Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
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Diversidade e abundância relativa da ictiofauna de San Quintín, México
No full textDissertação de Mestrado realizada
sob a orientação do Professor Doutor Manuel E.
dos Santos e do Professor Doutor Oscar Sosa
Nishizaki, apresentada no Ispa
– Instituto Universitário para
obtenção de grau de Mestre na
especialidade de Biologia Marinha e Conservação.As alterações climáticas estão a intensificar os eventos naturais extremos em todo o
mundo, tornando os ecossistemas costeiros cada vez mais vulneráveis à degradação. Assim, o
estudo da biodiversidade desempenha um papel fundamental na ajuda da deteção de alterações
decorrentes das mudanças climáticas e outras ameaças, causadas principalmente pelas
atividades humanas.
Este projeto concentra-se no estudo da diversidade e da abundância relativa de peixes
através de câmeras remotas submarinas com isco (BRUVs) em San Quintín, na Península da
Baixa Califórnia, no México. A escolha deste lugar foi atribuída ao declínio das florestas de
macroalgas como consequência do aquecimento oceânico mais intenso e persistente até o
momento, assim como as ondas de calor marinhas e variações interanuais comuns de longa
duração como “El Niño Oscilação do Sul”. Os resultados revelaram diferenças significativas
nos distintos locais de monitorização, ressaltando a importância de compreender a resposta dos
ecossistemas a diferentes fatores de estresse, uma vez que este estudo foi desenvolvido durante
o fenômeno “La Niña”, que provocou uma brusca diminuição da temperatura superficial da
água, o que influenciou a distribuição e comportamento das espécies, possívelmente afetando
também os resultados.
Em conclusão, este projeto destaca a importância de considerar vários fatores para a
interpretação da saúde dos ecossistemas marinhos mediante o análise da biodiversidade. Assim,
também ressalta a relevância da cooperação internacional para a implementação de medidas de
conservação eficazes, no entanto, estratégias de gestão a nível local podem desempenhar um
papel crucial na criação de ecossistemas resilientes.ABSTRACT: Climate change is intensifying extreme natural events worldwide, making coastal
ecossystems increasingly suceptible to degradation. Consequently, the study of biodiversity
plays a key role in facilitating the detection of changes resulting from climate change and other
threats, primarily driven by human activities.
This project focuses on studying the diversity and relative abundance of fish using
baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVs) in San Quintín, Baja California, Mexico. The
choice of this location was attributed to the decline of kelp forests as a consequence of the most
intense and persistent ocean warming to date, as well as marine heatwaves and long-term
interannual variations such as the “El Niño Southern Oscillation”. The results revealed
significant differences in various monitoring sites, emphasizing the importance of
understanding ecosystem responses to different stress factors. This study was conducted during
the “La Niña” phenomenon, which led to a sharp decrease in sea surface temperatures,
influencing species distribution and behavior, possibly affecting the results as well.
In conclusion, this project highlights the importance of considering various factors for
the interpretation of the health of marine ecossystems through biodiversity analysis. It also
emphasizes the significance of international cooperation for the implementation of effective
conservation measures. However, local-level managment strategies can play a crucial role in
the establishment of relilient ecossystems
Job demands and resources as predictors of well-being in portuguese teachers
Get PDFThis cross-sectional study sought to investigate job demands and
resources as predictors of teacher well-being. Participants were 319
portuguese teachers in grades 1–11 (elementary up to secondary
level). Data were analysed through confirmatory factorial analysis,
structural equation modelling and mediation analysis. Main findings revealed that job demand variables are negative predictors of
teacher well-being, whereas job resources variables predict positively teacher well-being. Additionally, the results showed two
indirect mediation effects: job resources buffered the job demands
and well-being relationship. In particular, support from colleagues
and autonomy were identified as the main mediators of the relation
between job demands and teacher well-being. Overall, the main
results are consistent with the Job Demands-Resources model and
contribute to the understanding of interplay between job resources
and demands and their influence over teacher well-being.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
‘Am I to blame because my child is not motivated to do math? Relationships between parents’ attitudes, beliefs and practices towards mathematics and students’ mathematics motivation and achievement
Get PDFResearch on parental involvement is broad and specifies diverse kinds of parental practices
that have specific associations with children’s learning outcomes. However, the involvement
of parents in education, the dynamics of parent–child interactions and the actions
and practices they employ and their impact on student’s motivation and achievement are
intricate processes characterised by numerous intervening variables that require further
clarification.
In this study, we aimed to examine the association between parental beliefs and involvement
and their children’s motivation and mathematics achievement. Data were collected
from 8071 third- and fourth-graders from six European countries and their parents. Students
fulfilled the Expectancy-Value Scale, self-reporting on motivational aspects towards
mathematics and performed two math tests to assess their performance. Parents also
reported on their math attitudes, mindsets and involvement practices with their children.
Data analysis was performed using structural equation modelling. Several theoretically
meaningful associations were found in the tested model, showing the detrimental impacts
of a fixed mindset on parents’ practices. Furthermore, we found significant relationships
between parents’ attitudes towards mathematics, their practices and students’ perceptions
of math-related values and cost. Finally, associations between parental practices, the child’s
outcomes and the association between children’s mathematics motivation and achievement
were also observed. Some implications are presented, particularly concerning interventions
with parents.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Comportamentos autolesivos, percepção de suporte familiar e sintomas ansiosos e depressivos em adolescentes Pernambucanos
Get PDFComportamentos autolesivos na adolescência se tornaram um problema de saúde pública mundial. Frequentemente, esses comportamentos compõem o quadro sintomático de doenças psiquiátricas, sendo conceitualizados como estratégias disfuncionais de regulação emocional. Diante disso, este estudo investiga a relação entre comportamentos autolesivos, percepção de suporte familiar e sintomas ansiosos e depressivos em adolescentes da rede estadual de ensino do Recife, assim como estima a prevalência do fenômeno (n=501). Também buscou-se estimar a prevalência do fenômeno e sua relação com variáveis sociodemográficas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Protocolo Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children, aSpence Children's Anxiety Scalee o Inventário de Depressão Infantil, todos adaptados ao português brasileiro. Foram realizadas análises da consistência interna, qui quadrado, teste t, correlação e descritivas. Os resultados apontaram prevalência de 31,3% para comportamentos autolesivos. Adolescentes do sexo feminino apresentaram 2,26 vezes mais chance de engajar na prática de comportamentos autolesivos. Verificou-se diferenças significativas entre participantes que se autolesionavam e aqueles que não se autolesionavam no tangente à percepção de sintomas depressivos, sintomas ansiosos e suporte familiar. Nossos achados enfatizam aimportância dos vínculos familiares no combate aos comportamentos autolesivos. Assim, esperamos contribuir para a construção de estratégias preventivas contra comportamentos de risco, ansiedade e depressão.ABSTRACT: Self-injurious behaviors in adolescence have become a public health problem worldwide. Often these behaviors are symptoms of psychiatric diseases, conceptualized as dysfunctional strategies of emotional regulation. Therefore, this study investigates the relation between self-injurious behaviors, family support perception and anxiety and depressive symptoms within adolescents from the state education network in Recife. It also estimates the prevalence of the phenomenon (n=501).Another goal was to estimate the prevalence of the phenomenon and its relation with sociodemographic variables. The instruments used were the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Protocol, the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale and the Children’s Depression Inventory, all adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Internal consistency, chi-square, t-test, correlation and descriptive analyzes were performed. The results showed a prevalence of 31.3% for self-injurious behaviors, with female adolescents being 2.26 times more likely to engage in self-injurious behaviors. There were significant differences between participants who engaged in self-injurious behaviors and those who did not due to their perceptions of depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms and family support. Our findings emphasize the importance of family bonds in combating self-injurious behaviors. Thus, we hope to contribute to the creation of preventive strategies against risk behaviors, anxiety and depression.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Healthy Social Network Use and Well-Being during Adolescence: A Biopsychosocial Approach
Get PDFABSTRACT: Screen time and the use of social networks is the most frequent form of leisure time occupation and socializing for adolescents. The present study is aimed at understanding and characterizing, from an ecological perspective, what distinguishes healthy and less healthy or even dependent use of social media in young people and the influence on adolescents’ well-being. This paper is based on the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) from 2022, a survey carried out every 4 years, in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO), following an international protocol. A total of 7643 students from the 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th school grades responded, of which 53.9% were female, with an average age of 15.05 (SD = 2.36). The sample is representative of the school grades under study. The results allow us to study and identify similarities and differences between three groups related to the level of healthiness in the use of social networks and its relations to well-being from an ecological perspective. What distinguishes adolescents with less healthy use of social networks is that they are more often female, older, have more self-injurious behaviour, higher alcohol consumption, and a worse relationship with teachers. The adolescents with the highest level of dependence on social networks are those who have a higher perception of lack of safety at school and in their area of residence, as well as a higher use of screen time as a leisure activity. The well-being of adolescents using social media in a healthy way is explained by fewer psychological symptoms, better stress management strategies, better body awareness, more physical activity, less time online with friends, and better relationships with family and teachers. Technologies and social networks are important for the well-being of adolescents; it is essential to promote a healthy, critical and balanced use with other “screen-free” activities and to promote socio-emotional skills, a lack of which seems to be one of the biggest risk factors associated with the healthy use of technologies.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Influence of news media use and political discussions on social self-efficacy through sense of unity: An analysis of mediation model invariance with Spanish and Portuguese adolescents
Get PDFDiscussing sociopolitical issues with family or friends during adolescence, as well as staying informed through media outlets,
is key to developing active civic engagement for both youth and future adults. Likewise, these communicative exchanges
promote a sense of belonging and social skills which foster adolescents’ wellbeing. This research aims to analyze the infuence of participation in communication about political and social issues on adolescents’ social self-efcacy, both directly and
as well as indirectly through sense of unity, in two Mediterranean countries (Portugal and Spain). The sample was selected
through random multistage sampling by conglomerates. The 36,992 adolescents (50.6% girls and 49.4% boys) participated in
the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study in Portugal and Spain, and the age groups were distributed as
following: 39.6% 13–14-years-old; 35.8% 15–16-years-old; and 25.6% 17–18-years-old. Analyses showed positive associations between the proposed indicator of civic engagement –news media use and political discussions– and social self-efcacy,
both directly as well as through sense of unity, with similar results for adolescents in Portugal and Spain. Accordingly, educational programs promoting communication about sociopolitical issues could foster adolescents’ sense of unity and social
skills, contributing to their positive development, wellbeing, and civic engagement. Curricular materials on current politics
and social afairs could increase classroom dialogue based on respect, healthy peer relationships, and sense of belonging,
fostering efective political socialization amongst youth and the development of democratic behaviors benefcial to societyinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Student satisfaction and academic efficacy during online learning with the mediating effect of student engagement: A multi-country study
Get PDFThe COVID-19 pandemic caused unprecedented changes to educational institutions, forcing their closure and a subsequent shift to online education to cater to student learning
requirements. However, successful online learning depends on several factors and may
also vary between countries. As such, this cross-sectional study sought to investigate how
engagement of university students, a major driver of online learning, was influenced by
course content, online interaction, student acceptance, and satisfaction with online learning,
as well as self-efficacy across nine countries (China, India, Iran, Italy, Malaysia, Portugal,
Serbia, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a
questionnaire-based approach, data collected from 6,489 university students showed that
student engagement was strongly linked to perception of the quality of the course content
and online interactions (p < .001). The current study also indicated that online interactions
are a major determinant of academic efficacy but only if mediated by engagement within the
online learning context. A negative correlation between student engagement and satisfaction with online learning was found, demonstrating the importance of students being
engaged behaviorally, emotionally, and cognitively to feel satisfied with learning. Academic efficacy and student satisfaction were explained by course content, online interaction, and
online learning acceptance, being mediated by student engagement. Student satisfaction
and, to a lesser degree academic efficacy, were also associated with online learning acceptance. Overall, the structural equation model was a good fit for the data collected from all
nine countries (CFI = .947, TLI = .943; RMSEA = .068; SRMR = .048), despite differences in
the percentage variations explained by each factor (no invariance), likely due to differences
in levels of technology use, learning management systems, and the preparedness of teachers to migrate to full online instruction. Despite limitations, the results of this study highlight
the most important factors affecting online learning, providing insight into potential
approaches for improving student experiences in online learning environments.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
The role of seabird guano in maintaining North Atlantic summertime productivity
No full textNutrients supplied via seabird guano increase primary production in some coastal ecosystems. A similar process may
occur in the open ocean. To investigate this directly, we first measured bulk and leachable nutrient concentrations in
guano sampled in the North Atlantic. We found that guano was strongly enriched in phosphorus, which was released as
phosphate in solution. Nitrogen release was dominated by reduced forms (ammonium and urea) whilst release of nitrate was relatively low. A range of trace elements, including the micronutrient iron, were released. Using in-situ bioassays, we then showed that supply of fresh guano to ambient seawater increases phytoplankton biomass and
photochemical efficiencies. Based on these results, modelled seabird distributions, and known defecation rates, we estimate that on annual scales guano is a minor source of nutrients for the surface North Atlantic. However, on shorter
timescales in late spring/summer it could be much more important: Estimates of upper-level depositions of phosphorus
by seabirds were three orders of magnitude higher than modelled aerosol deposition and comparable to diffusion from
deeper waters.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCT; NERCinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Suicide concerns among pretrial detainees: validation of the Portuguese version of the SCOPE-2
No full textPurpose – Remand prisoners (RPs) are known to be in a more vulnerable situation than those already
convicted. Beyond the difficulties to adapt to the prison, RP also tend to experience tough circumstances
due to the uncertainty of their future. This study aims to further test the psychometric properties of the
Suicide Concerns for Offenders in the Prison Environment (SCOPE-2) in a sample of RP.
Design/methodology/approach – The authors have carried out a confirmatory factor analysis to test the
psychometric qualities of the SCOPE-2. The authors tested the originally proposed two-factor structure
composed of two subscales: optimism and protective self-worth. Also, the authors examined internal
consistency through Cronbach’s alphas. Convergent validity was tested by correlational analyses between
SCOPE-2 subscales and the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)
total scores. Finally, the authors have tested known-groups validity by carrying out discriminant analysis by
testing the SCOPE-2 subscales’ ability to predict belonging to a group with previous suicide attempts.
Findings – The confirmatory factor analysis showed an acceptable model fit, even though the subscale
‘‘Protective self-worth’’ presented a less acceptable fit. The correlation analysis supported the
convergent validity of the SCOPE-2. Both the ‘‘Optimism’’ and ‘‘Protective self-worth’’ subscales showed
a positive correlation with the total scores of BSI. Finally, the Portuguese version of SCOPE-2 also showed
known groups validity. Concretely, the ‘‘Optimism’’ scores revealed an acceptable predictive accuracy.
Practical implications – This study embraces important contributions to the practice as it was the first
study to validate a measure to assess vulnerability for suicide and self-harm in male and female RP.
Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this was the first study to validate an
instrument to assess vulnerability for suicide and self-harm in both male and female pretrial detainees.
Knowing their particular case, as well as the lack of responses for these individuals, it is particularly
important to access suicide concerns that could precede suicide attempts.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio
Perceptual anchoring effects: Evidence of response bias and a change in estimates sensitivity
Get PDFIntroduction: People's estimates of perceptual quantities are commonly biased by the contextual presence of other quantities (like numbers). In this study, we address assimilation anchoring effects (approximation of real quantities to contextual quantities) that occur for visually displayed proportions, defining a new methodological setting for the effect. Method: Similar to classic approaches, we asked participants across several trials whether the display contained a feature in a proportion higher or lower than “a randomly selected value” (relative judgments), and then estimated the feature proportions (absolute judgments). Across all trials, we presented seven anchors ranging from.20 to.80, each with a visually displayed representation of the same seven proportions (49 judgments in total). This allowed for a psychophysical approach to individual estimates and signal detection indexes, providing new insights into how the anchoring effect is generated in this setting. Results: Our findings suggest that anchoring effects occur both as a bias (changes in response criteria) and as a change in the ability to discriminate stimuli (affecting sensitivity indexes). Moreover, anchors modulate the level of stimuli features for which estimates were more uncertain. Finally, our results indicate that anchor effects occur immediately in the first phase of the two-phase paradigm, leading to the availability of values for supporting absolute estimates. Conclusion: By using a psychophysical approach to the anchoring effects, for the first time, we could clarify that this effect is the result of both bias and changes in the ability to discriminate quantity. © 2023 The Authors. Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Fundação para a Ciência e Fecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio