Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
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Distância e tamanho : uma amizade duradoura e fluente?
Get PDFDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Psicologia Social e das Organizações.A investigação demonstrou como o constructo das atitudes é complexo na sua origem, estrutura, e mudança. Estudar as atitudes implica estudar variáveis que a influenciam, como é o caso da fluência de processamento que se sabe fomentar atitudes mais favoráveis. São fontes de fluência perceptiva a distância e o tamanho de um objecto. Ambas têm impacto nas atitudes. Estas duas dimensões não são, contudo, independentes, interagindo e influenciando-se mutuamente. Nesta tese argumenta-se que a sua interacção pode ter impacto na formação de uma atitude. Testa-se se esse impacto se fica a dever à fluência perceptiva. Para o efeito, apresentaram-se imagens onde foram colocados objectos grandes ou pequenos, próximos ou distantes dos participantes (2 x 2), e solicitou-se-lhes que indicassem a sua atitude (avaliação) e quão fácil tinha sido avaliar cada um deles. A distância teve o efeito esperado nas avaliações dos objectos: quanto mais perto melhor avaliados. Surpreendentemente, o efeito principal de tamanho foi inverso ao esperado: quanto menor o objecto, melhor a avaliação. Estas variáveis interagiram no impacto sobre as atitudes; no entanto, em desacordo com a hipótese, esta interacção não se verificou em relação à fluência. Demonstrando que a interacção não se deve à fluência perceptiva, a facilidade dos julgamentos apenas sofreu efeitos directos da distância e do tamanho, que foram aditivos. Os dados são discutidos à luz das suas principais aplicações teóricas para o campo das atitudes e da fluência.Research has shown how complex the attitude construct is in its origin, structure, and change. Studying attitudes implies studying variables that influence it, such as the fluency of processing that is known to foster more favorable attitudes. Sources of perceptual fluency are the distance and size of an object. Both have an impact on attitudes. These two dimensions are not, however, independent, interacting and influencing each other. In this thesis it is argued that their interaction can have an impact on the formation of an attitude. It is tested whether this impact is due to perceptual fluency. For this purpose, images were presented where large or small objects were placed, close or distant from the participants (2 x 2), and they were asked to indicate their attitude (evaluation) and how easy it had been to evaluate each one of them. Distance had the expected effect on object evaluations: the closer the better evaluated. Surprisingly, the main size effect was the opposite of what was expected: the smaller the object, the better the evaluation. These variables interacted on the impact on attitudes, however, in disagreement with the hypothesis, this interaction was not verified in relation to fluency. Demonstrating that the interaction is not due to the perceptual fluency, the facility of the judgments only suffered direct effects of distance and size, which were additive. The data are discussed in the light of their main theoretical applications in the field of attitudes and fluency
Asymmetric practices of reading and writing shape visuospatial attention and discrimination
Get PDFMovement is generally conceived of as unfolding laterally in the writing direction that one is socialized into. In 'Western' languages, this is a left-to-right bias contributing to an imbalance in how attention is distributed across space. We propose that the rightward attentional bias exercises an additional unidirectional influence on discrimination performance thus shaping the congruency effect typically observed in Posner-inspired cueing tasks. In two studies, we test whether faces averted laterally serve as attention orienting cues and generate differences in both target discrimination latencies and gaze movements across left and right hemifields. Results systematically show that right-facing faces (i.e. aligned with the script direction) give rise to an advantage for cue-target pairs pertaining to the right (versus left) side of space. We report an asymmetry between congruent conditions in the form of right-sided facilitation for: (a) response time in discrimination decisions (experiment 1-2) and (b) eye-gaze movements, namely earlier onset to first fixation in the respective region of interest (experiment 2). Left and front facing cues generated virtually equal exploration patterns, confirming that the latter did not prime any directionality. These findings demonstrate that visuospatial attention and consequent discrimination are highly dependent on the asymmetric practices of reading and writing.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Comparison Between Actigraphy Records and Parental Reports of Child's Sleep
Get PDFGiven the impact of sleep in several domains of a child's development, the comparison between actigraphy and parental questionnaires is of great importance in preschool-aged children, an understudied group. While parental reports tend to overestimate sleep duration, actigraphy boosts the frequency of night-waking's. Our primary goal was to compare actigraphy data and parental reports (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, CSHQ), regarding bedtime, wake-up time, sleep duration, and wake after sleep onset (WASO), using the Bland-Altman technique. Forty-six children, age 3-6 years, and their parents participated. Results suggest that, despite existing associations between sleep schedule variables measured by both methods (from r = 0.57 regarding bedtime at weekends to r = 0.86 regarding wake-up time during the week, ps), differences between them were significant and agreements were weak, with parents overestimating bedtimes and wake-up times in relation to actigraphy. Differences between actigraphy and CSHQ were ± 52 min for weekly bedtime, ± 38 min for weekly wake-up time, ±159 min for total sleep time, and ± 62 min for WASO, indicating unsatisfactory agreement between methods. Correlations between actigraphy data and CSHQ dimensions are also explored. Our study contributes to the knowledge of the characteristics of each instrument, along with their tendency to overestimate and underestimate certain sleep parameters. We conclude that a complementary use of both instruments would better inform clinical practice and research on a child's sleep.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Que relações existem entre a escrita, a consciência fonológica e conhecimento de letras em crianças de pré-escolar
Get PDFDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Educacional.A aquisição da linguagem escrita inicia-se antes do ensino formal. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal analisar a relação existente entre escrita, consciência fonológica e conhecimento das letras em crianças do último ano do pré-escolar. Participaram 46 crianças de cinco anos de seis salas de uma mesma instituição. Foi avaliada a escrita de palavras, a consciência silábica, a consciência fonémica através de provas de classificação da sílaba/fonema inicial e o conhecimento do nome e som das letras. Os resultados demonstraram que a escrita, avaliada através do número de letras que as crianças foram capazes de representar em cada palavra – número global de fonetização, apresentou correlações mais fortes com o conhecimento do som das letras do que com o nome das letras; que o número global de fonetizações apresentou correlações moderadas com a consciência silábica e fonémica e que o conhecimento das letras correlacionou-se mais fortemente com a consciência fonémica do que com a consciência silábica. Este estudo, também, teve o objetivo de analisar a qualidade e a consistência dessas fonetizações, tendo sido utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa. Verificou-se que as crianças fonetizaram mais as vogais do que as consoantes. As escritas das crianças podem evoluir e retroceder durante a entrevista e crianças com o mesmo nível de escrita podem ter formas diferentes de refletir sobre a linguagem oral. Esta investigação vem reforçar a importância de práticas educativas promotoras do desenvolvimento de capacidades linguísticas.The acquisition of written language starts before formal education. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between writing, phonological awareness and knowledge of letters in children attending the last year of preschool. The participants were 46 five-year-old children from six classrooms in the same institution. All children were evaluated in word writing, syllabic awareness, phonemic awareness through the initial syllable / phoneme classification test and knowledge of the name and sound of the letters. The results showed that the writing, evaluated through the number of letters that the children were able to write in each word – global number of phonetizations, presented stronger correlations with the knowledge of the sound of the letters than with the name of the letters; that the global number of phonetizations showed moderate correlations with syllabic and phonetic awareness; and that the knowledge of letters correlated more strongly with phonemic awareness than with syllabic awareness. This study, also aimed to analyse the quality and consistency of these phonetizations, using a qualitative methodology. It was found that the children phonetized more vowels than consonants. The children's writings can improve and go back during the interview and children with the same level of writing may have different ways of thinking about spoken language. This investigation shows the importance of educational practices that promote the development of language abilities
The Importance of sleep fragmentation on the hemodynamic dipping in obstructive sleep apnea patients
Get PDFObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with non-dipping blood pressure (BP). The precise mechanism is still under investigation, but repetitive oxygen desaturation and arousal induced sleep fragmentation are considered the main contributors.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Reversing the unfairness of homelessness: an examination of service usere's experiences of housing first and traditional services in eight european countries
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A análise dos projetos pessoais em psicoterapia: As potencialidades de uma abordagem idiográfica
No full textA investigação tem mostrado que a monitorização do progresso do cliente em processo
terapêutico mediante uma abordagem idiográfica que contemple a sua individualidade, pode trazer
benefícios substantivos na superação de dificuldades e de problemas específicos. A utilização de metas
pessoais é uma das formas propostas para a concretização desta abordagem. A metodologia de Análise de
Projetos Pessoais proporciona meios para reformular o sistema de projetos, encorajar o indivíduo a
investir em novos projetos, observar o modo como estes se promovem entre si ou criam conflitos ou
resistências, reconhecer e trabalhar as estruturas ecológicas que os impedem de ser sustentáveis, realizar
uma hierarquização que ajude o indivíduo a organizar o seu sistema de projetos, de modo a que ele seja
funcional, exequível e tenha coerência e significado. Todas estas características dotam esta metodologia
de potencialidades para ser implementada na psicoterapia e aconselhamento, como forma de ultrapassar
as fragilidades de uma abordagem apenas nomotética.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Será que o peso e alterações associadas na meia-idade predizem os sintomas da menopausa?
Get PDFDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto
Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre
na especialidade de Psicologia da SaúdeIntrodução: Os sintomas da menopausa podem comprometer o bem-estar físico e psicológico das
mulheres na meia-idade. A presente investigação procura perceber 1) se as alterações de peso
(perda, manutenção e ganho), ocorridas na fase de transição da pré para a peri/pós-menopausa,
influenciam a gravidade dos sintomas da mesma (Modelo I); e 2) se o Índice de Massa Corporal
(IMC) tem impacto na gravidade dos sintomas da menopausa (Modelo II). Método: No total, 1869
mulheres entre os 45 e os 65 anos (M=52.27; DP=5.100) preencheram um questionário online
incluindo a Escala Cervantes (CS-10). Desenvolveram-se dois modelos de equações estruturais para
explorar as relações entre as variáveis. Resultados: Ambos os modelos revelaram um bom
ajustamento: Modelo I) (RMSEA=0.071; P(rmsea<0.05)=0.000), NFI=0.913; CFI=0.924;
TLI=0.898; SRMR=0.044); Modelo II) (RMSEA=0.073; P(rmsea<0.05)=0.000), NFI=0.927;
CFI=0.933; TLI=0.911; SRMR=0.042). No Modelo I, o consumo de café (β =0.06; p<.04), um
maior IMC (β=0.16; p<.001), um aumento de peso (β =0.18; p<.001) e uma menor idade (β=-0.19;
p<.001) predizem sintomas de menopausa mais graves (n=1305). No Modelo II, um maior IMC
(β=0.22; p<.001), o consumo de café (β=0.05; p<.04) e a prática de exercício físico (β=-0.07;
p<.001) predizem sintomas de menopausa mais graves (n=1869). Conclusão: Os comportamentos
de risco (e.g., o aumento de peso, um maior IMC, estilo de vida sedentário, e o consumo de café)
podem influenciar a gravidade dos sintomas de menopausa. Desta forma, de acordo com os
resultados, e considerando a importância da adoção de comportamentos saudáveis, torna-se fulcral
a implementação de intervenções específicas para mulheres de meia-idade.Introduction: Menopausal symptoms may compromise the physical and psychological well-being
of middle-aged women. The present work aimed to understand 1) if weight changes (loss,
maintenance, or gain weight) in menopausal transition (from pre- to peri-/post-menopause) have
an impact on the severity of menopausal symptoms (Model I); and 2) if the Body Mass
Index (BMI) have an impact on the severity of menopausal symptoms (Model II). Method: A total
of 1869 women, aged between 45-65 years (M=52.27; SD=5.100) completed an online
questionnaire, including Cervantes (CS-10). Two Structural Equation Models were developed to
explore the relationships between variables. Results: Both models showed a good fit: Model I)
(RMSEA=0.071; P(rmsea<0.05)=0.000), NFI=0.913; CFI=0.924; TLI=0.898; SRMR=0.044).
Modelo II) (RMSEA=0.073; P(rmsea<0.05)=0.000; NFI=0.927; CFI=0.933; TLI=0.911;
SRMR=0.042). In Model I, coffee consumption (β =0.06; p<.04), a higher BMI (β =0.16; p<.001),
weight gain (β = 0.18; p <.001), and younger age (β =-0.19; p<.001) predict more severe
menopausal symptoms (n=1305). In Model II, higher BMI (β= 0.22; p<.001), coffee consumption
(β =0.05; p<.04), and physical exercise (β=-0.07; p<.001) predict more severe menopausal
symptoms (n=1869). Conclusion: Risk behaviors (e.g., weight gain, higher BMI, sedentary
lifestyle, and coffee consumption) may influence the severity of menopausal symptoms. Thus,
according to the results, and considering the importance of adopting healthy behaviors, the
implementation of specific interventions for middle-aged women is crucial
Europeans’ willingness to pay for ending homelessness: A contingent valuation study
No full textThe purpose of this study is to assess the utility value European citizens put on an innovative social program aimed at reducing homelessness. The Housing First (HF) model involves access to regular, scattered, independent and integrated housing in the community with the support of a multidisciplinary team. Currently, HF is not implemented by most European countries or funded by healthcare or social plans, but randomised controlled trials have stressed significant results for improved housing stability, recovery and healthcare services use. The broader implementation of HF across Europe would benefit from a better understanding of citizens' preferences and "willingness to pay" (WTP) for medico-social interventions like HF. We conducted a representative telephone survey between March and December 2017 in eight European countries (France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden). Respondent's WTP for HF (N = 5631) was assessed through a contingent valuation method with a bidding algorithm. 42.3% of respondents were willing to pay more taxes to reduce homelessness through the HF model, and significant differences were found between countries (p < 0.001); 30.4% of respondents who did not value the HF model were protest zeros (either contested the payment vehicle-taxes- or the survey instrument). Respondents were willing to pay €28.2 (±11) through annual taxation for the HF model. Respondents with higher educational attainment, who paid national taxes, reported positive attitudes about homelessness, or reported practices to reduce homelessness (donations, volunteering) were more likely to value the HF model, with some countries' differences also related to factors at the environmental level. These findings inform key stakeholders that European citizens are aware of the issue of homelessness in their countries and that scaling up the HF model across Europe is both feasible and likely to have public support.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Ansiedade, depressão e estresse: um estudo com jovens adultos na região norte do Ceará
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