Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
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What to expect where and when: how statistical learning drives visual selection
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O impacto psicológico de experiências associadas à Covid-19 : relação entre os sintomas psicopatológicos e saúde mental positiva
Get PDFDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia ClínicaProblema. A investigação acerca da temática da covid-19, tem se focado nos períodos de confinamentos, evidenciando consequências negativas na saúde mental. Neste sentido, verifica-se uma escassez na literatura, especialmente em Portugal, no que diz respeito ao impacto das experiências associadas à pandemia na saúde mental dos indivíduos. Ao compreender as experiências que mais impactaram os indivíduos ao nível da saúde mental, no período pandémico, possibilita a identificação e a redução do risco associado à vivência das mesmas. Objetivo. Este estudo procurou aferir a relação entre o impacto psicológico das experiências associadas à pandemia, nos sintomas psicopatológicos e na saúde mental positiva. Método. Foi avaliada uma amostra de conveniência de 306 participantes, através de quatro variáveis: as experiências associadas à covid-19, o impacto psicológico, os sintomas psicopatológicos e a saúde mental positiva, através dos modelos de regressão linear. Resultados. Os indivíduos sentiram um impacto psicológico negativo, face à vivência das experiências associadas à pandemia, refletindo assim uma maior sintomatologia psicopatológica e níveis menores de saúde mental positiva. Conclusão. Os resultados evidenciados, mesmo numa fase final da pandemia, sustentam a importância de investigações mais detalhadas, sobre os efeitos das experiências associadas à pandemia, na saúde mental dos indivíduos. Por fim, servem também de alerta, para a importância de uma maior oferta de suporte psicológico, de forma a prevenir e diminuir os impactos futuros destas experiências, na saúde mental dos cidadãos.Problem. The research on the theme of covid-19 has focused especially on the confinements, evidencing negative consequences on mental health during the covid-19 pandemic. In this sense, there is a scarcity in the literature, especially in Portugal, regarding the impact of the experiences associated with the pandemic on the mental health of individuals. Understanding the experiences that had the most impacted individual´s at mental health during the pandemic period enables the identification and reduction of the risk associated with their experiences. Objective. This study aimed to assess the relationship between the psychological impact of pandemic-related experiences on psychopathological symptoms and positive mental health. Method. A convenience sample with 306 participants was accessed through four variables: experiences associated with covid-19, psychological impact, psychopathological symptoms, and positive mental health, using linear regression models. Results. Individuals felt a negative psychological impact, given the experiences associated with the pandemic, thus reflecting a greater psychopathological symptomatology and lower levels of positive mental health. Conclusion. The results evidenced, even at a last phase of the pandemic, support the importance of more detailed research in the effects of pandemic-related experiences on the mental health of individuals. Finally, they also serve as an alert to the importance of a greater offer of psychological support, to prevent and decrease the future impacts of these experiences on mental health of citizens
COVID-19 pandemic: Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among Brazilian psychologists
Get PDFIntroduction: Symptoms related to mental health disorders became the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, and psychologists had to adapt to the demands, while they themselves were exposed to the pandemic and its stressors.
Objectives: To identify demographic and professional characteristics of Brazilian psychologists in different phases of pandemic and their reported care practices, concerns, and symptoms.
Methods: This was an observational study conducted online in four independent phases with no pairing among the samples (May/June 2020, n = 263; November/December 2020, n = 131; May/June 2021, n = 378; November/December 2021, n = 222). Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale was used. The validity and reliability of the data obtained with the DASS-21 were attested to by confirmatory factor analysis. Basic lexographic and similarity analysis were conducted to obtain textual information. Prevalence of variables was estimated and compared between phases using the z-test (α = 5%). Similarity analysis was performed to identify the psychologists’ concerns.
Results: Most of participants were women and were self-employed or employed. There was rapid adjustment to remote work and more than 70% reported changes in their mental health since the onset of pandemic. One in four participants had a previous mental health disorder, and there was a high prevalence of symptoms such as anxiety, fear, and angst. The prevalence of professionals who reported not caring about their own mental health was significant. In 2020, one cluster (health) of concern was identified, while in 2021 there were three clusters (health, family, and COVID-19). The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms was high and did not change during the pandemic.
Conclusions: Psychologists adapted to the demands of the population in the face of the pandemic. However, there was a high prevalence of mental health symptoms and a disregard for self-care among these professionals.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Complex tasks, delegation, and flexibility: What role for engagement and shared leadership?
Get PDFTask complexity is one of the main factors studied by academics and is at the center of leaders’ concerns. It is related to delegation and flexibility, which are enhanced by workers’ engagement and depend on how leadership is shared. In this context, this research was carried out with the main objective of testing the serial mediating effect of engagement and shared leadership on the relationship between task complexity and flexibility and the relationship between task complexity and delegation. The sample for this study consists of 368 participants, all of whom work in organizations based in Portugal. The results indicate that task complexity is positively and significantly associated with engagement, shared leadership, flexibility, and delegation. Shared leadership has a positive and significant association with flexibility and delegation. The serial mediating effect of engagement and shared leadership on the relationship between task complexity and flexibility was confirmed. The serial mediating effect of engagement and shared leadership on the relationship between task complexity and delegation was not confirmed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Fine-scale foraging segregation in a green turtle (Chelonia mydas) feeding ground in the Bijagós archipelago, Guinea Bissau
No full textGreen turtles (Chelonia mydas) are highly dependent on neritic foraging areas
throughout much of their life. Still, knowledge of recruitment dynamics,
foraging habits, and habitat use in these areas is limited. Here, we evaluated
how the distribution and food preferences of green sea turtles from different
life stages varied within a foraging aggregation. We focused on two islands in
Guinea-Bissau, Unhocomo and Unhocomozinho, using water captures and
survey dives to record habitat use and characteristics, and stable isotopes to
infer diet. Additionally, we used stable isotopes to infer their diet. Two habitat
types were sampled: deeper (2.26 ± 0.4 m) rocky sites fringed by mangrove
with macroalgae, and sandy shallows (1.37 ± 0.12 m) surrounded by rocky reefs
with macroalgae and seagrass. The two benthic communities were similar
isotopically and in terms of species composition, except for the presence or
absence of seagrass, which had unique signatures. We captured 89 turtles
ranging from 35 cm to 97 cm in curved carapace length (i.e., juvenile to adult
stages). Size distribution was habitat-dependent, with most smaller turtles
present in sandy shallows and larger turtles favoring slightly deeper rocky
sites. Turtle isotopic signatures differed between the habitat of capture,
regardless of size, revealing a marked dichotomy in foraging preference. All
turtles fed primarily on macroalgae, mostly rhodophytes. However, individuals
captured in sandy habitats had evident seagrass skewed isotopic signatures.
Larger turtles may be unable to use the more diverse shallower foraging sites
due to increased vulnerability to predation. Despite the proximity of the
sampled foraging sites (2.7 km apart), the two foraging subgroups seem to
maintain consistently different feeding habits. Our study highlights how
heterogeneous green turtle foraging habits can be within populations, even at
small geographic scales.CITESinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
In or out: Justice-involved women characterization and their perceptions about penal sanctions.
Get PDFWomen incarceration rates in Portugal are rising, nevertheless, noncustodial sanctions should be chosen, whenever possible. This paper aims to
understand which women are being sentenced to noncustodial sanctions
and which are not, and what they think about their penalty, considering
that the penalties’ effectiveness is linked to how they are experienced. A
self-report questionnaire was administered to 152 Portuguese women serving custodial and non-custodial sentences. Results demonstrated that
women were not spared from prison, regardless of their parental and marital situation and whether or not this was their first penalty or if it was a
nonviolent crime conviction. The women generally considered their sentences to be unfair, and rehabilitation was not considered the purpose guiding judges’ sentencing decisions. Implications for the rehabilitation of
justice-involved women are discussed since these perceptions might compromise their adherence to the penalties and minimize its effectiveness.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCT; FEDERinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Depicting #fatherhood involvement on Instagram: Caregiving, affection, and stimulation
Get PDFThis article aims to analyze how fatherhood is performed on
Instagram by examining the domains of involvement. Parental
roles and behaviors have changed in the last years and are
currently a relevant social and scientific topic. The way that
fatherhood is performed is also a frequent subject on social media,
spreading the ideal of a new fatherhood and portraying the father
as committed to childcare duties. The hashtag “fatherhood” was
used to identify posts on Instagram representing father
involvement. A final sample of 121 posts was identified. Results
depicted three main domains in fatherhood’s online
representations of involvement: (1) child caregiving; (2) fathers as a
source of the child’s affection; and (3) fathers involved in play,
committed to the child’s interests and offering new opportunities
of stimulation. The display of fatherhood as a role requiring
dedication and effort also emerged, but to a lesser extent.
Nevertheless, only positive emotions were shared, depicting
pleasure in the performed role, and communicating an ideal and
self-enhancing profile. Moreover, posts seemed to disseminate an
ideal of fatherhood rather than raise questions or discuss the
challenges related to it. Findings uncover how media social
representations of fatherhood are still an unfinished process, failing to capture
diversity and challenges in contemporary families.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Presença, aliança e atitudes dos clientes face à terapia online
Get PDFDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde.Introdução: A presente investigação tem como objetivo avaliar a manifestação das variáveis: stress percebido, alexitimia, ansiedade e depressão em pacientes com doenças autoimunes e avaliar se existe um possível efeito mediador da alexitimia na relação entre o stress percebido e a ansiedade e a depressão. Método: Este estudo conta com 347 participantes (Midade = 39,60; DP = 12,38) e a amostra é não probabilística e por conveniência. Procedeu-se à aplicação de um questionário online, constituído pela Escala de Ansiedade e Depressão Hospitalar, a Escala de Stress Percebido, e a Escala de Alexitimia de Toronto. Resultados: Verificou-se que as variáveis em estudo se encontram correlacionadas positiva e significativamente entre si. Adicionalmente, tanto o stress percebido como a alexitimia têm efeitos diretos, totais e indiretos significativos na depressão e na ansiedade. Observou-se que o stress percebido é um preditor mais elevado de ansiedade (βalexitimia = 0,22; p ≤ 0,001; βstress percebido = 0,62; p ≤ 0,001) e depressão (βalexitimia = 0,21; p ≤ 0,001; βstress percebido = 0,56; p ≤ 0,001), do que a alexitimia. Discussão: Este estudo permite elucidar sobre um mecanismo de gestão de stress percebido dos pacientes com doenças autoimunes, bem como o efeito de mediação parcial do stress percebido no aumento do impacto da alexitimia na ansiedade e na depressão.Introduction: The present research aims to evaluate the manifestation of the variables perceived stress, alexithymia, anxiety and depression in patients with autoimmune diseases and to assess whether there is a possible mediating effect of alexithymia in the relationship between perceived stress and anxiety and depression. Method: This study counts with 347 participants (Mage = 39,60; SD = 12,38), and the sample is not probabilistic and by convenience. An online questionnaire was applied, consisting of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Results: It was found that the variables under study are positively and significantly correlated with each other. Additionally, both perceived stress and alexithymia have significant direct, total and indirect effects on depression and anxiety. It was observed that perceived stress is a higher predictor of anxiety (βalexithymia = 0.22, p ≤ 0.001; βperceived stress = 0.62, p ≤ 0.001) and depression (βalexithymia = 0.21, p ≤ 0.001; βperceived stress = 0.56, p ≤ 0.001), than alexithymia. Discussion: This study provides insight into a perceived stress management mechanism of patients with autoimmune diseases, as well as the partial mediating effect of perceived stress on the relationship between alexithymia and anxiety and depression
Problem-based learning in a flipped classroom: a case study for active learning in legal education in international law
Get PDFHigher education in law should develop students’ skills such as working collaboratively, communicating, and influencing others through critical legal reasoning.
Traditional legal education is partially based on active learning methods, but problem-based learning (PBL) is still relatively rare, with a comparatively smaller number
of field applications reported in available literature, and no reports of its use of in legal
education in Portugal. This paper describes the application of the problem-based
learning method to an Erasmus class of International Public Law in a Portuguese
university, during an academic semester. The method was applied to half of the
classes, with the remaining half being taught using traditional methods. Students’
perceptions and preferences for the different methods were assessed through surveys. In general, our results offer novel insights into the effectiveness of PBL, suggesting that student perceptions of the PBL method depend on their social skills, previous
knowledge of the topics, and personal preference. Considering experiences from
previous years, the teacher’s assessment is that using PBL methods allowed for feedback and closer follow-up on the students’ progress and created the opportunity for
the development of relevant skills, which would otherwise be excluded from the
classroom. These results, as well as limitations, are discussed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Assessing meaning violations in Syrian refugees: A mixed‐methods cross‐cultural adaptation of the Global Meaning Violations Scale–Arab-V
Get PDFRefugees are disproportionately affected by extreme traumatic events that can
violate core beliefs and life goals (i.e., global meaning) and cause significant
distress. This mixed-methods study used an exploratory sequential design to
assess meaning violations in a sample of Syrian refugees living in Portugal. For
this purpose, we cross-culturally adapted the Global Meaning Violations Scale
(GMVS) for use with Arabic-speaking refugees. In total, 43 war-affected Syrian adults participated in the two-phase study. Participants completed measures
of trauma and narrated violations as they filled out the newly adapted GMVSArabV. GMVS-ArabV validity evidence based on response processes was investigated through Phase 1 focus groups (FGs; n = 2), whereas data from Phase 2
cognitive interviews (n = 38) were used to preliminarily explore the measure’s
internal structure through descriptive statistics as well as culture- and traumainformed content evidence through thematic analysis. The results suggested
highest goal (M = 3.51, SD = 1.46) and lowest belief (M = 2.38, SD = 1.59) violations of educational goals and religious beliefs, respectively. Themes related to
stressors, item formulation, response scale, and the global meaning construct
suggested that (a) beliefs and goals can be differentially violated by different
stressors; (b) much like war trauma, including torture, daily stressors can additionally shatter pretrauma global meaning; and (c) refugees reappraise meaning and suffer violations anew throughout their migration journeys. The GMVSArabV offers a promising tool for exploring shattered cognitions in refugees and
informs evidence-based approaches to trauma recovery and psychological adjustment in postmigration settings (the Arabic abstract and keywords are available
in the Supplementary Materials).Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio