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Filling the gap to address vaccine hesitancy in Europe
Get PDFVaccine hesitancy (VH) is a state of indecision regarding vaccination, marked by doubts despite vaccine availability [1].
Its relationship with vaccine uptake has been widely debated, though the cause-effect relationship remains unclear. Nevertheless, VH likely threatens the control of vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles and hepatitis B, imposing unnecessary burdens on health systems.
Inappropriate access to information, inadequate vaccine offers, and administration have been identified as primary contributors to reluctance and doubts surrounding vaccine uptake. However, social and individual factors related to knowledge and attitudes further prolong this psychological state of indecision, leading to delayed vaccinations and even refusal. Despite extensive efforts to promote vaccination across European countries, VH persists, affecting vaccine uptake across various demographic groups and settings. Hesitancy varies by country, type of vaccine (whether recently approved or longstanding), and target populations, including children, vulnerable groups, or the general population.
Assessing the frequency, determinants, and impact of vaccine hesitancy presents a significant global and regional challenge [2]. Variations in definitions, data gaps regarding vaccine acceptance, and population coverage hinder precise evaluation. These discrepancies make it more difficult to develop targeted interventions and allocate resources to promote vaccination in a targeted manner and thus effectively improve vaccine acceptance on a large scale.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Wireless crowd detection for smart overtourism mitigation
Get PDFOvertourism occurs when the number of tourists exceeds the carrying capacity of a destination, leading to negative impacts on the environment, culture, and quality of life for residents. By monitoring overtourism, destination managers can identify areas of concern and implement measures to mitigate the negative impacts of tourism while promoting smarter tourism practices. This can help ensure that tourism benefits both visitors and residents while preserving the natural and cultural resources that make these destinations so appealing.
This chapter describes a low-cost approach to monitoring overtourism based on mobile devices’ wireless activity. A flexible architecture was designed for a smart tourism toolkit to be used by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in crowding management solutions, to build better tourism services, improve efficiency and sustainability, and reduce the overwhelming feeling of pressure in critical hotspots.
The crowding sensors count the number of surrounding mobile devices, by detecting trace elements of wireless technologies, overcoming MAC address randomization. They run detection programs for several technologies, and fingerprinting analysis results are only stored locally in an anonymized database, without infringing privacy rights. After that edge computing, sensors communicate the crowding information to a cloud server, by using a variety of uplink techniques to mitigate local connectivity limitations, something that has been often disregarded in alternative approaches.
Field validation of sensors has been performed on Iscte’s campus before their planned use in other locations, such as the Pena Palace in Sintra. Preliminary results show that these sensors can be deployed in multiple scenarios and provide a diversity of spatiotemporal crowding data and analysis in order to promote smart engineering techniques to be used for tourism overcrowding management.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Toward a consensual definition for smart tourism and smart tourism tools
Get PDFSmart tourism (ST) stems from the concepts of e-tourism - focused on the digitalization of processes within the tourism industry, and digital tourism – also considering the digitalization within the tourist experience. The earlier ST references found regard ST Destinations and emerge from the development of Smart Cities.
Our initial literature review on the ST concept and Smart Tourism Tools (STT) revealed significant research uncertainties: ST is poorly defined and frequently linked to the concept of Smart Cities; different authors have different, sometimes contradictory, views on the goals of ST; STT claims are often only based on technological aspects, and their “smartness” is difficult to evaluate; often the term “Smart” describes developments fueled by cutting-edge technologies, which lose that status after a few years.
This chapter is scoped in the ongoing initiative of building an online observatory to provide a broad view of STTs' offerings in Europe. Such an observatory requires methodologies and tools to evaluate “smartness” based on a sound definition of ST and STT and being able to cope with technological evolution. We describe herein the results of a participatory approach where we invited ST experts worldwide in our effort to reach that soundness.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Reflexiones críticas sobre el legado y el futuro de la disciplina. Entrevista con Rafael Moneo
Get PDFRafael Moneo nació en Tudela, Navarra, en 1937, y su trayectoria refleja tanto su profunda conexión con las raíces culturales de España como su apertura a las influencias internacionales. Formado en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid, en una época marcada por la transición entre las tradiciones eclécticas y las influencias de la modernidad, Moneo tuvo como maestros y referentes a figuras clave como Alejandro de la Sota y Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza. Este último lo acogió en su estudio durante sus años de estudiante, una experiencia que describió como una «escuela paralela», que marcó su formación tanto como su paso por la propia academia. Tras licenciarse, su carrera se vio enriquecida por su colaboración con Jørn Utzon en Dinamarca, donde aprendió de cerca de uno de los arquitectos más influyentes del siglo XX, y posteriormente por su estancia en la Academia de España en Roma, un periodo decisivo para su comprensión de la historia y de la disciplina arquitectónica. Desde entonces, ha combinado una práctica profesional constante con una intensa actividad crítica y teórica, escribiendo sobre arquitectura tanto histórica como contemporánea. En esta entrevista, realizada en el marco del Doctorado en Arquitectura Contemporánea de la Universidad Autónoma de Lisboa, Rafael Moneo reflexiona sobre temas clave para la arquitectura actual. A lo largo de la conversación, aborda cuestiones como el papel de la crítica en la arquitectura contemporánea y la relación entre teoría y práctica. En esta entrevista, Rafael Moneo demuestra por qué sigue siendo una de las voces más influyentes y respetadas de la arquitectura contemporánea, ofreciendo a los estudiantes y profesionales una perspectiva que combina reflexión histórica y compromiso con los retos del presente.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Intervenção social no contexto urbano: Possibilidades de 'Ageing in Place' no Bairro da Flamenga em Lisboa
No full textO envelhecimento demográfico é um dos maiores desafios sociais do século XXI, com especial incidência em Portugal, que se destaca como um dos países mais envelhecidos da Europa. Esta realidade exige respostas inovadoras e sustentadas, capazes de garantir que a população idosa possa envelhecer com dignidade, autonomia e segurança. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho centra-se no Bairro da Flamenga, localizado na freguesia de Marvila, em Lisboa, e explora as possibilidades de aplicação da estratégia Ageing in Place, que defende a permanência dos idosos nas suas casas e comunidades.
A investigação desenvolveu-se a partir de um diagnóstico social construído com base em dados estatísticos, questionários aplicados a idosos e cuidadores, e na análise das condições habitacionais e comunitárias do território. Os resultados revelaram fragilidades estruturais significativas, como barreiras arquitetónicas, escassez de apoios formais e situações de isolamento social. No entanto, evidenciaram também um forte enraizamento territorial e uma vontade expressa da maioria dos idosos em permanecer no seu lar e no seu bairro.
Com base neste diagnóstico, foi desenhado um projeto de intervenção social que aposta numa abordagem multidisciplinar, no reforço das redes de apoio e na dinamização comunitária. O projeto propõe medidas concretas para melhorar a segurança habitacional, promover o envelhecimento ativo e fortalecer os laços de vizinhança, contribuindo para um envelhecimento mais digno, sustentável e centrado no bem-estar da população idosa.
Este trabalho foi pensado para representar, um contributo científico e profissional para o Serviço Social, articulando teoria e prática na construção de respostas que valorizam o território, a autonomia e os direitos das pessoas idosas.Demographic ageing is one of the most pressing social challenges of the 21st century, particularly in Portugal, which ranks among the most aged countries in Europe. This demographic shift calls for innovative and sustainable responses that ensure older people can age with dignity, autonomy, and safety. Within this framework, the present study focuses on the Bairro da Flamenga, located in the parish of Marvila, Lisbon, and explores the potential application of the Ageing in Place strategy, which advocates for older adults to remain in their homes and communities.
The research was grounded in a social diagnosis based on statistical data, questionnaires administered to older residents and caregivers, and an analysis of housing and community conditions. The findings revealed significant structural vulnerabilities, including architectural barriers, limited formal support, and social isolation. Nevertheless, they also highlighted a strong sense of territorial rootedness and a clear desire among the majority of older residents to remain in their homes and neighborhoods.
Drawing on this diagnosis, a social intervention project was designed, adopting a multidisciplinary approach that reinforces support networks and promotes community engagement. The project proposes concrete measures to improve housing safety, foster active ageing, and strengthen neighbourly ties, thereby contributing to a more dignified, sustainable, and wellbeing-oriented ageing process.
This work is intended as both a scientific and professional contribution to the field of Social Work, bridging theory and practice in the development of responses that value local territory, personal autonomy, and the rights of older people
Efficiency of multinational banks: Impacts of geographic and product loci
No full textThis paper explores geographic diversification strategies’ impact on multinational banks’ operational performance within the context of research on globalization and regionalization. We employ a sample of the 49 largest banks from 16 European countries from 2011 to 2018 and proxy operational performance by technical efficiency. We find the impact of geographic diversification on operational performance depends on the locus of geographic diversification—home-regional vs. inter-regional—and the interplay between geographic diversification and banks’ functional focus. More specifically, home-regional diversification together with a concentration on non-interest income-generating activities, including fee and commission and trading income, worsens performance, and diversification across regions alongside a focus on non-interest income-generating activities improves performance. Distinct product characteristics’ ability to facilitate different regional dispersions has important managerial implications for enhancing the success of geographic diversification strategies, a central but unresolved issue in global banking.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio
Memória adaptativa na escolha de parceiros românticos: O papel do consumo de luxo na desejabilidade para relacionamentos a longo prazo
No full textO consumo conspícuo tem vindo a ser abordado no âmbito de uma perspetiva evolutiva como
determinante da atração interpessoal. Evidência recente demonstrou que a memória humana é
adaptativa, retendo melhor informação relevante para a sobrevivência e reprodução. Sendo a
seleção de parceiros românticos crucial para a sobrevivência e reprodução da espécie, existe uma
vantagem mnésica para alvos apresentados num contexto romântico (vs. contexto laboral) –
Efeito de Mating. No presente estudo testámos se alvos masculinos descritos como consumidores
conspícuos (produtos de luxo vs. não luxo) são considerados mais atrativos e recordados com
maior frequência. A amostra inclui 73 mulheres portuguesas em idade fértil. Os resultados
replicaram o efeito de mating: alvos num contexto romântico (vs. de trabalho) foram mais
recordados. Além disso, os alvos consumidores de produtos de luxo foram considerados menos
atrativos para relações românticas a longo-prazo. O presente estudo corrobora a evidência anterior
sobre o impacto negativo que o consumo conspícuo pode ter na atratividade dos alvos como
potenciais parceiros românticos a longo-prazo. Contudo, os dados sugerem que a menor
atratividade de parceiros com comportamentos de compra conspícuos apenas acontece em juízos
conscientes sobre a atratividade do alvo. Quando analisamos os níveis de recordação de cada um
dos tipos de alvos, o efeito inverte-se, sendo os potenciais parceiros românticos que consomem
produtos de luxo mais bem recordados. Estes resultados podem ajudar a conciliar os efeitos
aparentemente incongruentes do efeito do consumo conspícuo na atração de potenciais parceiros
para relações de longo-prazo ou de curto-prazo.Conspicuous consumption has been addressed within an evolutionary perspective as a
determinant of interpersonal attraction. Recent evidence has shown that human memory is
adaptive, better retaining information that can promote survival and reproduction. Since romantic
partner selection is crucial for the survival and reproduction of the species, there is a mnemonic
advantage for targets presented in a romantic context (vs. a work context)—the Mating Effect. In
the present study, we tested whether male targets described as conspicuous consumers (luxury vs.
non-luxury products) are considered more attractive and remembered more often. The sample
included 73 Portuguese women of fertile age. The results replicated the mating effect: targets
presented in a romantic context (vs. work context) were better remembered. Furthermore, targets
who consumed luxury products were viewed as less attractive for long-term romantic
relationships. This study supports previous evidence regarding the negative impact of
conspicuous consumption on the attractiveness of targets as potential long-term romantic partners.
However, the data suggests that the reduced attractiveness of partners with conspicuous
consumption behaviors occurs only in conscious judgments of the target's attractiveness. When
analyzing the recall levels for each type of target, the effect reverses, with potential romantic
partners consuming luxury products being better remembered. These results may help reconcile
the apparently incongruent effect of conspicuous consumption on the attraction of potential
partners for long-term or short-term relationships
Determinantes da adoção das normas internacionais de contabilidade (IPSAS) do setor público
No full textA adoção das International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) é uma decisão de cada país, e apesar de existir uma tendência de adesão a estas normas, a literatura ainda carece de investigação sobre as causas dessa decisão. Neste sentido, esta dissertação investigou o estado de adoção das IPSAS de cento e trinta e seis países obtido do site da International Federation of Accountants, com o objetivo de (1) permitir compreender e fornecer uma análise empírica sobre estado da adoção das IPSAS nos países alvo da investigação e (2) fornecer as razões que levaram estes países a adotar estas normas de Contabilidade Pública. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, foi realizado um estudo quantitativo para analisar onze determinantes e variáveis de controlo, através de uma regressão logística binária.
Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a origem no sistema legal (common law) é significativa, ou seja, os países que não tenham origem no sistema common law, terão maior probabilidade em implementar as IPSAS. No mesmo sentido, a taxa de crescimento anual do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB per capita) demonstrou que quanto maior for a taxa de crescimento, mais elevada é a probabilidade de adoção das normas. Relativamente ao PIB per capita foi demonstrado que quando menor é, maior será a tendência para a decisão de adotar as IPSAS. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que um país que implemente as normas internacionais aplicadas ao setor privado (as International Financial Reporting Standards - IFRS) tende a aplicar normas internacionais na sua Contabilidade Pública. Por fim, relativamente ao determinante do número de habitantes, os resultados indicaram que um país com menor população, tem maior probabilidade de adoção das IPSAS. Os resultados revelaram ainda que o nível de desenvolvimento de um país, o nível de educação e a qualidade governamental não são significativos na adoção das IPSAS. Os títulos de dívida pública interna, o índice de perceção da corrupção e a inflação (que foram considerados como variáveis de controlo neste estudo), não se revelaram significativos.
A adoção das IPSAS é um campo pouco explorado da Contabilidade Pública, e atendendo que os estudos são escassos e inclusivamente controversos, esta investigação pretende contribuir para a literatura, compreendendo e analisando determinantes que expliquem a adoção das normas, assim como entender as causas da sua adoção nos países.The adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) is a decision made by each country, and although there is a trend towards adherence to these standards, the literature still lacks research into the causes of this decision. With this in mind, this dissertation investigated the IPSAS adoption status of one hundred and thirty-six countries obtained from the International Federation of Accountants website, with the aim of (1) enabling an empirical analysis of the IPSAS adoption status in the target countries and (2) providing the reasons that led these countries to adopt these public accounting standards. To achieve the proposed objectives, a quantitative study was carried out to analyze eleven determinants and control variables, using a binary logistic regression.
The results showed that the origin of the legal system (common law) is significant, i.e. countries that do not originate from the common law system are more likely to implement the IPSAS. Similarly, the annual growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP per capita) showed that the higher the growth rate, the higher the likelihood of adopting the standards. With regard to GDP per capita, it was shown that the lower it is, the greater the tendency to decide to adopt IPSAS. In addition, it was found that a country that implements the international standards applied to the private sector (the International Financial Reporting Standards - IFRS) tends to apply international standards to its Public Accounting. Finally, with regard to the determinant of the number of inhabitants, the results indicated that a country with a smaller population is more likely to adopt IPSAS. The results also revealed that the level of development of a country, the level of education and the quality of government are not significant in the adoption of IPSAS. Domestic public debt securities, the corruption perception index and inflation (which were considered as control variables in this study) were not significant.
The adoption of the IPSAS is a little explored field of Public Accounting, and given that studies are scarce and even controversial, this research aims to contribute to the literature by understanding and analyzing determinants that explain the adoption of the standards, as well as understanding the causes of their adoption in countries
Simulating emergency management through extended reality technology: Bases on a digital twin perspective
No full textVirtual reality technology can build a virtual three-dimensional space with strong immersion, which
can lead to better training effects when applied to education or event simulation. The purpose of this
study is to determine the effectiveness of extended reality (XR) techniques for training emergency
management activities in large scenarios. This study investigated the effectiveness of using
conventional case simulation methods versus using extended reality for case simulation training. This
study adopted a randomized controlled trial, which randomly divided the subjects into two groups.
The experimental group used extended reality technology for case simulation, and the control group
used conventional methods. An expert group was set up to evaluate the professional behavior of the
all the subjects, and the independent sample T-test was used to analyze the results. The experimental
results showed that the experimental group using XR technology had better occupational performance
than the control group. The XR virtual reality technology can superiorly improve the performance of
managers as well as other medical workers in the emergency management process, while this virtual
simulation pathway provides a scientific training environment for emergency management in a real
environment. On this basis, XR should be considered when designing emergency management
simulation activities. At the same time, it is also necessary to pay attention to the local geographical
characteristics and the living environment of emergency cases in the design process, to adapt to local
conditions, only in this way can the role of XR technology be maximized.A realidade virtual tem a capacidade de criar um ambiente virtual tridimensional altamente imersivo,
proporcionando efeitos de aprendizagem aprimorados quando aplicada à educação ou à simulação de
eventos. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar a eficácia das técnicas de extended reality (XR) na
formação de actividades de gestão de emergências em cenários de grandes dimensões. Este estudo
investiga eficácia da utilização de métodos convencionais de simulação versus utilização de tecnologias
imersivas para treinos de simulação. Neste sentido, o estudo adota um ensaio controlado aleatório,
que divide os sujeitos em dois grupos. O grupo experimental utilizou a tecnologia XR para a simulação
de casos e o grupo de controlo utilizou métodos convencionais. Foi também criado um grupo de peritos
para avaliar o comportamento profissional de todos os sujeitos, tendo sido utilizado o teste T de
amostras independentes para analisar os resultados. Os resultados experimentais mostram que o
grupo experimental teve melhor desempenho profissional do que o grupo de controlo. A tecnologia
de realidade virtual XR pode melhorar o desempenho dos gestores, bem como de outros trabalhadores
médicos no processo de gestão de emergências, proporcionando um ambiente de treino realista e
científico. Tendo em consideração os resultados, XR deve ser considerada na conceção de atividades
de simulação de gestão de emergências. Ao mesmo tempo, também é necessário prestar atenção às
características geográficas locais e ao ambiente de vida dos casos de emergência no processo de
conceção, para se adaptar às condições locais, só assim o papel da tecnologia XR pode ser maximizado
Using machine learning to unveil the predictors of intergenerational mobility
No full textWe assess the predictors of intergenerational mobility in income and education for a sample of 137 countries, between 1960 and 2018, using the World Bank's Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility (GDIM). The Rigorous LASSO and the Random Forest and Gradient Boosting algorithms are considered, to avoid the consequences of an ad-hoc model selection in our high dimensionality context. We obtain variable importance plots and analyze the relationships between mobility and its predictors through Shapley values. Results show that intergenerational income mobility is expected to be positively predicted by the parental average education, the share of married individuals and negatively predicted by the share of children that have completed less than primary education, the growth rate of population density, and inequality. Mobility in education is expected to have a positive relationship with the adult literacy, government expenditures on primary education, and the stock of migrants. The unemployment and poverty rates matter for income mobility, although the direction of their relationship is not clear. The same occurs for education mobility and the growth rate of real GDP per capita, the degree of urbanization, the share of female population, and income mobility. Income mobility is found to be greater for the 1960s cohort. Countries belonging to the Latin America and Caribbean region present lower mobility in income and education. We find a positive relationship between predicted income mobility and observed mobility in education.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio