptuales que éstas utilizan. Este artículo se propone analizar estas complejidades, poniendo énfasis en cómo las conceptualizaciones de las ciencias sociales generan condiciones para abrir el campo de los esencialismos culturalistas, en un marco de emergencia indígena continua no exenta de paradojas.Indigenous subaltern speech is full of complexities, largely due to the relationship that "indigenous intellectual" subjects have with the social sciences and the conceptual corpus they use. This article sets out to analyze these complexities, emphasizing how the conceptualizations of the social sciences generate conditions to open the field of culturalist essentialisms, in a framework of continuous indigenous emergency not without paradoxes
Animal welfare at slaughter: perceptions and knowledge across cultures
No full textMost people around the world eat meat and billions of animals are slaughtered each year to meet that demand. For many, eating meat is a biocultural activity steeped in tradition and formative in cuisines and identity. Eating meat, however, comes with a myriad of ethical and practical considerations. In tandem with animal rights and environmental sustainability concerns surrounding the impact of animal slaughter for meat, animal welfare science has identified numerous ways animals may suffer on an individual level during various methods of slaughter. Practices of slaughter differ around the world and the degree to which culture and regional interpretations of religion impact consumer expectations and perceptions of suffering at slaughter are relatively unknown. We begin to address some of these gaps by conducting a survey of 4,291 members of the general public to assess knowledge and attitudes around animal welfare at slaughter and religious slaughter, across 14 culturally and religiously diverse countries in local languages; Australia, Philippines, Nigeria, United Kingdom and United States (English), Bangladesh (Bengali), Brazil (Portuguese), Chile (Spanish), China (Traditional Chinese), India (Hindi and English), Malaysia (Bahasa Malay, Chinese and English), Pakistan (Urdu), Sudan (Arabic) and Thailand (Thai). Our results demonstrate that in highly developed countries where exposure to slaughter is low, comfort witnessing slaughter and knowledge about animal welfare at slaughter and the local application of stunning is also low. Cultural and religious differences exist by country, however in all countries except Bangladesh, the majority of participants stated that it mattered to them that animals do not suffer during slaughter, and in most countries, participants would prefer that animals be rendered unconscious before they are slaughtered (preslaughter stunning); including in countries where this practice is not currently widespread. These findings suggest that concern for the reduction of animal suffering during slaughter is a universal human tendency, rather than a cultural development, while opinion of how best to achieve this (i.e., to stun or not to stun) may be cultural and tied to local interpretations of religious slaughter requirements. The findings of this study serve as an indication for meat industries and governments that continual review and improvement of animal welfare processes at slaughter are required to continue to meet evolving general public sentiment
Enhancing Selenium Accumulation in <i>Rhodotorula mucilaginosa</i> Strain 6S Using a Proteomic Approach for Aquafeed Development
No full textIt is known that selenium (Se) is an essential trace element, important for the growth and other biological functions of fish. One of its most important functions is to contribute to the preservation of certain biological components, such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, providing protection against free radicals resulting from normal metabolism. The objective of this study was to evaluate and optimize selenium accumulation in the native yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 6S. Sodium selenite was evaluated at different concentrations (5-10-15-20-30-40 mg/L). Similarly, the effects of different concentrations of nitrogen sources and pH on cell growth and selenium accumulation in the yeast were analyzed. Subsequently, the best cultivation conditions were scaled up to a 2 L reactor with constant aeration, and the proteome of the yeast cultured with and without sodium selenite was evaluated. The optimal conditions for biomass generation and selenium accumulation were found with ammonium chloride and pH 5.5. Incorporating sodium selenite (30 mg/L) during the exponential phase in the bioreactor after 72 h of cultivation resulted in 10 g/L of biomass, with 0.25 mg total Se/g biomass, composed of 25% proteins, 15% lipids, and 0.850 mg total carotenoids/g biomass. The analysis of the proteomes associated with yeast cultivation with and without selenium revealed a total of 1871 proteins. The results obtained showed that the dynamic changes in the proteome, in response to selenium in the experimental medium, are directly related to catalytic activity and oxidoreductase activity in the yeast. R. mucilaginosa 6S could be an alternative for the generation of selenium-rich biomass with a composition of other nutritional compounds also of interest in aquaculture, such as proteins, lipids, and pigments
CRIICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LEGAL-ADMINISTRATIVE REGIME OF DESALINATION IN CHILE
No full textThe present investigation intends to demonstrate the need, for Chile, to understand the water desalination practices within a legal-administrative process of the planning of coastal zones and to execute it in harmony with the environment, with society and with its surroundings. In the case of southern Chile, this relationship of harmony is even more special because it occurs in an intercultural environment in which a different relationship is observed and produced from the climatic point of view and with the environment and the principles of responsibility. social, sustainability and environmental protection of said geographical area and its inhabitants. Some guidelines for this ordering are proposed at the end of the work
Placenta: motivations, uses, and meanings in south central Chile
No full textMotivations, uses, and meanings given to the placenta by women and men in south central Chile are analyzed, following the implementation of Technical Standard 189 by the Ministry of Health, which allowed people to request their placentas after giving birth on hospital grounds. From an ethnographic approach to the sociocultural uses of placentas, in-depth interviews were carried out with women and their partners between July and November 2019; individual narratives were recorded, as well as conversations between Mapuche women and men who had requested their placenta in three Chilean regions (Araucania, Metropolitan, and Arica and Parinacota). This article focuses on four cases that illustrate the diversity of practices and knowledge surrounding the placenta - inscribed in sociocultural, territorial, political, spiritual, and religious frameworks - according to actors' sociocultural origins. To conclude, the cases are compared in order to highlight both similarities and differences, and some challenges derived from the findings are considered
Historical maps and teaching Chilean Araucania occupation
No full textThe purpose of this research is to analyze the use of historical maps by Chilean history teachers to teach controversial content regarding the Occupation of the Araucania region in high school. This research aims to know its representations, as well as the hardships that teachers face when such tools are used. It considers a descriptive qualitative methodology under an instrumental case study design. Thirty teachers were interviewed, and their teaching materials were analyzed. In order to analyze the data, information was synthetized and regrouped into categories and subcategories. The results show that teachers use historical maps to teach this content, thus allowing them to graphically represent the occupation process, develop students' higher cognitive and geographical abilities and generate space for controversy inside the classroom. This proposes a contribution, beginning as early as in school, for the advancement in the resolution of conflicts in the area
Motivaciones hacia la práctica de actividad física-deportiva en estudiantes de La Araucanía
Get PDFEl problema de este estudio tiene relación con las motivaciones que poseen los estudiantes en relación a la práctica físico-deportiva. Considerando que la practica físico-deportiva es un elemento importante para mantener un estilo de vida saludable, sobre todo en la adolescencia, dado que existen constantes cambios físicos, psicológicos y sociales. En relación a esto, el objetivo de este estudio es determinar los motivos de práctica de actividad físico-deportiva, en estudiantes adolescentes, en establecimientos de enseñanza básica y media de la Región de la Araucanía. La investigación tiene un enfoque Cuantitativo, con un diseño no experimental de tipo transversal, descriptivo. El instrumento para la recolección de datos es el “Cuestionario para el análisis de la motivación y la práctica de la actividad Físico-Deportiva” (C.A.M.P.A.F.D). Los resultados manifiestan que las principales motivaciones para la práctica de actividad físico-deportiva son la capacidad personal para el deporte, como un medio de pasar el tiempo, por superación personal y por motivos de salud. Concluyendo que los antecedentes obtenidos debes ser de herramienta para la construcción de estrategias por profesionales de la salud para incentivar hacia la práctica físico-deportivo, desde el conocimiento de las motivaciones intrínsecas que poseen los estudiantes
Researching of properties of expanded clay concrete on cement-ash binder
Get PDFUkraine is a state with a powerful industrial base, the waste of which is ash. The use of ash as a binder for the production of expanded clay concrete solves the problema of its disposal. Studies of expanded clay concrete on carbonates and cement-ash binder were carried out. The research results showed that it is possible to manufacture building structures from this material, including load-bearing ones. Experiments have confirmed the effectiveness of using a cement-ash binder [Vilkov, 1984]. The article provides recommendations on the technology of production of expanded clay concrete mixture and determination of optimal composition. Were made and tested samples of expanded clay concrete on a cement-ash binder with varying degrees of reinforcement with dimensions of 100x150x1200mm. The bearing capacity, crack resistance and deformability of expanded clay concrete were determined by testing on hydraulic press. The compressive strength of the studied expanded clay concrete was tested by loading samples with dimensions of 10x10x10cm and 10x10x40cm. The perspectives of using expanded clay concrete on a cement-ash binder are analyzed.Ucrania es un estado con una poderosa base industrial, cuyo desperdicio son cenizas. El uso de cenizas como aglutinante para la producción de hormigón de arcilla expandida resuelve el problema de su eliminación. Se realizaron estudios de hormigón de arcilla expandida sobre carbonatos y aglutinante de cemento-cenizas, los resultados de la investigación mostraron que es posible fabricar estructuras de construcción a partir de este material, incluidas las portantes. Los experimentos han confirmado la eficacia de utilizar un aglutinante de cemento y cenizas [Vilkov, 1984]. El artículo proporciona recomendaciones sobre la tecnología de producción de mezcla de hormigón de arcilla expandida y determinación de la composición óptima. Se realizaron y ensayaron muestras de hormigón de arcilla expandida sobre un aglutinante de cemento-ceniza con distintos grados de refuerzo con dimensiones de 100x150x1200mm. La capacidad de carga, la resistencia al agrietamiento y la deformabilidad del hormigón de arcilla expandida se determinaron mediante pruebas en una prensa hidráulica. La resistencia a la compresión del hormigón de arcilla expandida estudiado se probó cargando muestras con dimensiones de 10x10x10cm y 10x10x40cm. Se analizan las perspectivas de utilizar hormigón de arcilla expandida sobre un aglutinante de cenizas de cemento
Native Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Improved Araucaria araucana Growth over Commercial Inoculum Under Greenhouse and Field Conditions
No full textAraucaria araucana forests in the Coastal Mountain range of Chile are highly endangered due to their population isolation, wildfires, and land-use change. Mycorrhizas constitute a potential restoration tool for this species. Firstly, in a greenhouse we tested A. araucana growth responses to single/mixed commercial and native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculum. Secondly, in plantations under contrasting tree covers we compared the growth responses of greenhouse-grown A. araucana seedlings with and without native AMF inoculum. Four treatments were established under greenhouse conditions (25 A. araucana seedlings per treatment): T0, non-mycorrhizal control; T1, single AMF species commercial inoculum; T2, four AMF species commercial inoculum; and T3, 17 AMF species native inoculum. Seedlings were grown for 1.5 years, after which, seven growth traits and the Ritchie plant quality index were recorded. After this, in Nahuelbuta National Park (native inoculum and seeds' site), a total of 80 seedlings were sown for 13 months: 40 from T0 and 40 from T3, in two contrasting plots regarding their tree mycorrhizal dominance (ectomycorrhizal vs. arbuscular mycorrhizal). Under greenhouse conditions, native AMF inoculum, over one and four species' commercial inoculum, increased A. araucana seedlings' fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots. In situ, the sympatric combination of native seedlings and AMF inoculum growing under original soil conditions, resulted in higher plant growth and quality. Functional complementarity among AMF species probably explains our greenhouse results, as inoculum complexity is a good predictor of plant performance. Local adaptation of AMF and seedlings to soil biotic/abiotic conditions might explain our plantation results
Bulking agent in dry anaerobic digestion as a key factor for the enhancement of biogas production
No full textDry anaerobic digestion (dry-AD) is an attractive process for solid wastes such as agri-food waste. However, some limitations mainly associated to lack of effective mixing, can hinder the methane production capacity of the systems. Bulking agent (BA) has been proposed as a solution to the compaction issues in systems without mechanical agitation, such as leaching bed reactors. However, effects of BA are still not clear, and, thus, the factors to consider for its dose has not been optimized yet. This work studies the effect of BA in dry-AD. Two substrates with different characteristics were proposed as models, bean peel as a lignocellulosic substrate and a mixture of food waste as a readily biodegradable substrate. Inert plastic rings were used as BA at different BA:S ratios. Assessed BA:S ratio did not affect the performance of methane production for the lignocellulosic waste, but it did significantly affect to the easily biodegradable substrate, showing up to a 28% of methane production increase. This result could be due to the presence of lignocellulosic compounds in the bean peel, behaving like a natural BA. In assays with an increased bed height, the compaction of the system was more severe, resulting in the rapid acidification of the processes. At these conditions, the positive effect of BA addition was more marked, allowing methane production and no acidification of the system. Thus, the addition of BA is a suitable strategy for improving methane production or stability in dry-AD systems without requiring the stirring of the systems