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Evaluación de la gestión estratégica de las áreas marinas protegidas en Chile en relación con el cumplimiento de la Meta 3 del Marco de Kunming-Montreal
No full textEn los resultados se puede observar una línea de tiempo donde se establecen las conexiones entre los ciclos políticos desde 1978 hasta 2025 en Chile. Se incluyen principales acontecimientos nacionales, hitos internacionales y la cantidad y extensión de áreas marinas protegidas declaradas bajo cada mandato.
Para llevar a cabo el análisis, se utilizó como principal herramienta de evaluación el Manual del Usuario de la Guía de AMP (MPA Guide) desarrollada por la Universidad de Óregon et al. en 2023.El siguiente trabajo analiza el sistema de áreas marinas protegidas en Chile con el objetivo de
evaluar su grado de cumplimiento respecto de los compromisos internacionales de conservación marina
marcados por la Convención de la Diversidad Biológica en la Meta 3 del Marco de Kunming-Montreal.
Para ello, se examinan las distintas figuras de protección marina existentes en el ordenamiento chileno,
atendiendo a sus objetivos de manejo, regímenes de uso y base normativa, estableciendo su
correspondencia con las categorías de manejo definidas por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación
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La metodología empleada se basa en el análisis cualitativo de fuentes normativas, institucionales
y técnicas, así como en la aplicación de indicadores y estándares internacionales, con especial énfasis
en el nivel de protección. Los resultados muestran que, si bien Chile ha alcanzado una amplia cobertura
espacial de áreas marinas bajo alguna figura de protección, existen limitaciones en términos de
coherencia normativa y efectividad de la implementación de instrumentos de manejo, evidenciando una
falta de representatividad en los ecosistemas marinos. En particular, se observa una brecha crítica de la
implementación: la mayoría de las áreas carecen de planes de manejo operativos y financiamiento
permanente. Se destaca que, debido a la fragmentación institucional histórica, la existencia de "parques
de papel" se ha visto fomentada hasta 2010, señalando a la Ley 21.600 (SBAP) como el eje necesario
para unificar la gobernanza. Se concluye que Chile alcanza el éxito cuantitativo del compromiso 30x30,
pero incumple los criterios cualitativos de gestión eficaz y representatividad ecológica, supeditado su
liderazgo real a la operatividad del nuevo sistema nacional de áreas protegidas.This study analyzes the marine protected area system in Chile to assess its level of
compliance with the international marine conservation commitments established by the
Convention on Biological Diversity under Target 3 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity
Framework. To this end, the various marine protection figures within the Chilean legal system are
examined, considering their management objectives, use regimes, and regulatory basis,
establishing their correspondence with the management categories defined by the International
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as an international reference standard.
The methodology is based on a qualitative analysis of regulatory, institutional, and
technical sources, as well as the application of international indicators and standards, with a
particular emphasis on the level of protection. The results show that, although Chile has achieved broad spatial coverage of marine areas under some form of protection, there are limitations
regarding regulatory consistency and the effectiveness of management instrument implementation,
evidencing a lack of representativeness across marine ecosystems. In particular, a critical
implementation gap is observed: most areas lack operational management plans and permanent
funding. It is noted that historical institutional fragmentation fostered the existence of 'paper parks'
until 2010, pointing to Law 21,600 (SBAP) as the essential framework for unifying governance.
The study concludes that Chile achieves quantitative success regarding the 30x30 commitment but
fails to meet qualitative criteria for effective management and ecological representativeness,
making its true leadership dependent on the operational capacity of the new national system of
protected areas.El trabajo tiene un total de 39 páginas. En la página 29 se encuentran las referencias y a partir de la 31 los anexos.
A continuación del índice, en la página 5 se incluye un glosario de los acrónimos utilizados a lo largo del informe
Toma de decisiones: Teorías, perspectivas y fundamentos básicos para estudiantes universitarios
No full textManual para estudiantes universitarios del Grado en PsicologíaTomar decisiones no es solo «elegir», ese es tan solo el final. Este manual nace para mostrar, de una forma cercana y rigurosa, qué ocurre realmente cuando decidimos y por qué a veces acertamos con facilidad y otras veces tropezamos de forma aparentemente inevitable. En sus páginas se hace un recorrido por los grandes modelos teóricos que a lo largo de la historia han intentado comprender y explicar el juicio humano, desde la teoría de la utilidad esperada hasta la teoría de la perspectiva y la racionalidad limitada, y las conecta con algunos de los mecanismos psicológicos que los vuelven humanos, como la atención, la memoria y nuestras emociones. El lector encontrará una panorámica integrada de los sesgos y heurísticas que aparecen en la vida cotidiana (y en la práctica profesional), pero también una mirada aplicada a decisiones bajo riesgo, influencia social, negociación y dinámica de grupos. A todo ello se suma un bloque específico sobre neurociencia de la decisión y un capítulo centrado en decisiones en salud y en el ámbito clínico, donde el juicio tiene implicaciones especialmente sensibles. Sin embargo, el objetivo de este libro no se limita a su orientación pedagógica, sino que ofrece herramientas para mejorar la calidad de las decisiones, aprender a leer evidencia con criterio (métodos experimentales, encuestas, triangulación y tendencias actuales) y situar cada elección dentro de un marco ético. En un momento en el que los algoritmos ya influyen en lo que vemos, compramos y creemos, también se aborda qué significa decidir bien cuando la inteligencia artificial participa en el proceso
Effect of ceria surface modification on Au/TiO2 and Au/YSZ catalysts for the preferential oxidation of CO
No full textThe development of efficient catalysts for CO preferential oxidation (CO-PROX) is crucial for H2 purification in PEMFC technologies. While Au nanoparticles show high activity for low-temperature CO oxidation, their selectivity toward H2 oxidation often decreases at higher temperatures. Modulating the metal-support interaction is key to achieving optimal catalytic performance and stability. Here, we investigate the effect of surface modification with ceria (CeO2) nanostructures on Au/TiO2 (reducible) and Au/YSZ (non-reducible) catalysts. Although the addition of ceria leads into a decrease in the number of active sites (evidenced by metal dispersion and DRIFTS experiments), it boosts CO conversion and selectivity at elevated temperatures, effectively shifting and broadening the optimal operating window to ranges suitable for high-temperature PEMFCs. A comprehensive characterization using STEM and DRIFTS reveals that ceria’s promotional role is highly dependent on the underlying oxide support, influencing both the ceria nanostructure and the electronic properties of the gold nanoparticles, which dictates the overall reaction pathway and catalyst stability. This work provides crucial insight for tailoring Au-based catalysts for diverse CO-PROX operational requirements
Assessment of Grape Over-Ripening Dynamics as a Post-Harvest Technique in the Vineyard
No full textThe consequences of climate change are prompting the development of strategies to adapt viticultural practices to increasingly warmer and drier climatic scenarios. In this context, grape sun-drying emerges as a potential resilience strategy for the production of overripe grapes for winemaking. This study focuses on comparing grape sun-drying practices carried out between vineyard rows as an alternative to the traditional technique (asoleo), evaluating the differences derived from location and drying surface. Over two vintages, grape clusters of Pedro Ximénez variety from both conventional and organic management managements were partially dried using two different surfaces: food-grade plastic and food-grade plastic mesh. The sun-drying process was monitored through weight loss, drying kinetics, and changes in grape musts physicochemical composition. Inter-row sun-drying reduced grape handling and eliminated the need for dedicated drying areas, while helping to preserve grape sanitary integrity. Food-grade plastic, due to its higher temperature retention, promoted greater water loss and higher sugar concentration. In contrast, the shading effect provided by the vine canopy in inter-row settings allowed for more balanced dehydration dynamics. Moreover, gluconic acid levels indicated that organic grapes preserved better sanitary integrity than conventional ones, suggesting that pre-harvest phytosanitary treatments may increase susceptibility to microbial development during sun-drying. The results support inter-row grape sun-drying as a practical and sustainable alternative to the traditional asoleo technique, particularly under warm climate conditions
Understanding work ability in breast cancer survivors: A mediational approach to the roles of perceived emotional intelligence and depression
No full textBackground: The increasing prevalence of breast cancer entails multidimensional challenges regarding its impact on patients' physical, psychosocial, and emotional health. Scientific literature shows that breast cancer survivors face significant difficulties in returning to work, which is closely linked to impaired work ability. Moreover, depression —which affects a high percentage of these women— is associated with a reduced perception of their capacity to perform work-related tasks. Emotional intelligence has been identified as a key factor that may mitigate or exacerbate these difficulties.
Objective: To analyze the processes through which perceived emotional intelligence and depression mediate the relationship between breast cancer survivorship and work ability.
Method: 821 women participated, divided into two groups: 233 breast cancer survivors and 580 healthy controls. The Work Ability Index, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Trait Meta-Mood Scale were administered.
Results: Compared to healthy controls, breast cancer survivors exhibited lower work ability and perceived emotional intelligence, along with higher levels of depression. The overall explanatory power of the mediation model was 37.7%. Work ability was found to be directly impacted by both the experience of breast cancer and the presence of depressive symptoms. Of the six identified indirect effects —both risk and protective— the one with the highest statistical weight predicted improved work ability in breast cancer survivors through the mediated influence of low emotional attention and reduced levels of depression.
Conclusions: Psychological interventions should aim to reduce risk factors and enhance protective pathways to promote successful return to work after hospital treatment
Tutorial MuseScore2. Editor digital de partituras musicales de Software Libre
No full textEl material presentado se considera una primera guía didáctica de acceso y funcionamiento a su versión 2. El objetivo es ofrecer una introducción básica al programa, mostrando cómo instalarlo, familiarizarse con su interfaz y comenzar a utilizar sus herramientas principales para la escritura musical.
Este software resulta especialmente útil porque permite crear, editar y reproducir partituras de forma sencilla y accesible. Además, al ser un programa gratuito y de código abierto, facilita que estudiantes, docentes y músicos puedan trabajar con notación musical digital sin necesidad de utilizar programas profesionales de pago.
De este modo, MuseScore se convierte en una herramienta didáctica eficaz para el aprendizaje de la notación musical, la composición y la edición de partituras en entornos educativos
An explainable ensemble for diabetic retinopathy grading with a novel confidence quality factor and configurable heatmaps
No full textWhile current artificial intelligence (AI) tools aid in detecting diabetic retinopathy (DR), they face significant challenges that limit their clinical utility. Most are restricted to binary (referable vs. non-referable) screening and operate as “black boxes,” lacking the detailed, transparent explanations required for diagnostic confidence. This study addresses these gaps by introducing a novel, explainable ensemble-based approach for detailed DR grading. Our system utilizes a parallel ensemble of two efficient deep learning networks, EfficientNetV2 and ConvNeXt, to perform a full five-class international clinical diabetic retinopathy (ICDR) classification. The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance, with 96.7% accuracy and an Area Under the Curve (AUC) over 96% for all classes on a public dataset. More importantly, it provides a comprehensive diagnostic report designed to enhance clinical trust and utility. This report features multiple, configurable superimposed heatmaps, two probability-ordered diagnostic suggestions, and a novel quality factor that estimates the confidence of the prediction. By offering richer, more transparent, and interactive explanations, our system moves beyond simple screening to function as a valuable diagnostic assistance tool for ophthalmologists and other healthcare professionals.Artículo de diecisiete páginas
Bioreactor expansion of human neural progenitor cells for exosome scalable production and miRNA-engineering
No full textUpscaling protocols to produce exosomes from human neural precursor cells (NPCs) are crucial for enabling broader therapeutic applications for neurodegenerative diseases with associated inflammation. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles measuring between 30 and 150 nm in diameter that are emerging as promising delivery systems in cell-free therapies. An analysis of the US-NIH clinical trials database identifies 246 studies focused on exosome diverse applications, underscoring the growing importance of both naïve and engineered exosomes, specifically those enriched with miRNAs. NPC transplantation has faced several challenges, including immunogenicity and limitations associated with the ineffectiveness of single-dose administration. However, NPC exosomes are emerging as more promising therapeutic tools due to the possibility of multiple applications and their unique properties such as low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, ability to penetrate biological barriers and neuroregenerative properties. To tackle the challenge of producing large quantities of high-quality exosomes, our research used advanced three-dimensional cultivation techniques in vertical-wheel (PBS) and stirred-tank (DASbox) bioreactors. Bioreactor-upscaled ReNcell® VM human NPCs enhanced exosomal yield while maintaining essential stem NPC characteristics. DASbox bioreactor produced smaller, more uniformly sized neurospheres than the PBS system. DASbox-generated exosomes demonstrated superior transfection efficiency with pre-miR-124-3p, here used as a promising neuroprotective strategy, and improved microglia uptake than those from PBS or adherent cultures. Moreover, DASbox-derived exosomes were shown to be internalized by neurons and glial cells and to differently regulate inflammatory mediators upon stress conditions, while exerting better modulatory activity when transfected with pre-miR-124-3p. These results highlight the potential of exosomes from bioreactor-upscaled human NPCs as innovative therapeutic agents for targeting neuron-glia dyshomeostasis and dysfunctional miRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases, meeting the growing demand for their therapeutic application and supporting the development of more effective strategies
Development and experimental validation of a low-cost, real-time energy management system for microgrid clusters, based on electricity price and state of charge of hybrid energy storage systems
No full textMicrogrid clusters (MGCs) are gaining popularity for enhancing energy efficiency, resilience, and reliability by integrating power generation, consumption, and storage elements, including DC/AC technologies. However, their expanding use requires the development of new validation techniques to ensure real-world operation. This article contributes to this effort by presenting, implementing and experimentally validating via a hardware-inthe-loop (HIL) setup, a novel control system for an MGC, deployed on a Raspberry Pi board, which is more economical compared to industrial controllers. The HIL setup comprises an OPAL-RT emulator and the Raspberry Pi board, enabling real-time testing under various operating regimes. This MGC comprises two MGs interconnected to a main grid: a DC MG incorporating DC loads, a wind turbine, fuel cell, an electrolyzer, and an ultracapacitor; and an AC MG comprising AC loads, battery bank, and a photovoltaic generator. The control system uses individual device controllers and a centralized energy management system (EMS) that dynamically controls MGC components, considering the electricity grid price and the state of charge (SOC) of the ESSs. The experimental results demonstrate a robust performance of the MGC and the control system while ensuring a safe SOC in the ESSs. Additionally, the control system demonstrates significant reductions in the electricity costs and in CO2 emissions compared to a fuzzy-logic EMS across a 24-hour test under realistic scenarios, and a short 20-second test. Therefore, the results demonstrate that the proposed solution provides a cost-effective, responsive, adaptable, scalable and practical solution for real-time energy coordination in MGCs.This work was partially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, ´ Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, ´ FEDER, UE (Grant
PID2021-123633OB-C32 supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE)
Chasing the code : Advancing Precision Diagnostics through Next Generation Sequencing
No full textNext generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized precision diagnostics by enabling high-throughput analysis of nucleic acids. This thesis combines technical validations with innovative applications of NGS across five studies. Papers I–II focus on molecular autopsies, demonstrating that hybridisation-based whole-exome sequencing can be successfully applied to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, even in severely fragmented samples. Using matched blood and FFPE samples, our complete workflow for variant detection achieved a sensitivity of 97% and a positive predictive value of 98%. Applied to clinical cases, 23 of 35 FFPE samples were successfully sequenced, and relevant variants were detected in previously unresolved cases of sudden unexplained death. Paper III expanded forensic analysis on blood using the same hybridisation-based NGS-technology. Papers IV–V explore liquid biopsy for pan-cancer detection. Using enzymatic conversion and targeted methylation sequencing of plasma circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), we identified 162 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and developed a classifier for pan-cancer detection with sensitivity and specificity of 83.8%. Fragmentomics analysis revealed cancer-associated patterns in cfDNA fragment length and end motifs: cancer samples exhibited shorter median fragment lengths and alterations in fragment end motifs. These findings highlight fragmentomics as a promising biomarker for cancer detection. Together, these studies illustrate the versatility of NGS for precision diagnostics—from post-mortem genetic analysis to minimally invasive cancer screening—and underscore the importance of rigorous validation to bridge research and clinical implementation