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The influence of role-play implementation in speaking skill of 2nd grade high school student in english as foreign language (EFL) Class
Get PDFViolência estatal e movimentos sociais Mapuche: atacou pichikeche, uma rebelião incubada
Get PDFEl Estado chileno ha ejercido violencia contra el pueblo mapuche por generaciones, promoviendo la construcción de imaginarios en pichikeche (niños y niñas), lo que impacta en la expresión política de los movimientos sociales. Para analizar dicho impacto se usó una metodología cualitativa con diseño etnográfico. Los datos se obtu-vieron mediante observación participante, entrevistas y dibujos. Par-ticiparon pichikeche de 5 a 12 años de edad, pertenecientes a cinco familias mapuche, respaldados por loncos (dirigentes) de su comu-nidad. Los resultados muestran que los imaginarios de dolor e in-comprensión frente a la violencia, racismo y crueldad por parte del Estado pueden promover la generación de movimientos sociales que incluyen respuestas similares en colectivos de personas que ca-recieron de estrategias para la contención y resignificación de tales eventos traumáticos. A esto se le denomina «rebelión incubada».The Chilean State has committed violence against the Mapuche people for generations, promoting Mapuche children's construction of imaginary realities. This situation has an impact on the political expression of social movements. A qualitative methodology based on an ethnographic design was used. Data generation techniques included participant observation, interviews and pichikeche’s dra-wings. The participants in this study were pichikeche (children) between 5 and 12 years of age from five Mapuche families supported by loncos (leaders) from their community. The results suggest that imaginary pain and misunderstanding caused by excessive and unjustified violence, racism and cruelty carried out by the State against Mapuche communities has promoted the generation of so-cial movements. This could provoke a similar response among people who lack strategies for the containment and defining of these traumatic events, which is known as an incubated rebellion
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRSV2) Viral Diversity within a Farrow-to-Wean Farm Cohort Study
No full textDescribing PRRSV whole-genome viral diversity data over time within the host and within-farm is crucial for a better understanding of viral evolution and its implications. A cohort study was conducted at one naive farrow-to-wean farm reporting a PRRSV outbreak. All piglets 3-5 days of age (DOA) born to mass-exposed sows through live virus inoculation with the recently introduced wild-type virus two weeks prior were sampled and followed up at 17-19 DOA. Samples from 127 piglets were individually tested for PRRSV by RT-PCR and 100 sequences were generated using Oxford Nanopore Technologies chemistry. Female piglets had significantly higher median Ct values than males (15.5 vs. 13.7, Kruskal-Wallis p < 0.001) at 3-5 DOA. A 52.8% mortality between sampling points was found, and the odds of dying by 17-19 DOA decreased with every one unit increase in Ct values at 3-5 DOA (OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.61-0.94, p = 0.01). Although the within-pig percent nucleotide identity was overall high (99.7%) between 3-5 DOA and 17-19 DOA samples, ORFs 4 and 5a showed much lower identities (97.26% and 98.53%, respectively). When looking solely at ORF5, 62% of the sequences were identical to the 3-5 DOA consensus. Ten and eight regions showed increased nucleotide and amino acid genetic diversity, respectively, all found throughout ORFs 2a/2b, 4, 5a/5, 6, and 7
Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic, and Analgesic Potential of Chitin and Chitosan Derived from Cockroaches (<i>Periplaneta americana</i>) and Termites
No full textThe chitin and chitosan biopolymers are extremely valuable because of their numerous industrial and pharmacological uses. Chitin and chitosan were extracted from the exoskeleton of Periplaneta americana (cockroaches) and termites using various acid and alkali techniques. The extraction process involves an initial demineralization step, during which integument dry powder was subjected to 500 mL (2.07 mol/L) of concentrated HCl at 100 degrees Celsius for 30 min, followed by meticulous rinsing with distilled water to restore the pH to its baseline. Deproteinization was conducted at 80 degrees Celsius using 500 mL (1 mol/L) of NaOH solution, which was repeated for 24 h. A total of 250 mL (0.06 mol/L) of NaOH was added at 100 degrees Celsius for 4 h to obtain chitosan, followed by extensive washing and subsequent drying. FTIR analysis was used to identify the functional groups in Periplaneta americana and termites. The crystallinity of these biopolymers, which have a face-centered cubic structure, was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. This study assessed the analgesic properties of chitin and chitosan via an acetic-acid-induced writhing test in mice, revealing a significant reduction in writhing behavior following the chitin and chitosan extract. Notably, chitin exhibits the highest degree of analgesic activity compared to chitosan. Both chitin and chitosan show anti-inflammatory effects, with chitosan absorbing proton ions at sites of inflammation, while chitin effectively inhibits ear edema and elicits an analgesic response in mice. Furthermore, the present study revealed antipyretic activity, with termite chitin demonstrating the most significant effect at a concentration of 500 mu L/mL, followed by chitosan and chitin at 100 mu L/mL. These findings indicate the potential of using chitin and chitosan derived from termites and Periplaneta americana as natural anti-inflammatory compounds, implying prospective uses in anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic capabilities
Psychometric properties of the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-4) in Chilean adolescents and youth of both sexes
No full textIntroduction: The Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire (version 4) measures 5 factors, which are the social pressure towards appearance from the family, the media and peers; as well as the internalization of the thin ideal and the athletic/muscular ideal. There is cur-rently no Chilean version of the instrument available.Objectives: to evaluate the psychometric properties of the instrument in a sample of Chilean adolescents and adults of both sexes, analyzing its internal consistency, as well as its construct and criterion validity.Material and Methods: by means of a non-probabilistic method and using a non-experimental and cross-sectional de-sign, a sample of 602 participants between the ages of 15 and 29 was accessed, who were administered the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 and a so-ciodemographic questionnaire. A confirmatory factorial analy-sis was carried out, the validity of criteria was analyzed, from the comparison of means of internalization of the ideal of thinness and internalization of the athletic/muscular ideal ac-cording to sex using Student's t test; and the internal consis-tency of the factors was evaluated with Cronbach's Alpha. Results: the 5 factor model proposed in the original ver-sion of the instrument was confirmed. In addition, women presented greater internalization of thinness, family social pressure and pressure from the media; while men scored higher in internalization of the athletic/muscular ideal. The in-strument yielded adequate values of Cronbach's Alpha.Conclusions: the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire (version 4) presents adequate psychometric prop-erties for its use in Chile
Renewable Energy from Wind Farm Power Plants in Peru: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
No full textPeru is one of the most diverse countries in the world, and its climatic characteristics, biodiversity, cultural heritage, and location on the planet give it a vast potential for wind energy, both on its coast and within the 200 miles which comprise the Peruvian coastline on the Pacific Ocean. Likewise, the northern and central areas of the country represent the regions with the greatest potential for wind energy use. In this context, wind energy is a viable alternative to mitigate the effects of climate change in local territories and, thus, meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) outlined in the 2030 United Nations (UN) Agenda. This article presents the potential for generating wind-type electrical energy both on-shore with 20.5 GW and off-shore with 347 GW. In addition, the main advantages, benefits, and restrictions in the implementation of this type of energy plants in Peru are presented, considering the following: (i) the mitigation of climate change considering the insertion of renewable energies in the energy matrix; (ii) the potential of the available wind resource; (iii) the characterization of seven existing wind power plants, considering a total installed capacity of 668 MW; and (iv) the implementation of future wind power plants considering a portfolio of 31 projects for 7429 MW of total installed capacity projected. Finally, recent advances, challenges linked to territorial implementation, and future perspectives in developing the renewable energy sector from wind resources to address climate change are discussed
Comparing feces collection methods for evaluating the apparent digestibility coefficient of brewers' spent yeast in juvenile Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>)
No full textBrewer's spent yeast (BSY), derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae used in beer production, is a valuable protein source for aquafeeds. Estimations of apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for nutrients in BSY are crucial for its inclusion in aquafeeds. ADC estimations for Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein in rainbow are hardly comparable from a methodological point of view, whereas the ADC estimations for BSY protein in Atlantic salmon are only based on stripped feces, which are known to produce underestimations. Therefore, new determinations of ADC of BSY nutrients are necessary for the inclusion of this ingredient in practical diets for salmonids. This study is focused on determining unbiased ADC values for protein and energy from BSY in juvenile Salmo salar. To reduce systematic biases, fecal samples were collected using stripping and decantation methods, which are known to produce under-and overestimations, respectively. 780 fish (25.16 +/- 4.88 g) were stocked in six tanks. A reference diet (50% protein, 20% lipid, 1% Cr2O3) was provided to three tanks, and a test diet (70,30 reference diet to BSY) to the other three. ADC for BSY protein was 84.70 +/- 1.04% (decantation) and 70.50 +/- 4.03% (stripping). For gross energy, stripped feces yielded an ADC of 52.04 +/- 5.30%, while decantation resulted in 63.80 +/- 1.17%. Thus, ADC estimates were taken as the average of the stripping-value and the decantation-value, resulting in 77.6% for BSY crude protein, which is appreciably higher than previously measured values in S. salar fed undisrupted S. cerevisiae, and in 57.9% for gross energy
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Araucania, a conflicting territory. Epistemic Beliefs of History Teachers in relation to the occupation process of the region
No full textThis study seeks to identify the influence of the epistemic beliefs of teachers in Araucania (Chile) on the teaching of the military occupation of this region at the end of the 19th century. The research has used a qualitative methodology based on content analysis. Twenty-five history teachers from the region were interviewed. Results show that teachers manifest a criterialist vision of history and identify themselves with an interpretive teaching of this discipline. However, deficiencies are still found when they apply the historical method in the classroom. These limitations are associated with the restricted use of historical sources, the existence of a diverse and conflictive school context, and the influence of regional socio-political problems
