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Reivindicando memorias, recomponiendo itinerarios: experiencias, fricciones y expectativas en la construcción de una “ruta de la memoria” en la región de Valparaíso, Chile
No full textDurante los últimos años, las iniciativas de memorialización de las espacialidades del terrorismo de Estado en Chile se han multiplicado, in-cluyendo distintas escalas y formatos. En este contexto, el artículo explora la construcción de una “ruta de la memoria” en la región de Valparaíso, a partir de la experiencia de los actores ciudadanos e institucionales que la llevan adelante. Para ello, se analizan las colaboraciones, prácticas y reivindicacio-nes que acompañan la materialización del proyecto en distintas localidades de la región. En base a una investigación cualitativa— que integró entrevis-tas en profundidad y observaciones etnográficas— se argumenta que la bús-queda de la reparación simbólica que guía este emprendimiento de memoria se articula fuertemente a representaciones y reclamaciones asociadas a una dimensión regional. El trabajo sostiene que tanto la patrimonializa-ción de los sitios que componen la ruta, como los conflictos y expectativas que se generan en torno a la iniciativa a lo largo del tiempo, resultan significativos para comprender los modos en que se disputan las memorias so-ciales en sus terrenos concretos. A partir de esta discusión, la investigación busca contribuir a problematizar el vínculo entre procesos de memorialización y producción social de territorios en contextos locales y regionales.In recent years, memorialization initiatives around places marked by State terrorism in Chile have multiplied, including different scales and formats. In this context, the article examines the construction of a "memory route" in the Valparaíso region, based on the experience of the citizen and ins-titutional actors who carry it out. To do so, the collaborations, practices, and claims accompanying the materialization of this project in different locations in the region are analyzed. Based on qualitative research—which integrated in-depth interviews and ethnographic observations—it is argued that the search for symbolic reparation that guides this memory work is strongly articulated with representations and claims associated with a regional dimension. It is argued that both the patrimonialization of the sites making up the “memory route”, as well as the conflicts and expectations arising around the initiative over time, are significant to grasp how social memories are disputed in their specific fields. From this discussion, the research intends to contribute to the understanding of the link between memorialization initiatives and the social production of territories in local and regional contexts
Otros-que-humanos: tensiones ontológicas en la implementación de la ley Lafkenche
No full textSe problematiza la enunciación 'otros-que-humanos' en torno a im-plementación de la ley Lafkenche (ley 20.249) y la producción de narrativas favorables y desfavorables a la implementación de Espacios Costeros Marinos de los Pueblos Originarios (ECMPO). A partir de enfoques poshumanistas y del giro ontológico en la antropología, el presente artículo explora teóricamente las manifestaciones ontológicas de las relaciones entre seres humanos y 'otros-que-humanos' en la implementación de la Ley: por una parte, Pueblos indígenas que afirman una relación equitativa y afectiva entre ambos mundos; y por otra parte, la posición de otros actores territoriales, quienes imponen narrati-vas que instrumentalizan y fragmentan esta relación. El desencuentro de estas ontologías es la base de desentendimientos y tensiones en la implementación de la Ley Lafkenche, definiendo, muchas veces, el futuro de los ECMPO y la adhesión o rechazo hacia esta política pública.The enunciation 'other-than-humans' is problematized around the implementation of the Lafkenche law (law 20.249) and the production of favorable and unfavorable narratives for the implementation of Coastal and Marine Spaces of Indigenous Peoples (ECMPO). Based on post-humanist approaches and the ontological turn in anthropology, this article explores theoretically the ontological manifestations of the relation of human and ‘other-than-humans’ in the implementation of the Law: on the one hand, Indigenous Peoples who affirm an equitable and affective relationship between the both worlds; and on the other hand, the position of other territorial actors involved in the process, who impose narratives that instrumentalize and fragment this relationship. The disagreement of these ontologies is the basis of misunderstandings and tensions in the implementation of the Lafkenche Law, and often defines the future of the ECMPO and the adhesion or rejection of this public policy
Debido proceso e interés superior del niño en los procedimientos disciplinarios de convivencia al interior de los establecimientos educacionales
Get PDFEl presente comentario de sentencia analizará la aplicación del debido proceso y del interés superior del niño como principios que deben observarse en los procedimientos disciplinarios que tienen lugar en los establecimientos educacionales, generando una obligación para éstos en orden a aplicar el Manual de Convivencia Escolar bajo criterios de igualdad, adoptando medidas pedagógicas y psicosociales que se adscriban a un proceso formativo y no ne-cesariamente sancionatorio.This judgment comment will analyze the application of due process and the best interests of the child as principles that must be observed in the disciplinary procedures that take place in educational establishments, generating an obligation for them in order to apply the Manual of School Coexistence under equality criteria, adopting pedagogical and psychosocial measures that are assigned to a training process and not necessarily sanctioning
Obsidian on the Island: First Geochemical Characterization for Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park (Patagonia, Argentina)
No full textThe Chilean exile in Mexico. Organization and denunciation as resistance to uprooting
No full textThe civic -military coup of September 11, 1973, in Chile, burst with its mantle of fear, silence, and horror into the lives of thousands of Chilean men and women who lived through prison, torture, murder, and exile. The fight to defend the human rights of the people, seriously violated in Chile, spread with the energy of a united network of wills in many countries of the world. Gabriel Reyes Arriagada was expelled from the country, under the State's Internal Security Law, without the right of return, without trial or charges, he lived his extensive exile in Mexico. Through conversations held for several months, a dialogic space of present and memory was created, which revealed the network of different organizations in solidarity with the people of Chile. Among them are Casa de Chile in Mexico and the Secretariate for Solidarity in America with the Chilean People. To collect Gabriel's testimony is to return to the past, as a necessary political task and with the conviction that history must be told by those who lived it
Social representation of the community setting, context to generate writing practices
Get PDFEste trabajo plantea la necesidad de considerar las particularidades socioculturales para crear escenarios de aprendizaje donde las prácticas de lectura y escritura constituyan una herramienta de progreso académico. La muestra se conformó con 48 sujetos de secundaria de un colegio público chileno. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante escala tipo Likert y grupos focales. La información obtenida fue analizada cualitativamente a partir de la teoría de las Representaciones Sociales, permitiendo identificar elementos nucleares y periféricos de las creencias, opiniones, actitudes sobre su contexto. Los resultados arrojaron que los elementos periféricos de la representación social de los alumnos proporcionarían insumos para generar diseños didácticos que potencien los niveles de alfabetización.This paper raises the need to consider the socio-cultural features to create learning scenarios where reading and writing practices constitute a tool of academic achievement. The sample consisted of 48 high school students from a Chilean public school. Data were collected using a Likert-type scale and focus group. Obtained information was qualitatively analyzed considering the Social Representations theory; thus, core and peripheral elements related to beliefs, opinions and attitudes about the students’ context were identified. Results showed that peripheral elements of students’ social representation would provide inputs to generate didactic designs that would strengthen the literacy levels
A Psychometric Examination of the Abbreviated Version of the Parenting Styles Scale Using a Sample of Chilean Adolescents
No full textParenting styles have been related to a series of variables that contribute positively to adulthood. The maternal and paternal parenting styles scale is a measure that presents a multidimensional structure of six correlated factors. However, the version available for Chile is extensive, with 82 items measuring this latent trait. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the reliability and validity of the abbreviated version of the maternal and paternal parenting styles scale using a sample of Chilean adolescents. The sample consisted of 2131 students of both the male and female sexes (51% males and 49% females) with a mean age of 15.85 years (SD = 1.37). The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the six-factor correlated model, showing robust psychometric indices for both modelling approaches. In relation to the factorial invariance models, the results show factorial equivalence at the scalar invariance level for the variables of sex, age, academic achievement, and type of school. The scale showed adequate levels of reliability. This study concludes that the abbreviated version of the maternal and paternal parenting styles scale is a reliable and valid instrument for its application in Chilean adolescents
Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Premature Subjects Hospitalized in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
No full textConsidering that the average age for diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is
4–5 years, testing screening methods for ASD risk in early infancy is a public health priority. This study
aims to identify the risks for development of ASD in children born prematurely and hospitalized in a
neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and explore the association with pre-, peri- and postnatal factors.
Methods: The children’s families were contacted by telephone when their child was between 18 and
24 months of age, to apply the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT). The sample
consisted of 40 children (57.5% boys). M-CHAT screening revealed that 50% of the sample showed
early signs of ASD. Although the frequency of delayed development was higher in boys, this difference
was not statistically significant between the sexes (p = 0.11). Assessment of the association between
perinatal conditions and early signs of autism in children hospitalized in an NICU exhibited no
correlation between the factors analyzed (birth weight and type of delivery). The findings indicate a
high risk of ASD in premature children, demonstrating no associations with gestational and neonatal
variables or the hospitalization conditions of the NICUs investigatedTeniendo en cuenta que la edad promedio para el diagnóstico del trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) es de 4 a 5 años, probar los métodos de detección del riesgo de TEA en la primera infancia es una prioridad de salud pública. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los riesgos de desarrollo de TEA en niños nacidos prematuramente y hospitalizados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN) y explorar la asociación con factores pre, peri y posnatales. Métodos: Las familias de los niños fueron contactadas por teléfono cuando su hijo tenía entre 18 y 24 meses de edad, para aplicar la Lista de Verificación Modificada para el Autismo en Niños Pequeños (M-CHAT). La muestra estuvo formada por 40 niños (57,5% varones). El cribado M-CHAT reveló que el 50% de la muestra mostraba signos tempranos de TEA. Aunque la frecuencia de retraso en el desarrollo fue mayor en los niños, esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa entre los sexos ( p= 0,11). La evaluación de la asociación entre condiciones perinatales y signos tempranos de autismo en niños hospitalizados en una UCIN no mostró correlación entre los factores analizados (peso al nacer y tipo de parto). Los hallazgos indican un alto riesgo de TEA en niños prematuros, sin demostrar asociación con variables gestacionales y neonatales o las condiciones de hospitalización de las UCIN investigadas
Peaty wetlands of the Nahuelbuta National Park (Araucanía Region), compared with others in a latitudinal Chilean gradient
No full textPeat bogs are wetlands characterized as swamps of very extreme cold and wet places. In Chile there are several types of them: sphagnum bogs (minerotrophic), pulvinated bogs (ombrotrophic), grassy bogs, shrubby bogs and wooded bogs. This work was carried out in the peat bogs of the northern limit of them areal, in Nahuelbuta National Park, located in the Cordillera de la Costa approximately 1200 to 2300 m above sea level between the Regions of Bio-Bio and Araucania, Chile. The flora was studied with traditional methods and the vegetation with phytosociological methodology and the results were confirmed with multivariate classification and ordination statistics. The vascular, moss and lichenic flora showed little floristic richness, only 38 species. All the flora species are native and six of them are endemic. This flora gives rise to four new peaty plant associations for Chile: two pulvinate-bogs (Myrteolo-Donatietum fasciculariae and Gaultherio-Oreoboletum obtusangulae), one sphagnum-bogs (Carici-Sphagnetum magellanicii) and one grassy-bogs (Bacharido-Festucetum scabriusculae). When comparing the peat bogs studied with those further south, the donatia pulvinate-bogs appear to be more homogeneous than the sphagnum peat bogs, in fact, the former share five species and the latter, only two. In general, a greater variation of the pulvinated peat bogs was found in the Aysen Region and of the sphagnum bogs in the Chiloe Region, the latter coming out of the conglomerate formed by the other four places. It was confirmed that in both latitudinal extremes the peat bogs are poorer in species and the greatest richness occurs in the intermediate regions
Geospatial analysis of cardiovascular mortality before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru: analysis of the national death registry to support emergency management in Peru
No full textBackground: COVID-19 has led to significant global mortality, with Peru being among the countries most affected. While pre-existing comorbidities have been linked to most cases, the exact distribution of fatalities within the country remains unclear. We aimed to assess deaths attributed to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic across various regions and provinces in Peru. Methods: An observational georeferencing study was designed. Peru faced four waves of COVID-19 over three years, with variable impacts across its three regions (Coast, Highlands, and Jungle). Deaths related to cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure (HF), arrhythmia, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), strokes, and acute coronary syndrome, were examined as primary variables. The study period spanned pre-pandemic years (2017-2019) and pandemic years (2020-2021), utilizing death data from the National Death Information System (SINADEF). The georeferencing analysis was conducted using ArcGIS v10.3. Results: A total of 28,197 deaths were recorded during the study period, with significant increases during the pandemic (2020-2021). Cardiovascular deaths were disproportionately higher during the pandemic, totaling 19,376 compared to 8,821 in the pre-pandemic period (p < 0.001). AMI and HF were the leading causes of mortality, showing significant increases from the pre-pandemic (5,573 and 2,584 deaths) to the pandemic period (12,579 and 5,628 deaths), respectively. Deaths due to CVD predominantly affected individuals aged over 60, with significant increases between the two study periods (7,245 vs. 16,497 deaths, p = 0.002). Geospatial analysis revealed regional disparities in CVD mortality, highlighting provinces like Lima and Callao as COVID-19 critical areas. The substantial increase in cardiovascular deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru showed distinctive patterns across regions and provinces. Conclusions: Geospatial analysis identified higher-risk areas and can guide specific interventions to mitigate the impact of future health crises. Understanding the dynamic relationship between pandemics and cardiovascular health is crucial for effective public health strategies