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Effectiveness of deep brain stimulation on refractory aggression in pediatric patients with autism and severe intellectual disability: meta-analytic review
No full textSome patients with autism and severe intellectual disability may experience uncontrolled aggression, causing serious injury or harm to others, and the therapeutic ineffectiveness of traditional pharmacological and behavioral treatment may aggravate symptoms. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been tested in patients with little evidence in children and adolescents. Therefore, we analyzed the efficacy and safety of DBS in refractory aggression in pediatric subjects with autism (ASD) and severe intelligence deficit (ID).Methods A meta-analytic review of Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus articles, following Prisma criteria. A total of 555 articles were identified, but after applying the inclusion criteria, only 18 were analyzed. The review of the registries and the extraction of information was performed by 2 independent groups, to reduce the evaluator's bias. For the description of the results, pediatric patients with ASD or ID present in each registry, with an application of specialized scales (Overt aggression scale, OAS, and THE modified version of the OAS, MOAS) pre and post-DBS, with a clinical follow-up of at least 12 months, were considered valid. Clinical improvement was calculated using tests of aggressiveness. In each registry with available data and then pooling the means of all patients in the OAS and MOAS, the effect size of DBS (overall and per study) was estimated. Finally, the adapted NOS scale was applied to rate the studies' quality and level of bias.Results In the studies analyzed, 65/100 were pediatric patients, with a mean age of 16.8 years. Most of the studies were conducted in South America and Europe. In all teams, aggressive behavior was intractable, but only 9 groups (53/65) applied specialized scales to measure aggressiveness, and of these, only 51 subjects had a follow-up of at least 12 months. Thus, in 48/51 a clinical improvement of patients was estimated (94.2%), with a considerable overall effect size (OAS: d = 4.32; MOAS: d = 1.46). However, adverse effects and complications were found in 13/65 subjects undergoing DBS. The brain target with the most evidence and the fewest side effects was the posteromedial hypothalamic nuclei (pHypN). Finally, applying the adapted NOS scale, quality, and bias, only 9 studies show the best indicators.Conclusion An optimal level of efficacy was found in only half of the publications. This is mainly due to design errors and irrelevant information in the reports. We believe that DBS in intractable aggressiveness in children and adolescents with ASD and severe ID can be safe and effective if working groups apply rigorous criteria for patient selection, interdisciplinary assessments, objective scales for aggressiveness, and known surgical targets
Educar en contextos interculturales e indígenas en el siglo XXI
Get PDFLa revista Historia de la Educación Latinoamericana que usted tiene en sus manos corresponde a la edición número treinta y tres. En esta oportunidad se invitó a investigadores e investigadoras a presentar artículos vinculados con la educación indígena e intercultural en América Latina. En este contexto, las Naciones Unidas declararon 2019 “Año Internacional de las Lenguas indígenas”, con el fin de sensibilizar a la sociedad en general, no sólo para beneficiar a las personas que hablan estas lenguas, sino también para que otros aprecien la importante contribución que hacen a la rica diversidad cultural de nuestro mundo.
Este número se encuentra dividido en dos partes. La primera presenta artículos referentes a la educación en contextos indígenas e interculturales en diferentes espacios de nuestra América Latina. Son trabajos de investigadores e investigadoras de Colombia, Chile, México, Brasil, Perú y Guatemala. La segunda parte, está dedicada a reseñas de libros y publicaciones seriadas; su lectura permite explorar futuras investigaciones por parte de los interesados en la educación intercultural e indígena en América Latina.
Respecto al contenido de los artículos, se han priorizado aquellos que han tematizado y estudiado a los pueblos originarios de América Latina, indígena y afrodescendientes. Cada resumen se presenta en castellano, inglés, portugués y mapunzugun. Este último, el idioma del pueblo nación-mapuche. El pueblo mapuche fue el único grupo indígena que pactó su autonomía con la corona española en 1641 en las denominadas “Paces de Quilín”, condición que perdió en 1881, momento en que el estado de Chile ocupó sus tierras, obligándolos a una integración forzosa al ideario nacional de los grupos oligárquicos. Desde ese momento la escuela se constituyó en uno de los más poderosos dispositivos de control y agenciamiento para chilenizar al pueblo mapuche a través de una educación monocultural, castellanizadora y hegemónica. Pese a toda esta violencia del colonialismo republicano chileno, el mapunzugun sobrevivió, y su escritura en este número es una evidencia
What the school does not see: gender and school achievement.
No full textThe United Nations promotes quality education, which must be inclusive. A pending issue for inclusion is the gender gap, both in Chile and international level. The objective of this article is to describe factors associated with gender that affect school performance in young woman in La Araucan & iacute;a. For this purpose, hermeneutic phenomenology is used in writing accounts of the experiences of 6 young women in their transition to secondary education. For reach this, the girls, their mothers, and teachers were interviewed. The results, analyzed through a holistic thematic approach, show elements associated with gender that characterize the school experience of the girls: dedication to study and to home, sensitivity to harassment, teenage pregnancy, unhealthy love relationships and the support of others female figures. It is concluded that being a woman influences school performance because of factors associated with gender identity that permeate the educational experience of the students
The secretaries and the popolo-principe liaison. the importance for machiavelli
No full textMachiavelli's thought, always inexhaustible, has allowed us to observe politics from a realistic point of view, distancing us from classical idealism. However, this distance from idealistic politics has revealed the need to use all kinds of elements in order to maintain leadership or governability. Thus, according to the Florentine thinker, the use of gods, religion, crises, and even natural phenomena, can and should be used with cunning by those who aspire to maintain power in a state. Likewise, one of the most important elements is the presence of a consigliere , an advisor or assistant who allows the one who declares himself a prince to establish himself as such. The intention of this paper is to observe the characteristics that a prince's advisor should have according to Machiavelli, also reviewing some of the secretaries that the Florentine thinker himself highlighted throughout his work
Efectos de una práctica educativa en alimentación saludable, basada en los estilos de aprendizajes de escolares de la Araucanía, Chile
No full textObjetivo: Evaluar el efecto de las prácticas educativas, aplicada a los hábitos alimentarios saludables en estudiantes de primer ciclo básico de una escuela en la comuna de Metrenco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile.
Método: Estudio de cuasi experimental. La muestra seleccionada no aleatoria por conveniencia, comprende 68 estudiantes (ambos sexos) cuyas edades fluctúan entre los 6-11 años. La intervención educativa sobre alimentación saludable contempló 30 sesiones (20 minutos) durante tres meses, mediante diversas estrategias educativas. Se consideraron los promedios de calificaciones obtenidas en lenguaje y matemáticas. Para valorar los resultados, se midieron al inicio y al final, los cambios en el estado nutricional (mediante antropometría) y los cambios de hábitos alimentarios, utilizando encuestas de tendencia de consumo, que incluye variedades de alimentos saludables y aquellos con mayor densidad energética.
Resultados: El 67.5% tiene un estilo de aprendizaje activo, el 14.71% pragmático, el 10.29% teórico y finalmente el 7.35% de los alumnos posee un estilo de aprendizaje reflexivo. Respecto al estado nutricional las diferencias significativas se presentaron en la disminución de obesidad severa e incremento de estudiantes con peso normal. En los cambios alimentarios hubo un aumento en la ingesta de agua y verduras y una disminución en comida chatarra.
Conclusiones: Una intervención educativa participativa, basada en los estilos de aprendizaje, puede producir cambios positivos en el estado nutricional y los hábitos alimentarios en la población escolar
Transimperial Eyes: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Colonial Narratives about the Dutch Expedition to Southern Chile (1643)
No full textThe review of historical archives that allow us to know the observations and experiences of those who recorded scarcely explored territories in the past, especially in the context of European colonization of vast areas of the world in the seventeenth century is crucial for heritage studies. The following article analyzes how the Dutch expedition to southern Chile during the 17th century (1642-1643) was narrated, both in Dutch and in its translations into German, English, and Spanish, considering the interests of empires and the discursive differences that translational variations reveal. This transdisciplinary analysis, combining historiography, translation studies, and historical geography, consists of a critical reading of the original narration and a comparative reading of the aforementioned translations, and within them ethnographic representations made about the Mapuche-Huilliche people and the city of Valdivia and changes introduced by different translations are identified. These changes are then related to imperial contexts and discourses that shape these translations. In terms of our findings, we note that, in general, Chilean translations tend to exaggerate the representations of indigenous people as barbaric, inferior, and uncivilized. These representations are present in the European versions, but the shifts that we identified indicate an intensification of this discourse
Proteomic response to phosphorus deficiency and aluminum stress of three aluminum-tolerant phosphobacteria isolated from acidic soils
No full textAluminum (Al)-tolerant phosphobacteria enhance plant growth in acidic soils by improving Al complexing and phosphorus (P) availability. However, the impact of Al stress and P deficiency on bacterial biochemistry and physiology remains unclear. We investigated the single and mutual effects of Al stress (10 mM) and P deficiency (0.05 mM) on the proteome of three aluminum-tolerant phosphobacteria: Enterobacter sp. 198, Enterobacter sp. RJAL6, and Klebsiella sp. RCJ4. Cultivated under varying conditions, P deficiency upregulated P metabolism proteins while Al exposure downregulated ironsulfur and heme-containing proteins and upregulated iron acquisition proteins. This demonstrated that Al influence on iron homeostasis and bacterial central metabolism. This study offers crucial insights into bacterial behavior in acidic soils, benefiting the development of bioinoculants for crops facing Al toxicity and P deficiency. This investigation marks the first proteomic study on the interaction between high Al and P deficiency in acid soils-adapted bacteria
Interrogating the equity promise for Black immigrant students in reformed mathematics classrooms
No full textAs increasing numbers of Black immigrant students attend schools in Chile, we examine classroom practices to consider the limits of the mathematics education equity promise for this student population. We focus on the practices of a third-grade teacher who participated in professional development for enhancing reform-based mathematics teaching in a racially diverse classroom. Drawing on Stuart Hall's approach to race, our analysis shows how two technologies of race-power fabricate the Black immigrant child as an uneducable and impossible mathematics learner. We contend that rather than enhancing the inclusion of Black immigrant students, reform-based mathematics teaching might maintain and reinforce racial hierarchies of mathematics ability
Revisión de la implementación de un curso intensivo en la carrera de Derecho de la Universidad Católica de Temuco
Get PDFLos cursos intensivos -o de verano, como también se les conoce- poseen una larga tradición en la educación superior y constituyen una modalidad formativa que se implementa en un periodo corto de tiempo, usualmente en modalidad exclusiva, generalmente en inter-semestres, otorgando nuevas oportunidades de aprendizaje y aumentando la eficiencia de utilización de tiempo, con el objetivo de lograr favorecer la progresión curricular de los estudiantes que han reprobado o no han cursado oportunamente una asignatura. El presente estudio da cuenta de la experiencia de implementación de 2 cursos intensivos en la carrera de Derecho de la UC Temuco en el marco del proyecto 1801: “Nuevas estrategias para la mejora de los resultados académicos de estudiantes con gratuidad en cursos disciplinarios críticos de los ciclos intermedio y terminal”. En este contexto, se revisa y presenta la experiencia de diseño, implementación y evaluación de los cursos intensivos, ponderando las percepciones de académicos, estudiantes y los resultados obtenidos, con el objeto de sistematizar académicamente las nuevas estrategias desarrolladas, propender a la institucionalización de los cambios y facilitar la reproducción de la experiencia en otras Universidades.Os cursos intensivos —ou de verão, como também são conhecidos— têm uma longa tradição no ensino superior e constituem uma modalidade formativa que é implementada em um curto período de tempo, geralmente em modalidade exclusiva, geralmente em modalidade inter-semestral, proporcionando novas oportunidades de aprendizagem e aumentando a eficiência do uso do tempo, com o objetivo de promover a progressão curricular dos estudantes que falharam ou não cursaram uma disciplina em tempo hábil. Este estudo relata a experiência de implementação de 2 cursos inten-sivos na carreira de Direito na Universidad Católica de Temuco (UCT) no âmbito do projeto 1.801 «Novas estratégias para melhorar os resultados acadêmicos dos estudantes com aulas gratuitas em cursos disciplinares críticos dos ciclos intermediários e termi-nal». Neste contexto, a experiência de concepção, implementação e avaliação de cursos intensivos é revista e apresentada, considerando as percepções dos acadêmicos, estu-dantes e os resultados obtidos, a fim de sistematizar academicamente as novas estraté-gias desenvolvidas, promover a institucionalização das mudanças e facilitar a replicação da experiência em outras universidades
Pasture potentialities in family farming production systems in Los Rios province, Ecuador, during the Summer
No full textThe aim of this study is to determine the potentialities of the most used grasses in family production systems in Los Rios province, Ecuador, during the summer. The study was carried out in research areas and in the Ruminology and Nutritional Metabolism Laboratory of the Quevedo State Technical University. The species most used in livestock systems were selected to carry out studies of productive behavior (total biomass, total DMY, leaves and stems) and quality (DM, CP, ashes, OM, P, Ca, NDF, ADF, Lignin, Cel, Hcel, CC, IVDMD, ISDMD, OMD, ME and NLE), which underwent cluster analysis to group species with similarity. For production and chemical composition, three main components were obtained with eigenvalues greater than one and that explain 87.27% of the variability between varieties. In component one, 11 indicators related to protein, energy and the structural components of the cell were shown with values of preponderance greater than 0.75. For the cluster analysis, five groups were formed, with the best results for the third group, made up of M. maximus with high values in CP, leaf/stem ratio, ISDMD and ME. All this information would contribute to the design of technological alternatives for sowing, establishment, management, and use of its biomass as a food source where the productivity and sustainability of the are minimized