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Financial insurance for enterprises: analysis of demand and supply
Get PDFCelem artykułu jest ocena zmian popytu przedsiębiorstw na ubezpieczenia finansowe. Analizie poddano wydatki podmiotów gospodarczych ponoszone na ich zakup i podaż w ujęciu podmiotowym. Dane wykorzystane w opracowaniu pochodziły ze źródeł wtórnych publikowanych w opracowaniach Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego (KNF), Polskiej Izby Ubezpieczeń (PIU) i Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego (GUS). Wykorzystano także informacje z literatury przedmiotu badań. Zakres czasowy badań obejmował lata 2005–2018. W opracowaniu przedstawiono wybrane rodzaje ubezpieczeń zaliczanych do ubezpieczeń finansowych wskazując branże, do których w sposób szczególny adresowane są te produkty. Zwrócono także uwagę na podaż w ujęciu podmiotowym wskazując ubezpieczycieli, którzy zajmują pozycję lidera w sprzedaży ubezpieczeń finansowych w Polsce. Stwierdzono, że popyt (w ujęciu wartościowym) na ubezpieczenia finansowe w latach 2005–2018 rósł. Kwota składki przypisanej brutto w 2018 roku była dwukrotnie wyższa niż w 2005 roku i wynosiła 1,09 mld zł. Ustalono także, że najwyższa średnia dynamika wzrostu rynku dotyczyła ubezpieczeń od różnych ryzyk finansowych (grupa 16), które oferowane są zazwyczaj łącznie z innymi produktami ubezpieczeniowymi, ale także dynamika wydatków ponoszonych na zakup gwarancji ubezpieczeniowej przyjmowała wartości powyżej 200%, a w 2018 roku było to nawet 360%The aim of the article is to assess changes in the enterprises’ demand for financial insurance. The analysis covered expenses incurred by business entities on purchase thereof and supply by the entity. Data used in the study came from secondary sources published in studies by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority (KNF), the Polish Chamber of Insurance (PIU) and the Central Statistical Office (GUS). Furthermore, information from the studies-related literature has been included. The time period of studies covered the years 2005–2018. Selected types of insurance included in financial insurance have been presented herein and industries which these products are especially targeted at have been indicated. Moreover, supply by entities has been discussed with an indication of insurers who hold a leading position in the financial insurance sales in Poland. It has been stated that the demand (by value) for financial insurance in the years 2005–2018 was growing. The amount of the gross premium written in 2018 was twice as high as in 2005 and amounted to PLN 1.09 billion. Furthermore, it has been determined that the highest average dynamics of market growth concerned insurance from various financial risks (group 16), which are usually offered jointly with other insurance products, but also the dynamics of expenses incurred on purchasing surety was over 200%, whereas, in 2018 it was even 360
Legal aspects of the environmental protection policy in the Republic of Poland. Selected issues
Get PDFOchrona środowiska jest zagadnieniem wieloaspektowym, budzącym zainteresowanie wśród badaczy wielu dziedzin. Realizacja założeń ochrony środowiska może przyjmować różne formy, do których zaliczają się instrumenty prawne. Jednym z instrumentów prawnych jest właśnie polityka ochrony środowiska. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie założeń polityki ochrony środowiska w Polsce jako jednej z polityk publicznych. W artykule zostanie dokonana próba oceny funkcjonowania i realizacji polityki ekologicznej w Polsce. Kluczowe będzie również zdefiniowanie czym jest polityka ochrony środowiska i polityka ekologiczna, jakie są ich podstawy prawne. Omówione zostaną cele, kierunki i obszary obowiązującej Polityki Ekologicznej Państwa 2030. Uzupełnieniem rozważań prawnych będzie wskazanie przejawów zrównoważonego rozwoju w polityce ochrony środowiska. W artykule zastosowano metodę dogmatycznoprawną. Analizie poddano powszechnie obowiązujące akty prawne oraz literaturę przedmiotu zwierającą polskie, jak i zagraniczne publikacje naukoweEnvironmental protection policy is a multi-faceted issue which interests researchers in different branches of knowledge. The implementation of solutions of the environmental protection may take different forms among which are legal instruments. One of those legal instruments is the environmental protection policy. The aim of this article is to analyse this policy and to evaluate its functioning in the Republic of Poland as one of the public policies. Furthermore, a crucial part of this article is to define the environmental protection policy, national environmental policy and its legal bases. What is more, the article will present the analysis of purposes, directions and areas included in the Polish National Environmental Policy - 2030. To make this analysis complete it is required to indicate symptoms of the sustainable development in the environmental protection policy. As a main tool of consideration, the dogmatic-legal method, has been used. The analysis of the main topic consists of legal acts and literature on the subject (containing Polish and foreign scientific publications
Zapomniana poezja Wandy Melcer-Rutkowskiej
Get PDFThe author presents a glossary for Wanda Melcer-Rutkowska’s biography, which draws on her social and literary activity in the context of cultural trans-formations at the beginning of the 20th century. Moreover, the author clearly outlines Melcer Rutkowska’s active engagement in a variety of initiatives intended to revolutionise the realm of customs and art. The article draws on the literary output of the author of Miasto zwierząt, indicating the impact it had during the interwar years. Special attention is paid to the forgotten poetry which was eventually included in a compilation of previously printed volumes and those poems which had been formally scattered throughout the press. Two aspects of Melcer-Rutkowska’s literary work were primarily analysed: feministic and avant-gard
Komeński oraz literatura i kultura baroku wobec zjawiska starości w kontekście badań interdyscyplinarnych
No full textArtykuł jest poświęcony problemowi starości w dziełach Jana Amosa Komeńskiego w kontekście literatury i kultury barokowej. Obiektem badań stały się dzieła: Labirynt świata i raj serca, Jedyne konieczne, Pampaedia, Wielka dydaktyka. Refleksja Jana Amosa na temat staro-ści ma swoje źródła biblijne, jak też wyrasta z dociekań i opinii grecko-rzymskich myślicieli. Dla Komeńskiego wysnuty z tradycji obraz starości jest wciąż żywy i aktualny.The article is devoted to the problem of old age in the works of Jan Amos Comenius in the context of Baroque literature and culture. Comenius' works such as Labyrinth of the World and Paradise of the Heart, The One Thing Needful, Pampaedia and The Great Didacticare objects of the research. The reflection about old age in Comenius' writings has especially biblical sources, and also grows out of the concept of Greco-Roman thinkers. The image of old age created by tradition is vivid and current for Comenius
Das Zusammenwirken von 'Wissen - Handeln - Glauben" als Grundlage für die Verbesserung der Welt in der "Pansophia Humana" von Jan Amos Komenskỳ
No full textDie Fragestellung „Auf dem Weg zur Comeniologie als Wissenschaft - Diskussionen - Polemik - Dilemmata" beinhaltet wissenschaftliche Analysen, Diskussionen, Stellungnahmen zu aktuellen Forschungsfragen und zur wissenschaftlichen Anwendung der wissenschaftlichen Werke des Theologen, Philosophen und Pädagogen Jan Amos Komenskỳ. Die „Comeniologie“ integriert und verwendet die Forschungserkenntnisse wissenschaftlicher Fachdisziplinen in Bezug auf die Erforschung, Dokumentation und Anwendung im Hinblick auf die Biographie, Familiengeschichte, Ideengeschichte, auf die die Bezugspunkte zu Ländern, Persönlichkeiten aus Wissenschaft, Politik, Gesellschaft, auf die geistigen Tendenzen, Positionen und Einflüsse und auf die Einordnung und Auswertung der Schriften und Werke von Jan Amos Komenskỳ als Quellen für die Erforschung der Entwicklung von Kultur, Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft. Die Begründung einer menschlichen Allweisheit »Pansophia Humana« als Befähigung des Menschen zur Vervollkommnung seiner wahren Menschlichkeit stellt für Jan Amos Komenskỳ eine notwendige Voraussetzung zur Verbesserung der Welt dar. Das Zusammenwirken von »Wissen, Handeln, Glauben« besteht in der Zielsetzung durch das Erkenntnis der Zusammenhänge der Ordnung des ganzen Kosmos universale Weisheit zu erlangen, durch gutes Handeln ein Leben in Tugend und Sittlichkeit zu führen und durch einen lebendigen Glauben das eigene Leben in Frömmigkeit und im Vertrauen auf die Liebe und Gnade Gottes sinnvoll zu gestalten. Der Theologe, Philosoph und Pädagoge Jan Amos Komenskỳ erklärt das Zusammenwirken von »Wissen – Handeln – Glauben« in den menschlichen Aufgabenbereiche und Handlungsfelder Wissenschaft/Philosophie – Religion – Politik, als Voraussetzung für die Gewinnung von philosophischer Erkenntnis bei der wissenschaftlichen Suche nach Weisheit und Wahrheit, als Grundlage in Bezug auf religiöse Frömmigkeit und christliche Lebensführung bei der menschlichen Verantwortung für die göttliche Schöpfung und als Wirkungskraft für das politische und gesellschaftliche Handeln des Menschen zur Beratung,Verbesserung und Lösung aller Probleme, Schwierigkeiten und zum Nutzen der ganzen Menschheit. Komenskỳ fordert, dass alle Menschen Zugang zum Wissen erhalten, um Erkenntnisse über den Menschen und die Welt zu gewinnen, das Wesen und den Sinn aller Dinge in der Grundordnung des Kosmos zu verstehen und ein friedliches Zusammenleben mit anderen Menschen zu erlernen. Für die Verbesserung der Welt ist ein gutes Handeln erforderlich, deshalb sollen Menschen befähigt werden, Verantwortung für die Welt zu übernehmen, friedlich miteinander umzugehen und für alle Probleme und Schwierigkeiten durch sachkundige Gespräche und gemeinsame Beratungen miteinander gute Lösungen zu finden. Durch den Glauben besteht die Hoffnung, dass die Welt zum Guten verbessert werden kann. Gott, als der Ursprung, Grund und Ziel allen Seins, hat bei der Erschaffung der Welt eine Idealordnung, vollzogen hat. Durch sein Streben nach Macht, Herrschaft, Gewinn, Einfluss, Geltung und die dadurch entstehenden Konflikte, Streit, Hass, Neid, Kriege zerstört der Mensch diese Idealordnung der Welt. Für Jan Amos Komenskỳ besteht die Hoffnung, dass die Welt als Ganzes wiederhergestellt werden kann.The question of "On the way to the Comeniology as a science -discussions -polemics -dilemmas" includes scientific analyses, discussions, and opinions on current research issues and scientific application of the scientific works of the theologian, philosopher and pedagogue Jan Amos Komenskỳ. The "Comeniology“ built-in and uses the research findings to the scientific disciplines related to the exploration, documentation, and application in terms of biography, family history, history of ideas, on the points of reference to countries, personalities from science, politics, society, on the mental tendencies, positions, and influences, and on the classification and analysis of the writings and works of of Jan Amos Komenskỳ as sources for the study of the development of culture, science and society. The creation of a human wisdom »Pansophia Humana« as the ability of the people to the perfection of his true humanity, represents for John Amos Comenius a necessary prerequisite for the improvement of the world. The interacting of »Knowledge, Action, Faith« consists in the objective to gain the knowledge of the correlations of the order of the whole cosmos, a universal wisdom, to lead by good acting is a life of virtue and morality and by living your life in devotion and in trust to the love and grace of God, given sense. The theologian, philosopher and pedagogue John Amos Comenius explains the interaction of the "Knowledge –Action –Faith" in the human areas of responsibility and fields of action of science/philosophy –religion –politics, as a prerequisite for the production of philosophical knowledge in the scientific search for wisdom and truth, as a basis, in terms of religious piety, and Christian conduct in the case of human responsibility for the divine creation and as a force for political and social actions of the people to the advice, improvement and solution of all problems, difficulties and for the benefit of all mankind. John Amos Comenius demands that all people get access to Knowledge, to gain insights about the people and the world to understand the essence and meaning of all things in the fundamental order of the cosmos and peaceful, to learn to live together with other people. For the improvement of the world good acting is necessary, tere fore, people are to be empowered to take responsibility for the world peacefully deal with each other and to find all the problems and difficulties through informed discussions and joint deliberations with each other to find good solutions. Through Faith is the hope that the world can be improved. God, as the origin, ground and goal of all being, in the case of the creation of the world has completed a perfect order. By pursuit of power, domination, profit, influence, validity, and the resulting conflicts, quarrels, hatred, envy, wars the human being destroyes this perfect order of the world. For John Amos Comenius exists the hope, that the world as a whole can be restore
Pedagogical work of John Amos Comenius as an inspiration for modern pedagogy: didactic-methodological approach
No full textJohn Amos Comenius belongs to the most important thinkers in European theology, philosophy, and pedagogy. His thoughts and ideas, contained in numerous works, over the centuries have been the subject of research and study by authors all over the world and have been the basis for the development of pedagogy as a science, as well as many modern understandings about education. We especially emphasize pedagogical work Great Didactic (lat Didaktica magna) as his most significant and famous work, where is presented the whole educational system and organization of teaching, which many parts are still applied today. The most previous authors who deal with analyzing the Comenius thought, in his works mentioned comeniology, but as a phenomenon, he doesn't have clearly definition and content. Today, scientists tend to point out the need for the existence of comeniology as a science. The aim of this paper is to analyze the pedagogical thoughts and ideas of John Amos Comenius from the aspect of applying his original ideas in contemporary didactics and methodology of pedagogy. For the purpose of this study, we used the method of theoretical analysis and the historical method with the technique of analyzing the content of available pedagogical sources. The content of this paper leads us to emphasize the significant influence of Comenius on developing and the existence of methodology of pedagogy and to point out the methodology of pedagogy as a possible subject area of the comeniology as a science
The Emergence of the Fourth Dimension: Higher Spatial Thinking in the Fin de Siècle [review]
No full textThe article contains a review of Mark Blacklock's monograph The Emergence of the Fourth Dimension: Higher Spatial Thinking in the Fin de Siècle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018)
Cluster analysis on the example of work data of the National Power System. Part 1. Comparative study of methods and conditions
No full textThe paper presents the results of the research on the comparative study of the methods of cluster analysis and conditions, which was carried out from the point of view of their use, on the example of data concerning the operation of the National Power System. Two algorithms were used for the clustering analysis, i.e. the Ward algorithm and the algorithm of self-organizing two-dimensional maps. Cluster analysis was preceded by a review of hierarchical and non-hierarchical methods of data analysis and a description of the prepared experiment. The obtained results were interpreted. The work consists of two parts published under the same main title with different subtitles. This part 1 presents the results of the conducted review of selected methods of cluster analysis and the research conditions resulting from the adopted data on the operation of the National Power System. Part 2 presents the cluster analysis process and selected research results and their discussion
Machine Learning Methods in E-mail Spam Classification
No full textIncreasing number of unwanted e-mails has influence on users’ security in the Internet. Today spam e-mails can store potential malicious messages which e.g. can redirect user to fake sites. These messages recently appeared in social media. Filtering of this content is important due to minimize financial and branding costs. Traditional methods of spam filtering cannot be sufficient for present threats. We required new methods for constructing more dependable and robust antispam filters. Machine learning recently becomes very popular technique in classification methods. It has been successfully used in spam classification. In this paper we present some methods of machine learning for spam detecting. We would also like to introduce ways to solve the spam classification problem. We show that these methods can be useful in classification of malicious messages. We also compared developed methods and presented results in the experimental section
The influence of tin ions on growth and enzymatic activity of entomopathogenic fungi
No full textIn this in vitro study, the influence of tin ions at concentrations of 1–1,000 ppm on the development and enzymatic activity of four entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, Isaria fumosorosea, and Metarhizium robertsii), that are commonly used in biological plant protection, are examined. Each of the fungal species tested reacted differently to contact with the Sn2+ ions at the tested concentrations. Exposure to Sn2+ ions affected the rate of development, morphology, and enzymatic activity of fungi. Of the four fungal species studied, M. robertsii was the most resistant and showed complete growth inhibition at the highest Sn2+ concentration tested (1,000 ppm). For the other entomopathogenic fungi, the fungicidal effect of Sn2+ ions was noted at the concentration of 750 ppm. Exposure to Sn2+ ions (up to 500 ppm) resulted in enhanced biochemical activity; and all entomopathogens that were tested showed increased production of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) as well as several proteases. Moreover, B. brongniartii and M. roberstii showed increased lipases synthesis. These changes may increase the pathogenicity of the fungi, thereby making them more effective in limiting the population of pest insects. The exposure of the entomopathogenic fungi to a medium containing Sn2+ ions, at concentrations that were appropriate for each species, induced hyperproduction of hydrolases, which might be involved in aiding the survival of entomopathogenic fungi in the presence of heavy metals. This study shows that the fungistatic effect of Sn2+ on entomopathogenic fungi did not restrict their pathogenicity, as evidenced by the stimulation of the production of enzymes that are involved in the infection of insect