Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida

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    Educação de Infância no Século XXI : qual o papel da voz ativa das crianças em contexto de jardim de infância?

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    Relatório da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada apresentado no ISPA- Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Educação Pré-EscolarO presente relatório descreve a minha prática supervisionada em jardim de infância, realizada no ano letivo 2020/2021, no âmbito do Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar, ministrado pelo ISPA Instituto Universitário. Realizei esta prática numa Instituição Privada, situada no concelho de Lisboa. O grupo que me acolheu era composto por 20 crianças, com idades compreendidas entre os 5 e 6 anos. O tema do Relatório, surge a partir das observações e reflexões sobre o contexto de estágio. Deste modo, começo por introduzir o tema e a razão pela qual o escolhi. Em seguida, faço o enquadramento teórico e uma breve apresentação sobre o que caracteriza uma pedagogia ativa e transmissiva, focando-me então, no papel do Educador e na sua importância no desenvolvimento de uma pedagogia ativa nos dias de hoje. Posteriormente, dedico um capítulo à caracterização do contexto da prática supervisionada em Jardim de Infância, onde descrevo e caracterizo a instituição e também descrevo o grupo que me acompanhou ao longo do período de estágio. Em seguida, no capítulo das opções metodológicas, abordo a problemática e a sua caracterização em contexto de estágio, chegando, então, às questões de investigação, centradas na compreensão da relevância da voz ativa da criança no seu bem-estar, desenvolvimento e aprendizagem., que procurei compreender com base numa metodologia qualitativa, utilizando as observações e a entrevista como instrumentos de recolha de dados. No final do trabalho realizado sublinho a importância do/a Educador/a dar voz à criança, respeitando o seu espaço e, sobretudo, respeitando sempre o desenvolvimento/tempo de cada criança.This report describes my supervised practice in kindergarten, carried out in the school year 2020/2021, as part of the master’s degree in Pre-School Education (MEPE), in ISPA. I did this practice in a private institution, located in the municipality of Lisbon. The group that welcomed me was composed of 20 children, aged between 5 and 6 years old. The theme of the Report arises from the observations and reflections on the internship context. Thus, I begin by introducing the theme and the reason why I chose it. Then, I make the theoretical framework and a brief presentation on what characterizes an active and transmissive pedagogy, focusing on the role of the educator and its importance in the development of an active pedagogy today. Subsequently, I dedicate a chapter to the characterization of the context of my practice in kindergarten, where I describe and characterize the institution and the group that accompanied me throughout the internship period. Then, in the chapter on methodological options, I address the problem and its description in the internship context, and then arrive at the research questions, focused on understanding the relevance of the active voice of the child in his/her well-being, development, and learning, which I pursued to understand based on a qualitative methodology, using observations and interviews as data collection tools. At the end of the work carried out, I emphasize the importance of the educator giving voice to the child, respecting his/her space and, above all, always respecting the development/time of each child

    Multispecies tracking reveals a major seabird hotspot in the North Atlantic

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    The conservation of migratory marine species, including pelagic seabirds, is challenging because their movements span vast distances frequently beyond national jurisdictions. Here, we aim to identify important aggregations of seabirds in the North Atlantic to inform ongoing regional conservation efforts. Using tracking, phenology, and population data, we mapped the abundance and diversity of 21 seabird species. This revealed a major hotspot associated with a discrete area of the subpolar frontal zone, used annually by 2.9–5 million seabirds from ≥56 colonies in the Atlantic: the first time this magnitude of seabird concentrations has been documented in the high seas. The hotspot is temporally stable and amenable to site-based conservation and is under consideration as a marine protected area by the OSPAR Commission. Protection could help mitigate current and future threats facing species in the area. Overall, our approach provides an exemplar data-driven pathway for future conservation efforts on the high seas.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Como envelhece o amor? : Perceções de diferentes grupos etários do bem-estar e da intimidade nos idosos

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    Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.Objetivos: O presente estudo pretende a avaliação da perceção de Bem-Estar e Intimidade dos idosos, por diferentes faixas etárias da população (20 – 35 anos; 35 – 50 anos; 50 – 65 anos). Dividindo-se em três objetivos (1) Comparar a perceção de bem-estar psicológico nos adultos mais velhos, entre os grupos etários. (2) Comparar a perceção de intimidade nos adultos mais velhos, entre os grupos etários. (3) Avaliar a relação entre as perceções de bem-estar psicológico e de intimidade nos adultos mais velhos, entre os grupos etários. Método: Baseando-se no Modelo do Bem-Estar Psicológico, no Modelo do Processo Interpessoal da Intimidade e nos estudos de Schaefer e Olson, desenvolveu-se um questionário misto online, aplicado a 542 participantes com idades entre os 20 e os 65 anos. Resultados: No BEP revelaram-se diferenças significativas na autonomia (sig. =,05) entre idades nas questões quantitativas, e como mais importantes as relações interpessoais, saúde, atividades, sentimentos e emoções, aspetos do saber, identidade, promotores sociais e ambiente externo, nas questões qualitativas. Na Intimidade, a intimidade social apresentou diferenças entre idades (sig. =,001 e sig. =,000) para as questões quantitativas, e nas questões qualitativas observou-se a divisão entre características positivas iguais entre todas as idades, e características negativas que diferiram entre idades. Confirmou-se a forte relação entre o BEP e a Intimidade em várias dimensões, não diferindo entre idades. Conclusões: As perceções de BEP e Intimidade são semelhantes globalmente entre idades, diferindo em algumas dimensões específicas tais como a autonomia ou a intimidade social. Verifica-se uma relação forte entre o BEP e a Intimidade nos adultos mais velhos, percecionada por todas as faixas etárias.Objectives: This study aims to assess the perception of well-being and intimacy of the elderly, by different age groups of the population (20 – 35 years; 35 – 50 years; 50 – 65 years). Dividing into three objectives (1) Compare the perception of psychological well-being in older adults, between age groups. (2) Compare the perception of intimacy in older adults, between age groups. (3) Evaluate the relationship between perceptions of psychological well-being and intimacy in older adults, across age groups. Method: Based on the Psychological Well-Being Model, the Interpersonal Process of Intimacy Model and the studies by Schaefer and Olson, a mixed online questionnaire was developed, applied to 542 participants aged between 20 and 65 years. Results: The BEP revealed significant differences in autonomy (sig. =,05) between ages in the quantitative questions, and the most important were interpersonal relationships, health, activities, feelings and emotions, aspects of knowledge, identity, promoters social and external environment, in qualitative questions. In Intimacy, social intimacy showed differences between ages (sig. =,001 and sig. =,000) for the quantitative questions, and in the qualitative questions there was a division between positive characteristics equal between all ages, and negative characteristics that differed between ages. A strong relationship between BEP and Intimacy was confirmed in several dimensions, with no difference between ages. Conclusions: The perceptions of BEP and Intimacy are globally similar between ages, differing in some specific dimensions such as autonomy or social intimacy. There is a strong relationship between BEP and Intimacy in older adults, perceived by all age groups

    Structure and agency in capabilities‐enhancing homeless services: Housing first, housing quality and consumer choice

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    The capabilities approach, a framework for understanding and measuring inequality, stipulates that equality is best understood as the freedom to do and be within a particular context. Homelessness has been referred to as a situation of ‘capabilities deprivation’, and the extent to which homeless services restore or enhance capabilities is of increasing interest. As part of a large, eight-country study of homelessness in Europe, we examined the extent to which adults with histories of perceived the services they receive as capabilities-enhancing. We collected data at two time points: baseline (nt1 = 565) and follow-up (nt2 = 399). Measures included perceived capabilities, choice and housing quality. Participants engaged with Housing First (HF) programmes perceived services as more capabilities-enhancing than participants engaged with treatment as usual (TAU); this relationship was mediated by consumer choice and perceived housing quality. Implications for social policy, practice and training are discussed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Attitudes of police recruits towards offenders: the Impact of the police training on attitudinal change

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    The traditional prevailing perspectives on attitudes assume that attitudes, once formed, are relatively stable over time. However, research has revealed that attitudes may be influenced by different factors that may change them. The present pre-posttest study aims to understand if the police recruits’ attitudes towards offenders change after police training and analyse the impact of sociodemographic and personality variables on recruits’ attitudes towards offenders. The Attitude Scale towards Offenders (ATO) and the NEO-FFI Personality Inventory were used in a sample of 74 recruits of a Portuguese Police Force at the beginning and the end of the police training program. Results revealed that, at the end of the training, recruits hold more negative attitudes towards offenders. Those who had previous professional experience in the army hold more positive attitudes, but only at the beginning of the training. Only attitudes towards offenders at the beginning of the police training program predict recruits’ attitudes towards offenders at the end of the training. These results emphasize the importance of initial and continuous training of recruits and police officers.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Measuring mental health literacy : Adaptation and validation of the portuguese version of the mental health literacy Scale (MHLS)

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    Understanding mental health literacy is essential for promoting empowerment and proactivity in patients, reducing stigma, and increasing population awareness. The constitutive dimensions of mental health literacy are still being researched, and instruments’ research can shed light on the involved processes. The Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS) is a self-report measure of mental health literacy. This study aimed to adapt the MHLS to Portuguese and evaluate mental health literacy in a broad sample. A broad sample of 337 individuals participated in the adaptation. Besides filling out the MHLS, the participants were invited to fill out a general lifestyle measure. The global results reveal a good internal consistency of the MHLS. A three-factor structure (i.e., attitudes towards mental illness, knowledge about mental illness, and the ability to recognize symptoms) explained 35% of the total variance. Despite not finding an association with the general lifestyle measure, the MHLS scored higher in women and individuals with higher schooling, as expected. The results reinforce the role of MHLS as a useful measure of mental health literacy. The identified structure is discussed in light of the current understanding and implications of this essential process.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

    Vocal universals and geographic variations in the acoustic repertoire of the common bottlenose dolphin

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    Acoustical geographic variation is common in widely distributed species and it is already described for several taxa, at various scales. In cetaceans, intraspecific variation in acoustic repertoires has been linked to ecological factors, geographical barriers, and social processes. For the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), studies on acoustic variability are scarce, focus on a single signal type-whistles and on the influence of environmental variables. Here, we analyze the acoustic emissions of nine bottlenose dolphin populations across the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, and identify common signal types and acoustic variants to assess repertoires' (dis)similarity. Overall, these dolphins present a rich acoustic repertoire, with 24 distinct signal sub-types including: whistles, burst-pulsed sounds, brays and bangs. Acoustic divergence was observed only in social signals, suggesting the relevance of cultural transmission in geographic variation. The repertoire dissimilarity values were remarkably low (from 0.08 to 0.4) and do not reflect the geographic distances among populations. Our findings suggest that acoustic ecology may play an important role in the occurrence of intraspecific variability, as proposed by the 'environmental adaptation hypothesis'. Further work may clarify the boundaries between neighboring populations, and shed light into vocal learning and cultural transmission in bottlenose dolphin societies.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    “The adventures of Conch and Coral” – The benefits of an universal prevention board game for children aged between 6-10

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    Resumo: O abuso sexual é uma problemática com elevada prevalência e com um impacto negativo muito significativo na vida de uma criança ou jovem, da sua família e da comunidade. Neste contexto, é fundamental disseminar a utilização de materiais de prevenção universal. No presente artigo procurou-se avaliar em que medida o jogo “Vamos prevenir! As aventuras do Búzio e da Coral” (Agulhas et al., 2016), destinado a crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 6 e os 10 anos de idade, promove um conjunto de conhecimentos para lidar com a problemática do abuso sexual. Para o efeito, foi levado a cabo um estudo quantitativo (com pré e pós teste), com uma amostra de 101 crianças dessa faixa etária e de ambos os sexos, que jogaram o jogo. Os resultados demonstram que as crianças avaliam o jogo de uma forma muito positiva, verificando-se uma diminuição estatistica mente significativa de respostas incorretas e de respostas incertas do pré-teste (i.e., antes de jogar o jogo) para o pós-teste (i.e., após jogar o jogo). Ainda que modestos, estes resultados apontam para a importância de apostar em materiais que procurem aumentar a compreensão das crianças sobre os riscos e potenciar fatores de proteção no âmbito da problemática do abuso sexual.Abstract: Sexual abuse is a high prevalence problematic that has a very significative and negative impact in a child or young person’s life, its family and the community. Disseminating the usage of universal prevention programs is fundamental. The aim of this study is to analyze whether the game “Vamos prevenir! As aventuras do Búzio e da Coral” (Agulhas et al., 2016), designed to be played by children between 6 and 10 years old, promotes the acquisition of knowledge to deal with eventual sexual abuse situations. We developed a quantitative study (with pre and post test), with a sample of 101 children from that age group, male and female, which had played the game. The results show that children evaluated the game in a very positive way; statistically significant differences in the number of incorrect and uncertain answers were found from the pre to the post test. Although modest, these results show the importance of increasing children’s understanding about sexual abuse enhancing protection factors.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Associações entre as práticas parentais, os problemas emocionais, de conduta e o comportamento pró- social em crianças do 1º Ciclo

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    Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA-Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.As práticas parentais, definidas como os comportamentos específicos através dos quais os pais desempenham os seus deveres parentais, é a construção parental que tem sido teorizada para ter o impacto mais imediato na saúde mental das crianças. Existem provas substanciais que ligam a parentalidade e os fatores de risco familiar ao desenvolvimento de graves problemas nas crianças. Estes incluem a falta de uma relação calorosa e positiva com os pais; apego inseguro; práticas disciplinares duras, inflexíveis, rígidas ou inconsistentes e supervisão inadequada. Estes fatores aumentam o risco de as crianças desenvolverem grandes problemas comportamentais e emocionais, incluindo problemas de conduta, comportamento antissocial e desenvolvimento de comportamentos desviantes. Em oposição se uma família manifesta processos familiares positivos, nomeadamente relações familiares coesas, comunicações e interações positivas, e apoio mútuo entre os membros, as crianças podem apresentar resultados positivos de desenvolvimento bem como de comportamento pró-social. O estudo tem como objetivos analisar possíveis associações significativas entre a Restritividade, Afetuosidade, Problemas Emocionais, Problemas de Conduta e, Comportamento Pró-social e verificar possíveis diferenças significativas ao nível das diferentes variáveis em estudo entre o género masculino vs. feminino. A amostra foi constituída por 162 mães de crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 7 e os 10 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Child-Rearing Practices Report (CRPR) e o Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Os resultados revelaram associações significativas entre as variáveis: Afetuosidade correlacionada negativamente com os Problemas de Conduta; Restritividade associada positivamente com os Problemas Emocionais e de Conduta das Crianças; os Problemas de Conduta e os Problemas Emocionais associados positivamente e por fim uma associação negativa entre os Problemas de Conduta e o Comportamento Pró-social. Relativamente ao segundo objetivo verificaram-se diferenças significativas entre a Afetuosidade e o género feminino e as raparigas apresentam maiores resultados de comportamentos pró-sociais.Parenting practices, defined as the specific behaviors by which parents carry out their parental duties, is the parenting construct that has been theorized to have the most immediate impact on children's mental health. There is substantial evidence linking parenting and family risk factors to the development of serious problems in children. These include lack of a warm, positive relationship with parents; insecure attachment; harsh, inflexible, rigid or inconsistent disciplinary practices; and inadequate supervision. These factors increase the risk of children developing major behavioral and emotional problems, including conduct problems, antisocial behavior, and the development of deviant behavior. In opposition if a family manifests positive family processes, namely cohesive family relationships, positive communications and interactions, and mutual support among members, children may show positive developmental outcomes as well as prosocial behavior. The study aims to analyze possible significant associations between restrictiveness, nurturance, emotional problems, conduct problems, and prosocial behavior, and to verify possible significant differences in the different variables under study between males vs. females. The sample consisted of 162 mothers of children between 7 and 10 years old. The instruments used were the Child-Rearing Practices Report (CRPR) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The results revealed significant associations between the variables: Nurturance negatively correlated with Conduct Problems; Restrictiveness positively associated with Children's Emotional and Conduct Problems; Conduct Problems and Emotional Problems positively associated and finally a negative association between Conduct Problems and Prosocial Behavior. Regarding the second objective, significant differences were found between affectivity and the female gender, and girls show higher results in prosocial behavior

    Relação da eficácia da liderança, da clareza da função e da abertura à experiência com o desempenho adaptativo : o efeito mediador do work engagement

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    Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Social e das OrganizaçõesEste estudo tem como objetivo investigar a relação da eficácia da liderança, da clareza da função e da abertura à experiência no desempenho adaptativo, e o efeito mediador do work engagement nesta relação. Para tal foi realizado um estudo quantitativo com base numa amostra obtida por conveniência, composta por 183 indivíduos que integrassem uma organização há pelo menos 6 meses, os quais responderam a um questionário online de forma voluntária. A análise dos resultados obtidos indica-nos que a eficácia da liderança e a abertura à experiência influenciam positiva e significativamente o desempenho adaptativo, efeito que não se verificou para a clareza da função. Os resultados indiciam também a existência de uma mediação completa do work engagement na relação entre a clareza da função e o desempenho adaptativo e na relação entre a eficácia da liderança e o desempenho adaptativo. Foi obtida ainda uma mediação parcial do work engagement na relação entre a abertura à experiência e o desempenho adaptativo. Os resultados expressos remetem para a necessidade de reflexão das organizações, não só sobre a importância dos recursos do trabalho para o sucesso organizacional, mas também no que se refere ao impacto da personalidade dos indivíduos no desempenho adaptativo. Organizações que clarifiquem o papel dos seus colaboradores, que possuam chefias eficazes e colaboradores com níveis elevados de abertura à experiência podem esperar aumentos significativos no desempenho adaptativo dos trabalhadores, promovido pelo aumento do work engagement dos mesmos.This study aims to investigate the relationship of leadership effectiveness, role clarity and openness to experience in adaptive performance, and the mediating effect of work engagement in this relationship. To this end, a quantitative study was carried out based on a sample obtained by convenience, consisting of 183 participants who had been part of an organization for at least 6 months, who responded to an online questionnaire voluntarily. The analysis of the results obtained indicates that leadership effectiveness and openness to experience had a positive and significant effect on adaptive performance, whereas this effect wasn’t identified for role clarity. The results also indicate the existence of a complete mediation of work engagement in the relationship between role clarity and adaptive performance, and in the relationship between leadership effectiveness and adaptive performance. A partial mediation of work engagement in the relationship between openness to experience and adaptive performance was also obtained. This results point to the need for reflection by organizations, not only on the importance of work resources for organizational success, but also on the impact of worker’s personality in obtaining adaptive performance. Organizations that clarify the role of their employees, that have effective leaders, and whose employees possess high levels of openness to experience can expect significant increases on its adaptive performance, promoted by the increase in work engagement

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