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Личность К.П. Победоносцева в общественном и литературном контексте рубежа XIX-XX веков
Get PDFThe article discusses the phenomenon of the prominent statesman, thinker, and publicist K.P. Pobedonostsev. The author explores his relationship with the Russian intelligentsia, representatives of the conservative camp. The politi-cal views of Pobedonostsev and paradoxicality of his behavior as a politician and as a person are analyzed. Reasons for his ideological drama, which is fatal-ity of his attempts to resist the general tendencies of life, are also revealed. The article substantiates the position that the motivation of Pobedonostsev’s human and political strategy depended on the socio-historical and cultural context of the turn of the 19th – 20th centurie
NATO wobec zagrożeń środowiska informacyjnego
Get PDFAbstract: The article concerns the presentation and characterization of the most common threats to the information environment. The authoress will refer to the activities of NATO in this area and the involvement in initiatives that meet contemporary threats to the information environment, including disinformation, propaganda, and in a broader sense - the operation of the impact implemented through the information environment. The authoress also indicates efforts to identify and counteract information attacks.Streszczenie: Artykuł dotyczy pokazania i scharakteryzowania najpowszechniejszych zagrożeń środowiska informacyjnego. Autorka odniesie się do działalności NATO w tym obszarze oraz zaangażowania w inicjatywy, które wychodzą naprzeciw współczesnym zagrożeniom dla środowiska informacyjnego, w tym dezinformacji, propagandy, a w ujęciu szerszym – operacji wpływu realizowanej poprzez środowisko informacyjne. Wskaże także wysiłki w rozpoznanie i przeciwdziałanie atakom informacyjnym
Marriage and divorce law in Pre-Islamic Persia. Legal status of the Sassanid’ woman (224–651 AD)
Get PDFFormore than 400 years, the Sassanid Persia was the greatest state in Asia.
Zoroastrianism supported by Shahanshahs had an immense influence on the legal
principles of the state. The Sassanian society was Patriarchy, based on the society’s
gender construction. Because the patriarchal constructions of social practices were
legitimized by religion, the basic limitation of the women’s rights in the Sassanian
period was the obligation to have the male guardian. Below considerations regard the
problem of the civil rights of Sassanian women, based on analysis of the legal status of
women in marital unions. In 2018, in the journal Cogent Arts & Humanities 5, 1, an
article by Mahmoud Emami Namin “Legal status of women in the Sassanid’s Era
(224–651 AD)” was published. In his paper, Dr. Mahmoud Emami Namin, arguments
against two theses presented by the researchers studying the Sassanian history. The
first thesis is related to the assumption that women lacked a legal entity, and, consequently,
could not make use of her rights. The second thesis, challenged by the author
is related to the “opinions about the prevalence of incestuous marriage (next-of-kin
marriage) and loan marriage (wife lending) among the Sassanids”. The author challenges
the arguments regarding the position of the Sassanian women presented by
two distinguished orientalists Christian Bartholomae and Arthur Christensen.
Obviously, he is right. However, it is necessary to note that the picture of Persia depicted
by the above-mentioned researchers was questioned bymodern historians a few years
ago. Theses made by Professor Christian Bartholomae, presented in German University
of Heidelberg, in 1924 (the woman’s rights in the Sassanid’ Empire), related to the lack
of legal status of women in pre-Islamic period, which Dr. Mahmoud Emami Namin polemizes with, were refuted by the research conducted by the expert on Sassanid law
Professor Maria Macuch (see in References). The second problem, Dr. Mahmoud Emami
Namin focusses on, is “the authorization of incest”,which was discussed by Christensen
and Bartholomae. This part of the paper is much more interesting and presents interesting
conclusions. One must agree with Dr. Mahmoud Emami Namin in that the
“incest” was a common practice among Zoroastrians in the Sassanid’s period, andwas
never deemed “weird and offensive”. The paper lacks the analysis related to factors
contributing to the negative picture of Persia in scientific literature written in the
previous century. It seems to have predominantly resulted from cultural differences.
Orientalists studying the history of the Sassanids were from the “western culture”.
Therefore, they did not understand the mentality of the society governed by
Zoroastrian principles, which reflected their descriptions of the pre-Islamic Persia. Their
ethical assessment and interpretation of sources were determined by the system of
values, in which they had been brought up. It should be noted that the manuscript
contains extremely interesting passages in the manuscript related to the legal aspects
of different types of marriages, financial conditions or children’s rights. In the manuscript,
the author presents a slightly different division of marriages that the one
proposed by Dr. MahmoudEmami Namin. It seems that the principal assumptionmade
by the author: “Throughout this paper, the baseless writings of orientalists about the
rights of the Sassanid’s women are critically examined” may be described as preaching
to the converted
Poezja "idylliczna" Marii Komornickiej : dialog, idylla i romans. T. 2
No full textTom Poezja „idylliczna” Marii Komornickiej. Dialog, idylla i romans stanowi drugą część monografii analityczno-interpretacyjnej późnych utworów Marii Komornickiej vel Piotra Od-
mieńca Własta.The presented volume Poezja „idylliczna” Marii Komornickiej. Dialog, idylla i romans forms a second part of interpretational and analitycal monography of late works of Maria Komornicka vel Piotr Odmieniec Włast. In 2017 Poezja „idylliczna” Marii Komornickiej. Szkic interpretacyjny came out in print. It has been a precursory project, where twenty five of unknown and never before published works con-stituting a part of a vast range of texts of the autor of W Grabowie podczas wojny.Xsięga poezji idyllicznej have been examined closely and in more details. The current monography is a result of the assumptions made in the first part – it should serve as a reminder and approximation of source texts, which so far remained in the form of manuscripts – it is an attempt to it’s analysis and initial interpretation. The commencement of the editorial work is a result of a publishing gap - still very little has been said about the poetry of Komornicka from her last years of life. The publications made so far usually focused only on the tragic biogra-phy and the gender transformation of Maria Komornicka. Three texts, distinguishing from the rest by volume, each having a different topic and structure, have been subject to the filological analysis. The choice has been made regarding the characteristics of source materials which are a conceptual whole. There are three indi-vidual, original and extremely interesting works: Układy o Raj. Dialog Demiurga z duszą zbawioną, Lucyfer w Gnieździe. Młodociana idylla z XIX wieku and Czartołania i Seni. Romans anemiczny. The second part of monography includes source texts, provided with historical and literature background
Zagadnienia dotyczące świadomości narodowej Polaków na Białorusi w polskiej historiografii na początku XXI wieku
Get PDFThe article analyzes the issues of national consciousness of the Polish national minority in Belarus at the beginning of the 21st century. The chronological period of the study is 2000-2005. It was a relatively quiet period of activity of Polish organizations in Belarus, as per local condition, enabling them to engage in statutory cultural and educational activities. In relation to the declared topic, the most important was the series of international conferences organized by the Board of the Main Unions of Poles in Belarus. The conferences were attended by scientists who represented not only the Polish point of view (they are researchers from Poland and local Poles –citizens of
Belarus), but also Belarusian scientists. The studied problems in Polish science were presented in comparison with the Belarusian and partly Russian historical tradition.W artykule przedstawiono kwestię świadomości narodowej polskiej mniejszości na Białorusi na początku XXI wieku. Okres chronologiczny badań obejmuje lata 2000-2005. Był to stosunkowo stabilny czas działalności polskich organizacji na Białorusi. Uwzględniając lokalną specyfikę, możliwe było wówczas dość znaczące zaangażowanie się w działania kulturalne i edukacyjne. Badając analizowaną problematykę, autor szczególną uwagę zwrócił na cykl konferencji międzynarodowych, organizowanych przez Zarząd Głównych Związków Polaków na Białorusi. W obradach brali udział naukowcy, którzy reprezentowali nie tylko polski punkt widzenia (to badacze z Polski i miejscowi Polacy –obywatele Białorusi), ale również białoruscy naukowcy. Uwzględniano przy tym rosyjskie badania naukowe
Comparative Study on Game Engines
No full textGame engines are platforms that make it easier to create computer games. They allow you to integrate and combine into single unit individual game elements such as animations, interaction with the user, or detection of collisions between objects.
Game engine is a software that facilitates the production of games for platforms such as desktops, consoles, and mobile devices [1]. In addition to specialized editors, game engines provide ready-made functionalities that can be used by users. A great advantage of using the game engine is the possibility of their reuse. Game engines are an example of software isolating rigid logic and game rules, from easily modifiable and expandable components, which can be used repeatedly in a way that does not require great modifications.
This article is an attempt to perform a comparative analysis of three engines to create games: CryEngine, Unreal Engine, and Unity. The criteria for comparison will be technical capabilities and factors influencing the popularity and acceptance of engines by users. The aim of this article is to show the strengths and weaknesses of engines and to present the differences between these tools
Analiza pojęć prawnych stosowanych w ustawie o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym
Get PDFW planowaniu przestrzennym i gospodarce nieruchomościami mamy do czynienia z brakiem ładu pojęciowego, którego bez udziału ustawodawcy nie można uporządkować ani w drodze wykładni, ani orzecz-nictwa. W związku z tym prace nad kodyfikacją procesu budowlanego powinny rozpocząć się od spraw związanych ujednoliceniem nomenklatury stosowanej w ewidencji gruntów (katastrze nieruchomości) z nomenklaturą z innych aktów prawnych. Dzisiaj mamy do czynienia z sytuacją wręcz niezrozumiałą, gdy przepisy prawa są źródłem braku możliwości prowadzenia racjonalnej gospodarki przestrzennej, gdyż zostały one oparte ozasadę wolności budowlanej, która służy jedynie realizacji prywatnych interesów inwestorów i właścicieli gruntów,kosztem interesu wspólnego oraz kosztem ochrony własności osób sąsiadujących z inwestycjami publicznymi.In spatial planning and real estate management, there is a lack of conceptual order and which, without the legislator's involvement, cannot be arranged either through interpretation or jurisprudence. Therefore, work on the codification of the construction process should start with issues related to the unification of the nomenclature used in the land register (real estate cadastre) with the nomenclature from other legal acts. Today, we are dealing with an incomprehensible situation, when the law is the source of inability to conduct rational spatial management, because they are based on the principle of construction freedom, which only serves the private interests of investors and landowners, at the expense of the common interest and the cost of protecting property neighbouring public investments
Medallions of Huviška as pictorial evidence of pre-Islamic lamellar helmets
Get PDFIn the current paper the author discusses headgear represented on Kušān medallions showing the bust of King Huviška. Most likely those medallions are depicting pre-Islamic lamellar helmets, well known from for example on the Sasanian, Bīsetūn capital currently held in Ṭāq-e Bostān Museum, Iran. The author will try to compare the presented lamellar constructions with known finds of such helmets of the pre-Islamic er
Новые данные о находке византийского меча на территории Харьковской области
Get PDFThe article introduces new data which is connected to the found of a Byzantine sword in the Kharkov region of Ukraine. Previously, it was assumed that the sword was found on the territory of Sukhogomolshansky cremation grave field, but today it is proven that the sword originates from a cremation grave of the grave field near the village Kitsevka. Probably, this sword should be connected to the diplomatic relations between the Byzantine Empire and the Khazar Kaghanat
A unique Parthian sword in the Bonyad-e Mostazafan Museum
Get PDFThis study is going to introduce one of the unique and less known Parthian sword which have not been released to public for purpose of exhibit and study so far