Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
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A literacia da informação para a superação das brechas cognitiva, informativa e criativa no ensino superior
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Innate chemical, but not visual, threat cues have been co‐opted as unconditioned stimulus for social fear learning in zebrafish
Get PDFAnimals can use social information to detect threat in the environment. In particular, social learning allows animals to learn about dangers without incurring in the costs of trial-and-error learning. In zebrafish, both chemical and visual social cues elicit an innate alarm response, which consists of erratic movement followed by freezing behavior. Injured zebrafish release an alarm substance from their skin that elicits the alarm response. Similarly, the sight of conspecifics displaying the alarm response can also elicit the expression of this response in observers. In this study, we investigated if these social cues of danger can also be used by zebrafish as unconditioned stimulus (US) in learning. We found that only the chemical cue was effective in the social fear conditioning. We suggest that this differential efficacy of social cues results from the fact that the alarm cue is a more reliable indicator of threat, than the sight of an alarmed conspecific. Therefore, although multiple social cues may elicit innate responses not all have been evolutionarily co-opted to act as US in associative learning. Furthermore, the use of the expression of the immediate early genes as markers of neuronal activity showed that chemical social fear conditioning is paralleled by a differential activation of the olfactory bulbs and by a different pattern of functional connectivity across brain regions involved in olfactory processing.FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologiainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Habitat preferences, foraging behaviour and bycatch risk among breeding sooty shearwaters Ardenna grisea in the Southwest Atlantic
Get PDFPelagic seabirds are important components of many marine ecosystems. The most
abundant species are medium/small sized petrels (<1100 g), yet the sub-mesoscale (<10 km) distribution,
habitat use and foraging behaviour of this group are not well understood. Sooty shearwaters
Ardenna grisea are among the world’s most numerous pelagic seabirds. The majority inhabit the
Pacific, where they have declined, partly due to bycatch and other anthropogenic impacts, but they
are increasing in the Atlantic. To evaluate the sub-mesoscale habitat preferences (i.e. the disproportionality
between habitat use and availability), diving behaviour and bycatch risk of Atlantic
breeders, we tracked sooty shearwaters from the Falkland Islands during late incubation and early
chick-rearing with GPS loggers (n = 20), geolocators (n = 10) and time-depth recorders (n = 10).
These birds foraged exclusively in neritic and shelf-break waters, principally over the Burdwood
Bank, ~350 km from their colony. Like New Zealand breeders, they dived mostly during daylight,
especially at dawn and dusk, consistent with the exploitation of vertically migrating prey. However,
Falkland birds made shorter foraging trips, shallower dives, and did not forage in oceanic waters.
Their overlap with fisheries was low, and they foraged at shallower depths than those targeted by
trawlers, the most frequent fishing vessels encountered, indicating that bycatch risk was low during
late incubation/early chick-rearing. Although our results should be treated with caution, they indicate
that Atlantic and Pacific sooty shearwaters may experience markedly differing pressures at
sea. Comparative study between these populations, e.g. combining biologging and demography, is
therefore warranted.FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologiainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Adaptação das versões completa e breve da Escala de Relação Coparental (ERC) em uma amostra comunitária de pais e mães portugueses
Get PDFA Escala de Relação Coparental (ERC) é uma das medidas mais utilizadas para avaliar a relação de coparentalidade. Pretendeu-se avaliar as propriedades psicométricas das versões completa e breve da ERC numa amostra comunitária de 779 pais e mães portugueses, com idades entre os 23 e os 65 anos (M = 42.73; DP = 5.27). As análises fatoriais confirmatórias forneceram evidências de um bom ajustamento dos dados, fiabilidade interna e validade convergente, ainda que em ambas as versões tenha sido eliminada a dimensão Divisão de tarefas parentais. Quando à validade discriminante, duas das sete dimensões – Acordo nas práticas parentais e Suporte coparental – não evidenciaram validade discriminante. A validade concorrente também foi testada e confirmada através das correlações entre das dimensões da ERC e as dimensões da RDAS (ajustamento diádico) e do SDQ (ajustamento infantil).ABSTRACT: Adaptation of the complete and brief versions of the Coparenting Relationship Scale in a community sample of Portuguese fathers and mothers. The Coparenting Relationship Scale (ERC) is one of the most used measures to evaluate coparenting relationship. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the complete and brief versions of the ERC in a community sample of 779 Portuguese fathers and mothers, aged between 23 and 65 years (M = 42.73, SD = 5.27). Confirmatory factor analyzes provided evidence of good model fit, internal reliability, and convergent validity, although in both versions the Division of labor dimension was eliminated. Regarding discriminant validity, two out of the seven dimensions – Coparenting agreement and Coparenting support - did not show evidence of discriminant validity. Concurrent validity was also tested and confirmed through the correlations between the dimensions of the ERC and the dimensions of the RDAS (dyadic adjustment) and the SDQ (child adjustment).FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologiainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Trabalho em equipa em Portugal: Uma década de progresso
Get PDFNa última década em Portugal assistimos à explosão do número de estudos acerca dos fatores psicológicos e contextuais que antecedem a eficácia das equipas em ambientes de trabalho complexos e extremos. Esta investigação tem-se centrado em torno dos aspetos comportamentais (e.g. coordenação, liderança), cognitivos (e.g. modelos mentais partilhados, sistemas de memória transitiva) e afetivos (e.g. coesão, team work engagement) que nos ajudam a explicar por que razão algumas equipas têm um desempenho melhor, estão mais satisfeitas com o seu trabalho e acreditam que são mais viáveis (mesmo as que trabalham em condições adversas). Ao longo deste artigo, fazemos não só uma revisão da investigação feita sobre o tema do trabalho em equipa nos últimos dez anos em Portugal, como estabelecemos pontes com outros trabalhos internacionais e apresentamos algumas sugestões para o futuro da investigação desta área na próxima década.Teamwork in Portugal: A decade of progress: In the last decade in Portugal, we have witnessed the explosion of the number of studies about the antecedents of the effectiveness of work teams in complex and extreme work environments. Research has focused on behavioral (e.g. coordination, leadership), cognitive (e.g. shared mental models, transactive memory systems) and affective (e.g. team work engagement) factors that help us explaining why some teams perform better, are more satisfied with their work, and believe that they are more viable (even the ones that work in adverse conditions). Throughout this article, we review team studies conducted in Portugal over the last ten years, we establish bridges with other international contributions, and present suggestions for the future of teamwork research in the next decade.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Perceiving emotions in visual stimuli: social verbal context facilitates emotion detection of words but not of faces
Get PDFBuilding on the notion that processing of emotional stimuli is sensitive to context, in two experimental tasks we explored whether the detection of emotion in emotional words (task 1) and facial expressions (task 2) is facilitated by social verbal context. Three different levels of contextual supporting information were compared, namely (1) no information, (2) the verbal expression of an emotionally matched word pronounced with a neutral intonation, and (3) the verbal expression of an emotionally matched word pronounced with emotionally matched intonation. We found that increasing levels of supporting contextual information enhanced emotion detection for words, but not for facial expressions. We also measured activity of the corrugator and zygomaticus muscle to assess facial simulation, as processing of emotional stimuli can be facilitated by facial simulation. While facial simulation emerged for facial expressions, the level of contextual supporting information did not qualify this effect. All in all, our findings suggest that adding emotional-relevant voice elements positively influence emotion detection.· · · ·info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
A emergência do sentido de número em jardim-de-infância
Get PDFRelatório da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário/ESEI Maria Ulrich para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Educação Pré-EscolarO presente relatório pretende evidenciar o processo de aprendizagem de desenvolvimento profissional realizado durante a Prática Supervisionada em Jardim de Infância e apresenta uma investigação qualitativa que tem, como objetivo analisar e compreender o desenvolvimento do sentido de número a partir das vivências do quotidiano com um grupo de crianças com 5 anos. Para o efeito a recolha de dados realizou-se através da observação participante, de registos diários – notas de campo e reflexões – e através de uma entrevista à Educadora Cooperante.
Os resultados aqui apresentados, foram analisados tendo por base uma organização categorial que possibilitou a identificação de situações do quotidiano que potenciaram o desenvolvimento do sentido de número, assim como, a compreensão das ligações que as crianças estabeleceram entre o domínio da matemática e a sua utilização no quotidiano e reflexão sobre o meu papel na promoção das descobertas do sentido de número no quotidiano.
Os resultados indicam que as crianças realizaram relações númericas para resolver problemas em situações do quotidiano, nomeadamente durante a marcação das presenças e durante as refeições da manhã, sendo que a contagem de objetos foi a estratégia de cálculo mais usada pelas crianças. Além disso, os resultados indicam que a intencionalidade educativa da equipa – estagiária e educadora de infância – constitui um elemento fundamental para promover conhecimentos matemáticos na resolução de problemas da vida quotidiana, que possibilitaram a atribuição de significado e desenvolvimento de sentido de número nas crianças.
Assim destaca-se, em jeito de conclusão, que o desenvolvimento do sentido de número é um processo gradual e complexo que se desenvolve através de explorações concretas e significativas dos números e da sua utilização em diferentes contextos.This report highlights the process of learning and professional development carried out during Supervised Practice in Kindergarten and presents a qualitative research that aims to analyze and understand the development of the sense of number from everyday experiences with a group of children with 5 years. For this purpose, data collection was carried out through participant observation, daily records - field notes and reflections - and through an interview with Cooperating Educator.
The results presented here were analyzed based on a categorical organization that enabled the identification of everyday situations that enhanced the development of the sense of number, as well as the understanding of the connections that children established between the domain of mathematics and its use in everyday life, and the reflection on my role in promoting discoveries of the sense of number in everyday life.
The results indicate that the children made numerical relations to solve problems in everyday situations, namely during the attendance schedule and during the morning meals, and the object count was the calculation strategy most used by the children. In addition, the results indicate that the team's educational intentionality - intern and early childhood educator - constitutes a fundamental element to promote mathematical knowledge in solving everyday life problems, which allowed the attribution of meaning and the development of a sense of number in children.
Thus, it stands out, in conclusion, the development of the sense of number is a gradual and complex process that is only developed through many explorations of numbers and their use in different contexts
Supporting students’ engagement with teachers’ feedback: the role of students’ school identification
No full textThis study explored the link between teachers’ feedback and students’
behavioural engagement with school identification. Using a
sample of 2534 students from 6th to 12th school year, we examined
whether their perceptions about teachers’ feedback were
related to their behavioural engagement and mediated by their
school identification. We also explore whether this relation was
moderated by students’ year of schooling and by the type of secondary
course they were enrolled and the differences of latent
means between these groups. Results confirmed the expected
mediation: teachers’ feedback was associated with an increased
behavioural engagement via increased school identification. Only
the type of students’ secondary course moderated this relation.
Students in the 12th year perceived that their teacher used less
effective feedback and felt lower school identification than students
in the early years of schooling. These finding illustrated the
underlying mechanism through which teachers’ feedback affect
students’ behavioural engagement with school.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio
Demographic history has shaped the strongly differentiated corkwing wrasse populations in Northern Europe
Get PDFUnderstanding the biological processes involved in genetic differentiation and divergence between populations within species is a pivotal aim in evolutionary biology. One particular phenomenon that requires clarification is the maintenance of genetic barriers despite the high potential for gene flow in the marine environment. Such patterns have been attributed to limited dispersal or local adaptation, and to a lesser extent to the demographic history of the species. The corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops) is an example of a marine fish species where regions of particular strong divergence are observed. One such genetic break occurred at a surprisingly small spatial scale (FST ~0.1), over a short coastline (<60 km) in the North Sea-Skagerrak transition area in southwestern Norway. Here, we investigate the observed divergence and purported reproductive isolation using genome resequencing. Our results suggest that historical events during the post-glacial recolonization route can explain the present population structure of the corkwing wrasse in the northeast Atlantic. While the divergence across the break is strong, we detected ongoing gene flow between populations over the break suggesting recent contact or negative selection against hybrids. Moreover, we found few outlier loci and no clear genomic regions potentially being under selection. We concluded that neutral processes and random genetic drift e.g., due to founder events during colonization have shaped the population structure in this species in Northern Europe. Our findings underline the need to take into account the demographic process in studies of divergence processes.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Perceções das famílias portuguesas acerca do impacto da participação no turtle program
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