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The effects of differing hazelnut concentrations in hog finishing rations with respect to pork shelf-life and fatty acid composition
No full textCommercial hog diets in the United States commonly contain lipid sources high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, most notably linoleic acid (18:2). This may result in greater deposits of linoleic acid in pork adipose tissue, contributing to an increased potential for lipid oxidation, high n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio and increased fat softness. These factors lead to detrimental effects on shelf-life, potential negative nutritional impacts on humans and yield loss, respectively. The hazelnut is a crop abundant in nutritionally beneficial oleic acid (18:1) and the antioxidant α-tocopherol. Due to aesthetic or conformational characteristics, a cull portion of this crop is thought to be undesirable for human consumption, and offers a relatively low-cost potential feedstuff for livestock. Altering the fatty acid profile of pork to reduce proportions of linoleic acid and increase oleic acid presents the potential to improve shelf-life and impart a favorable nutritional profile in pork tissues. With this in mind, the objective of our study was to explore the effects of differing concentrations of cull hazelnuts as a lipid source in hog finishing rations, and their influence on pork shelf-life and fatty acid composition.
Cull hazelnuts (95% kernel, 5% shell) were obtained and ground for replacement use in a commercially-sourced hog finishing ration. Berkshire-cross hogs (n=15, avg 97 Kg) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (5/treatment): basal diet fed commercial pelleted finishing ration with 0% hazelnut composition (H0), 15% by overall weight hazelnut composition (H15), and 30% by overall weight hazelnut composition (H30), respectively. Hogs were fed ad libitum for 42d and then slaughtered. The Longissimus from one side of each hog was extracted 72 hr postmortem, vacuum-packaged, held at 3 ºC for 4 d to simulate transportation, and then sliced into 2.54 cm thick chops. Chops were packaged in polystyrene trays and overwrapped with O₂ permeable film, placed into a simulated retail display with continuous fluorescent lighting (3500K CCT, 1600-2200 lux) and held at 3 °C. Instrumental color was evaluated daily with a portable spectrophotometer. Samples were removed from display at days 0, 2, 4 and 6 for determination of lipid oxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Additional samples were excised to measure fatty acid composition, α-tocopherol content and total phenols. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, and each hog served as the experimental unit. Diet treatment was denoted as the main effect, with analysis day serving as a repeated effect in the case of shelf-life analyses.
Redness (CIE a*) values in chops declined during retail display for all treatments, however rate of decline based on treatment did not differ. Lipid oxidation (TBARS) was suppressed (P0.05) between diet treatments, however α-tocopherol levels were 82 and 130% higher (P0.05) in linoleic acid (18:2) or n-6/n-3 ratio were identified.
Through the inclusion of hazelnut feed supplementation, the fatty acid composition of pork improved nutritionally via increases in oleic acid (18:1) and decreases in palmitic acid (16:0); however, no other definite benefits were identified in this study. The suppression of TBARS can likely be attributed to an increase in α-tocopherol content in muscle, yet suppression was not significant enough to produce discernable effects on shelf-life when evaluated for instrumental color and purge loss
Unmanned aircraft systems for bridge inspection : testing and developing end-to-end operational workflow
No full textBridge inspections are vital for monitoring the health and serviceability of transportation infrastructure throughout the world. However, inspections can be logistically-challenging, expensive, and dangerous. For example, inspections may require climbing, as well as the use of scaffolding, ladders, rescue boats, bucket trucks, and/or under-bridge inspection vehicles. Small, multirotor unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) offer a potential means of overcoming or alleviating some of these challenges. Among the primary benefits of UAS for inspections are the ability to maneuver adeptly in 3D space, change view angles, and acquire high-resolution imagery, enabling the inspector to view (in real time and/or post-flight using post-processing enhancements, as needed) bridge elements in difficult-to-access locations, all while keeping both feet firmly on the ground. As transportation departments, inspection firms, and service providers increasingly recognize these potential benefits, interest in UAS for bridge inspections is growing rapidly. While a number of UAS bridge inspection projects have been documented in published reports and case studies, the rate of change of both UAS technology and associated regulations necessitates additional research and development, especially with regards to operational aspects of UAS bridge inspection.
The purpose of this study was to develop, test and document an end-to-end operational workflow for UAS bridge inspections, with a particular focus on regulatory and safety aspects. Since it is recognized that UAS are simply one tool for this particular application, another key focus on this study was on investigating which aspects of bridge inspection can and cannot be aided by UAS. As part of the study, three bridges in Oregon, representing different bridge types, conditions and locations, were inspected using small, multirotor UAS
Multicellular monolayer’s self-organization under external stimuli
No full textCell signaling under external stimulation is a critical mechanism that governs many biological processes such as cell proliferation, cell migration, and cell apoptosis, etc. For multicellular organisms, the ability to synchronize heterogeneous individual cellular responses through intercellular communication is crucial to maintain normal functionality. However, even though the biological pathways and molecular basis of signaling and intercellular communication has been well-studied,little is known about the underlying mechanisms that cells utilize to achieve highly cooperative and synchronized responses.
Since molecule exchange between neighboring cells through intercellular communication inherently leads to the information exchange, we utilized a statistical test called Granger causality test to uncover the information flow between neighboring cells communicated through gap junctions. We first applied the test to calcium signaling data obtained from a two-dimensional neuron monolayer network stimulated by periodic ATP stimulation. By varying the period and ATP concentration of the stimulation, we observed that the constructed multicellular information network was dominated by the temporal signal of the stimulation, and the network evolution maintained stationary and detailed balance. The result suggests that the multicellular network is regulated internally by intercellular communication and externally by temporal signal of the stimulation.
Next, we focused on analyzing the calcium signaling caused by shear stress stimulation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Our results indicate that cells can gradually adapt and learn their microenvironment, further stabilizing their inner state within the multicellular network architecture. This process supports the information flow from local to global scale toward synchronization.
Last but not least, we tuned the intercellular communication by micropatterning technique that can control the shape of cell monolayer. By introducing geometrical barriers that cell cannot across, we can quantitatively control intercellular communication within the neuron network. The experimental results indicate the existence of an interplay of intercellular communication and temporal signal in contributing to synchronization. Strong intercellular communication hinders synchronization under long-period stimulation but promotes synchronization under short-period stimulation. Overall, our study provides new aspects on how external stimulation can regulate intercellular synchronization by investigating the synchronization among single-cell level signaling
Developmental Fisheries Program. Staff report: December, 1996
No full textThis is an exhibit made by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife to the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission at a December, 1996 meeting. "During their meeting on November 1, 1996, the Fish and Wildlife Commission delayed making a decision on two recommendations by the Developmental Fisheries Board. The Commission felt additional input was need from other interested parties. This staff report summarizes the additional information." (Introduction) The report covers how to classify the commercial harvest of brine shrimp, and regulation of the commercial bay clam dive fishery
Commercial Dungeness crab limited entry fishery, 1996
No full textThis is an exhibit made by the Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife to the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission. As the limited entry system for commercial crabbing began to be implemented, issues needed to be resolved around license requirements, permit eligibility, permit transfers and status of boats under construction. Staff recommendations and suggested revisions to the Oregon Administrative Rules are given
Commercial shellfish harvest, 2002
No full textThis is an exhibit made by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife to the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission on June 7, 2002. The main topic was a proposed requirement to dye clams and mussels taken for fish bait rather than for human consumption. "On several reviews of Oregon's shellfish sanitation program, the US Food and Drug Administration has strongly recommended all bait shellfish be dyed. A requirement to dye all clams/mussels when not taken/handled for human consumption (regardless of where they were harvested) would be an effective enforcement tool for the protection of public health." The proposal was enacted. Revisions to the Oregon Administrative Rules are shown
Bay crab management
No full text"The sport/commercial interaction concerning Dungeness crab in our estuaries is heating up again. The shellfish staff has discussed this at length and agrees.that the interaction is an indication that our bay crab regulations need to be reviewed. There are currently two issues that need to be resolved: 1) The sport/commercial interaction, and 2) the wise use of available crabs by the sport fishery." (Introduction) Includes catch-and-effort statistics for several Oregon estuaries
September 1993 Angling Regulations Commission hearing: staff statement for sport crab regulation discussion
No full textIn 1991, the State of Oregon experimented with allowing the recreational harvest of female Dungeness crabs. This experiment was unsuccessful, due to confusion about areas appropriate for catching crabs and probable overharvesting. Documents given here show the initial ODFW request to amend the regulation made to the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission, and the subsequent decision to rescind the rule. Ever since, Oregon has banned the harvesting of female crabs
Private salmon hatcheries in Oregon, 1981
No full textDescribes private Chinook, chum and coho salmon hatcheries in Oregon in the early 1980s. Map, statistical tables. "As hatchery diets and rearing techniques improved in recent years, private citizens again became interested in propagating salmon. Research at 0regon State University (OSU)in hatching chum salmon using inexpensive streamside incubators increased public interest, and Oregon laws were enacted in l97l to allow salmon propagation by private citizens. This review of Oregon's private salmon industry includes information on experimental development by private operators, progress of permit holders, and current regulations governing private salmon hatchery operations in Oregon." (from the Introduction
Report to the Legislature on the Oregon ocean Dungeness crab fishery license limitation program
No full text"The 68th Oregon Legislative Assembly found the Oregon ocean Dungeness crab fishery to be overcapitalized and economically unstable due to excessive effort. In order to prevent further destabilization, the Legislature created a restricted participation, or limited entry system for the fishery in HB 3094. License limitation for the Oregon ocean Dungeness crab fishery was implemented December 1, 1995." (p. 2) This legislation also required ODFW to make a follow-up report to the legislature in 1997 on how many and what kind of vessels were participating in the fishery, as well as information on any transfers of permits, and actions of the Permit Board. The report contains recommendations on optimum fleet size and how to set up a permit buy-back program