Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
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The role of intrasexual competition on the evolution of male-male courtship display: a systematic review
No full textBackground: Evidence of male-male courtship display is widespread across the animal kingdom. Yet, its function and evolutionary origin remain unclear. Here, we hypothesise that male-male courtship display evolved in response to selection pressure exerted by intrasexual competition during male-female courtship interactions. Intrasexual competition can be caused by bystander male pressure through eavesdropping and exploiting on displayer male’s courtship interactions with females. This bystander pressure can lead to an audience effect by the displayer, who will change their courtship behaviour in the presence of bystanders and display directly towards them, even in the absence of females, as an intimidation strategy. In species where this selection pressure has taken place, we predict that the male courtship display will have a dual function: attract females and deter competitors. Therefore, we expected to find more evidence of bystander-related behaviours in species for which male-male courtship display is linked to intrasexual competition compared to species for which other explanatory hypotheses are more plausible (e.g., mistaken identity or courtship practice). Methodology: We conducted two systematic reviews to test this hypothesis. First, we conducted a search for studies of species with courtship display between males and of the hypotheses provided to explain this behaviour. Our goal was to identify the species with male-male courtship display and evidence of intrasexual competition. Second, among the species with male-male courtship display, we searched for evidence of bystander-related behaviours, i.e., articles referring to eavesdropping, exploitation, and audience effect during male-female courtship interactions. Our goal was to test whether species with intrasexual competition are also more likely to show bystander-related behaviours. Results: Although most studies reporting male courtship display towards other males do not suggest any explanatory hypothesis for this behaviour, the intrasexual competition hypothesis was largely mentioned and supported by some studies reviewed. Additionally, there is more evidence of eavesdropping and of all three bystander-related behaviours combined in species for which the intrasexual competition hypothesis was suggested. Conclusions: Overall, our review supports the hypothesis that intrasexual competition can play a key role in male courtship display evolution, namely that male-male courtship display may have evolved as a secondary function of male-female courtship interactions via bystander male pressure. However, our review also shows that despite the increasing interest in same-sex sexual behaviours, and male-male courtship display in particular, most studies were found to be merely descriptive, and the hypotheses they suggested to explain courtship display between males mostly speculative. This highlights an important gap in the literature. To clarify both the evolution and the function of male-male courtship display, this behaviour needs to be empirically studied more often. Our review can help advancing this research area, as it makes the 20 species with male-male courtship display for which the intrasexual competition hypothesis was suggested excellent candidates for empirical research. Copyright 2022 Órfão et al.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCT; ARDITI; CESAM, ERCinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Local-scale impacts of extreme events drive demographic asynchrony in neighbouring top predator populations
Get PDFExtreme weather events are among the most critical aspects of climate
change, but our understanding of their impacts on biological populations
remains limited. Here, we exploit the rare opportunity provided by the availability of concurrent longitudinal demographic data on two neighbouring
marine top predator populations (the black-browed albatross, Thalassarche
melanophris, breeding in two nearby colonies) hit by an exceptionally violent
storm during one study year. The aim of this study is to quantify the demographic impacts of extreme events on albatrosses and test the hypothesis that
extreme events would synchronously decrease survival rates of neighbouring populations. Using demographic modelling we found that, contrary to
our expectation, the storm affected the survival of albatrosses from only
one of the two colonies, more than doubling the annual mortality rate compared to the study average. Furthermore, the effects of storms on adult
survival would lead to substantial population declines (up to 2% per year)
under simulated scenarios of increased storm frequencies. We, therefore,
conclude that extreme events can result in very different local-scale impacts
on sympatric populations. Crucially, by driving demographic asynchrony,
extreme events can hamper our understanding of the demographic
responses of wild populations to mean, long-term shifts in climate.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCT; CESAM; ARNETinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio
The impact of digital influencers on product/service purchase decision making—An exploratory case study of Portuguese people
Get PDFThe growing use of technology and social media has resulted in the emergence of
digital influencers, a new profession capable of changing the mentalities and behaviours
of those who follow them. This study arises to better understand the potential
impact digital influencers might have on the Portuguese population's purchase
behaviour and patterns, and for this purpose, seven hypotheses were formulated. An
online questionnaire was conducted to respond to these theoretical assumptions and
collected data from 175 respondents. A total of 129 valid answers were considered.
It was possible to conclude that purchase intention does not necessarily translate
into a purchase action. It was also concluded that the relationship between social
network use and the purchase of products/services recommended by influencers is
only statistically significant for Instagram. Furthermore, the individuals' generation is
not statistically significant / linked with purchasing a product/service recommended
by influencers. Yet further, a small percentage of respondents have also identified
themselves as impulsive shoppers and perceived Instagram as their favourite social
network. With the results of this study, it is also possible to state that the influencer's
opinion was classified as the last factor considered in the purchase decision process.
Additionally, there is a weak negative association between purchasing a product/
service recommended by influencers with sponsorship disclosure and remunerated
partnership, which decreases credibility and discourages purchasing, in Portugal, a
feminine culture which dislikes materialism.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Antecedents to and outcomes associated with teacher–child relationship perceptions in early childhood: Further evidence for child‐driven effects
Get PDFPreschool teachers' perceptions about relationships with students (teacher–child relationships [TCRs]) predict children's subsequent social competence (SC) and academic progress. Why this is so remains unclear. Do TCRs shape children's development, or do child attributes inf luence both TCRs and subsequent development? Relations between TCRs and other measures were examined for 185 preschoolers (107 girls, 89 longitudinal, and ~75% European American). Teachers rated TCRs and child social/affective behaviors. Teacher–child interactions (TCIs) and children's affect expressiveness were observed. Child SC and receptive vocabulary were assessed. TCRs were significantly correlated with each type of outcome. TCIs, SC, expressed affect, and teacher-rated behaviors also predicted TCRs longitudinally. Results suggest that TCR ratings predict subsequent adaptation because they summarize children's behavioral profiles rather than on TCR quality per se.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Assessment of male reproductive traits in endangered leuciscids from the Iberian Peninsula: First attempts to store gametes both at short- and long-term
Get PDFDuring the spring of 2022, several endangered leuciscid species (Anaecypris hispanica, Squalius aradensis, Anachondrostoma Occidentale, and
Iberochondrostoma lusitanicum) were sampled both
at the Vasco da Gama aquarium facilities and in some
rivers of the Algarve region, Portugal. Sperm samples were extracted by gentle abdominal pressure and
sperm motion parameters were assessed for the frst
time in four species, using a computerized analysis
system. The results obtained showed that spermatozoa kinetic patterns were similar for all 4 species,
with high motility and velocity values after the sperm
activation time and with a marked decrease after 20.
On the other hand, sperm longevity was highly variable between species, with short longevities (around
40 s) for A. hispanica and S. aradensis, and longer ex situ breeding programs that are being developed
for these four endangered speciesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio
First long‐term study of live observations of loggerhead and leatherback turtles in southern Portugal with relevance for conservation
No full textMost of the information available on loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) andleatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) for the southern coast of Portugal isbased on stranding data, and to a less extent on telemetry data, with very littleinformation derived from sightings of live animals.2. This work reports sightings data of loggerhead and leatherback turtles off thesouth coast of Portugal collected during dedicated surveys on board a researchboat, from 2016 to 2022.3. The sightings data corrected for effort confirm the recurrent presence ofloggerhead turtles in the study area, with a higher sightings rate in May and June.Conversely, leatherback turtles were only sporadically observed in some years.4. This study highlights the importance of the southern waters of Portugal forloggerhead turtles as a recurrent area used by individuals of this species, probablyfrom different origins within the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean, in linewith previous studies.5. The southern coast of Portugal, however, is heavily exploited by fisheries, and themain cause of death among sea turtles is bycatch. The results presented willtherefore help inform future management measures aiming to reduce interactionswith fisheries (e.g., limiting some fishing gears in the months with more sightings).6. Since the study area is probably used by loggerhead turtles from differentRegional Management Units, the impacts of conservation measures imposedlocally may also have beneficial effects at a regional scale.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Validation of the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ) with portuguese caregivers of 2-to-8-year-olds
No full textRecent findings have demonstrated an increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity and overweight in Portugal, urging the need to study modifiable risk factors such as parental feeding practices. The Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ) is an important self-report measure assessing a broad range of responsive and non-responsive feeding practices. However, the CFPQ has not yet been validated in Portugal. Therefore, the present study aimed to test the validity of this measure with Portuguese parents of 2-to-8-year-old children. A sample of 409 parents completed a Portuguese-adapted version of the CFPQ and the already validated Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and psychometric analysis were conducted. CFA demonstrated the original 12-factor structure did not fit the sample. EFA identified an eight-factor structure comprising 29 items: Monitoring, Modeling, Environment, Involvement, Emotion Regulation, Restriction for Weight Control, Restriction for Health, and Pressure. Findings suggest that parental feeding practices are sensitive to parents’ background cultures and children’s developmental period.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
I Jornadas Trans da IA - Identidade e Afetos, Associação
Get PDFDa colaboração entre a IA-Identidades e Afetos, Associação e a APPsyCI resultou primeiro a organização das Jornadas Trans, e, a partir deste evento, um conjunto de trabalhos que agora temos o prazer de divulgar. O nosso objetivo, tanto mais que foi o primeiro evento realizado entre nós sobre o tema, nunca foi o de apresentar um pensamento fechado, mas antes o de abordar o género, quer do ponto de vista conceptual, quer do ponto de vista clínico, após as nossas experiências e questionamentos diversos, atravessados pelo atual momento cultural e certamente em transição. O género não assiste apenas à realidade trans; é uma experiência vivida, mais ou menos conscientemente, por cada uma e qualquer pessoa, nas suas vivências individuais e de relação. Pode, portanto, ser mais ou menos definido, mais ou menos relevante, mais ou menos transitório. Pode variar com a idade ou a época da vida. Para aqueles que, para além de vivenciarem a sua própria experiência de género, também se confrontam na clínica com as experiências, vivências, dúvidas e dores de outrem, torna-se imperioso pensar as questões ligadas ao género, com que nos confrontamos e com que nos confrontamos em situação clínica. Os trabalhos que encontrarão têm perspetivas muito diferentes entre si e têm a sua origem em experiências e em disciplinas distintas. Procurámos essa diversidade mesmo quando discordamos da perspetiva dos autores, pois diferentes perspetivas resultam em novos estímulos e reposicionamentos.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Investigating inattentional blindness through the lens of fear chemosignals
Get PDFInattentional blindness is a phenomenon wherein people fail to perceive obvious stimuli within their vision, sometimes
leading to dramatic consequences. Research on the effects of fear chemosignals suggests that they facilitate receivers’
sensory acquisition. We aimed to examine the interplay between these phenomena, investigating whether exposure
to fear chemosignals (vs. rest body odors) can reduce the inattentional-blindness handicap. Utilizing a virtual-reality
aquarium,we asked participants to count how many morsels a school of fish consumedwhile two unexpected stimuli
swam by. We predicted that participants exposed to fear chemosignals (N =131) would detect unexpected stimuli
significantly more often than participants exposed to rest body odors (N =125). All participants were adult Portuguese
university students aged 18 to 40 years. The results confirmed our hypothesis, χ2
(1) = 6.10,p = .014, revealing
that exposure to fear chemosignals significantly increased the detection of unexpected stimuli by about 10%. The
implications of our findings open a novel avenue for reducing the adverse consequences of inattentional blindnessinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Mediadores da relação entre a inércia social percebida e o desempenho de equipa em equipas de estudantes universitários
No full textAbstract: Perceived social loafing has been found to be negatively related to team performance. However, far too little attention has been paid to the underlying mechanism of this association. The purpose of the present study is to investigate not only the direct relationship between perceived social loafing and team performance but also the indirect relationship between these two variables via mediating roles of the sucker effect/social compensation and social loafer’s continuous social loafing. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 360 students of a public university in Vietnam in 2021. The current study confirmed the previous finding that perceived social loafing could negatively influence team performance. The most striking result to emerge from the data was that the sucker effect had no correlation with any other variables while social compensation and social loafer’s continuous social loafing were two serial mediators in the relationship between perceived social loafing and team performance. Specifically, when students perceived that their teammates engaged in social loafing, they exerted more effort to compensate for the social loafers, this way of reaction made the social loafers continue putting forth less effort and, in consequence, the overall team performance was low.Resumo: A inércia social percebida tem sido negativamente associada ao desempenho de equipas. No entanto, muito pouca atenção tem sido dada aos mecanismos subjacentes a esta associação. O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar não apenas a relação direta entre a inércia social percebida e o desempenho da equipa, mas também a relação indireta entre essas duas variáveis através do papel mediador do ‘efeito do idiota’ / compensação social e da inércia social continuada daqueles que são socialmente inertes. A pesquisa por questionários foi realizada com 360 estudantes de uma universidade pública do Vietname em 2021. Os resultados do presente estudo confirmam resultados anteriores em que a inércia social percebida influência negativamente o desempenho das equipas. O resultado mais surpreendente teve a ver com o ‘efeito do idiota’ que não apresentou correlações com nenhuma outra variável em estudo, enquanto que a compensação social e a inércia social continuada são mediadores na relação entre a inércia social percebida e o desempenho das equipas. Especificamente, quando os estudantes universitários percebiam inércia social nos seus colegas de equipa esforçavam-se mais para compensar essa inércia social e, dessa forma, os inertes sociais continuavam a esforçar-se menos, contribuindo para que o desempenho total da equipa fosse baixo.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio