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Enhanced Economic Typology for Spatial Economic Policy
Get PDFThis paper tries to actively contribute to the discussion concerning spatial planning and related policies being frequently criticised for their poor ability to accommodate economic dynamics, resulting in tension between spatial and economic development and inefficient planning decisions or instruments. Considering the importance of the economy and its fundamental role in our society, in addition to the lack of knowledge about what the word economy really means and how it is organised in a territory, we strongly believe that it should also be deeply studied and understood by planners and policy makers. In our previous papers we defined some instruments to use to fill this existing gap in knowledge. The first was economic activities mapping, consisting of an attempt of auditing and classifying economic activities in a given area (Giaretta & Zaman, 2017). Although this led to some interesting results, its use as a tool for the definition of the spatial distribution of economic activities or for the comparison of different economic areas,proved to be complicated. Therefore, in a later stage, two new versions of the typology of areas with economic activities were elaborated, in which we tried to divide a real territory into different types of existing economic fabrics. The first version, was based on more subjective criteria, using generally known planning concepts, such as city centres, core shopping centres, access roads, industrial areas and so on, to delimit several economic areas (Gruijthuijsen et al., 2018). The second version was based on more objective criteria, such as the combinations of the mapping data and the proximity between economic activities(Giaretta, Pennincx, De Mulder, Zaman, 2018). The second version turned out to be more interesting, as it really showed economic structures and patterns from an economic perspective, to which other layers, such as housing, could be added. Indeed, the existing economic fabric is not only about shopping streets and industrial areas.It follows residential patterns, creating areas in which economy, intended not only as services or facilities but also as industry and production, is mixed with housing. This creates a set of area types that are rarely defined or even considered by planners and politicians. Therefore, this second version was further elaborated, and we will explain the results in this paper (section 3 to 5). Finally, this last version gave us the possibility to translate it into possible market segments (section 6 and conclusion). First, this article will explain the concept of market segmentation, and make the link with types and policy questions. Secondly,we will presentan enhanced version of the economic typology based on what has beenpresented in our previous papers. The typology consistsof a set of defined economic areas. This term refers to areas with a specific economic fabric proximity, the predominant presence of an economic use (or a combination of uses) and similar environmental characteristics, such as for example accessibility and visibility. This can be used to define how economy is structured, spread and organised in an area, while subdividing the built up space that accommodates economic activities intoeconomic structures or clusters. We use the types to describe and compare different areas throughout Flanders and Brussels. The work isbased on data about economic activities collected in the field and not coming from existing databases. These databases are mostly conceived for uses that are not related to planning or policy preparations (Gruijthuijsen et al., 2018)and for that reason their use can give a misleading view on the economy. In this paper we present a revised and a tested method that is used to define the economic area types and their classification.At last, we will present our first attempt to translate the types into market segments. This illustrates the possible role the types can have in a policy making process, and it gives an idea on how it could be implemented in the future. We focus on both the potential for spatial transformation and future economic development and intensitification within each of these types
Establishing an Integrated Monitoring Concept for the Vienna Lighthouse Project Smarter Together
Get PDFWithin the EU Lighthouse Project “Smarter Together”, the City of Vienna has been working during the last three years together with the Cities of Munich and Lyon following a P2P learning process to implement a set of integrated smart solutions with focus on holistic buildings refurbishment for low energy districts, onsite renewable energy supply (RES), e-mobility solutions and ICTs. This endeavour aims to support the city's vision to transform Vienna into a sustainable, resilient and liveable city along the ongoing urban transformations and energy transition. For several demonstration site projects an integrated monitoring concept has been established and tested within a co-creation process encompassing key city stakeholders and various actors from research institutions, industry and building contractors. The developed concept comprises the whole automated process of sensor-based data collection, transfer to, and storage on the city’s Data Management Platform (DMP) and the subsequent processing, visualisation and generation of related key performance indicators (KPIs). The KPI-based monitoring process seeks to track and monitor the impacts of the implemented solutions for the city demonstration sites, besides their potential contribution to achieving the city’s sustainable development targets following an intracity rollout phase and a future replication plan in selected follower cities. The established process highlights the importance of intensive communication among all stakeholders. The generated KPIs for the refurbished buildings demonstrates the importance of establishing a co-creationprocess gathering building owners, construction companies, city governance, research institutions and ICT utilities responsible for developing and maintaining Vienna’s DMP and the following provision of smartservices to third parties. The KPI-based monitoring shows that for the use cases of building refurbishment (comprising 65060 m2 of social housing and 3800 m2 public building) the achieved energy saving by building efficiency measures will reach annually about 4760 MWh. The fossil fuel saving through substitution effect by onsite renewable energy generations (PV, solar thermal, geothermal heat pumps) will reach about 451 MWh. The resulting CO2 reduction by building energy saving and RES will reach about 1423 tCO2 annually. The results underline the importance of the implemented smart solutions in achieving the Vienna Energy Framework Strategy pursuing a clear decarbonisation path and thus supporting its transformation vision towards an inclusive, sustainable and liveable city. The deployment of the successfully implemented and monitored solutions is ongoing. Based on the lessons-learned and the gained best-practices, it is expected that the implementation of an appropriate replication plan will make it possible that by the year 2030 a significant part of the existing old social buildings in Vienna will be refurbished and monitored following the integrated monitoring concept established within the Smarter Together project
Urban Logistics Micro Hubs: Standardisation Meets Uniqueness
Get PDFParcel service companies regularly follow a business strategy which aims for efficiency through large volumes of highly standardized services. However, possibilities to increase efficiency are limited andstandardization bears the risk that a company is replaced by competitors. Therefore, expanding the service portfolio with customer-specific services can be a promising option. A possible place for offering such customer-centered services are logistics micro hubs in urban areas, i.e., logistic infrastructure facilities for storage, transhipment and distribution, located close to recipients of parcel deliveries. An online-survey among Austrian consumers has been carried out, allowing prioritization of consumers’ requirements. Then, the relation of the prioritized services to the capabilities of urban logistics micro-hubs is determined by logical conclusion. The results should be useful to determine new services for further evaluation and development
Ghent – Innovative Strategic Urban Development: New Transitions in the City and along the Old Dockyards
Get PDFThe city of Ghent is a very interesting example of a city with a double relationship towards its own water infrastructure. There are three main reasons for this relationship. First, the historical reasons for establishing Ghent along the water were based purely on living conditions and economic considerations (textile industry, water for drinking, and canal waterway support...). Later, however, the polluted water infrastructure had to be filled up to make room for another economic reason: free mobility access for cars, extra parking and open space. The third – and fairly recent – reason is that the city council, together with urban planners, discovered the water-backbone again, and gave it a third life as the regenerator of the city, as a way of making the city "full of pleasure, with open perspectives and open sustainable public spaces" again. Ghent shows how a city can reuse its inner structure and how the water structure can change a city’s future. Sustainable water infrastructure can truly be the basis for city evolution and urban planning
Sustainable Real Estate Development in the Age of E-commerce – Implications of the Structural Change and resulting changed Requirements for Retail Property
Get PDFWith regard to sustainable urban development and maintaining or developing the attractiveness of cities, the future viability of retail real estate is of great importance. Besides itsfunction of supply, itservesas aplace of residence, meeting point and a place of communication (often referred to as "third place"). Moreover, retail real estate contributes to the formation of urban centres, usually being found in central locations of cities, and is therefore decisive for developing both the townscape and urban attractiveness. However, the original function of a (retail) property is solely to meet the requirements of its users. Otherwise being unusable, all further criteria of sustainability lose their significance. From an investor’s perspective, value preservation and appreciation of real estate are the most important incentives for sustainable real estate development. Only if there is a demand for a particular use, an investor is willing to spend money on a property. In this sense, real estate can only be termed sustainable if its features meet the requirements of its present and future users. Therefore, project developers must already be able to anticipate today what property features will be in demand by its future users and whether there is a long-term demand for any particular use at all. In the retail sector, digitisation is inducing changes in demand. The close link between property operations, i.e. the utilisation to allow people buying goods, and stationary places is increasingly released due to the rise of e-commerce, where parts of stationary trade and consequently retail real estate becomes obsolete. The recent development of these markets forces the retail real estate industry to establish innovative andsustainable operation formats. The aim of this paper is to point out the implications of the structural change in the retail sector for real estate development as well as the resulting requirement changes for some exemplary operation formats. Currentempirical studies on retail property are focussing on the user, thus shedding some light on the specific market situation. The presented results show to what extent consumer demand for brick-and-mortar retailing has changed due to the possibilities of online retailing. The therewith emerging challenges for real estate industry in general are shown, in particular for the retail sector, and finally for urban development
Die Zukunft liegt im ländlichen Raum!
Get PDFAttraktiver, bezahlbarer und gleichzeitig qualitativ hochwertiger Wohnraum zu generieren, vor allem inRegionen mit starkem Zuwachs, ist eine aktuelle Herausforderung, die schon lange über die Ränder der Städte hinausgewachsen ist. Da dieses Thema vor allem auch kleinere Städte und den ländlichen Raum betrifft, wird es um so wichtiger wie wir mit diesem in Zukunft umgehen. Welche Grundlagen braucht es,damit auch in Zukunft noch hochwertige Baukultur entstehen kann? Gerade Großstädte versuchen ihre Identität zu finden/definieren durch Leitbilder und Perspektiven, dieaufzeigen, wie diese Orte versuchen ihre Qualität zu verbessern und aktuellen und zukünftigen Lebensweisen gerecht zu werden, ohne dabei humorlose digitale Maschinen zu werden. Da mehr als 50% derWeltbevölkerung in Städten wohnt, lassen Aussagen wie „die Zukunft liegt in der Stadt“ (Fischbach, 2010) oft den ländlichen Raum in Vergessenheit geraten. Somit ist es umso wichtiger, sich intensiv mit dem ländlichen Raum auseinanderzusetzen, der gegenüber den Städten bei weitem den größeren Teil der Landesfläche einnimmt. Der Umgang mit Dörfern, ist somit ein subtiles Thema, bei dem es enormen Bedarfnach neuen Methoden, Prozessen und Selbstverständnissen gibt (Stippich, 2017). Die Grundlage für diesen Beitrag ist die Forschungsarbeit „Dorf Neu Denken“(Mirkes, 2017), dessen Modell Dörfer durch sogenannte Allmendeflächen neu strukturiert und die umliegende Kulturlandschaft mit integriert. Um diese Modelle zu generieren und zu entwerfen, können Tools wie das QGIS-Plug-In von Michael Minn (Minn, 2018) den Entwurfsprozess unterstützen. Dörfer können somit wachsen und ihre Potenziale nutzen, ohne dabei ihre Vorzüge aufzugeben, sondern im Gegenteil, sie weiter zu stärken füraktuelle und zukunftsorientierte Lebensräume, die smarte und digitale Lösungen integrieren und trotzdem den emotionalen menschlichen Ansprüchen gerecht werden
Heidelberg Hbf – BIM-Pilot:Weiterentwicklung Empfangsgebäude im städtischen Kontext
Get PDFahnhöfe sind zentrale Orte einer Stadt. Sie stellen nicht nur den Zugang zum System „Bahn“ dar, sondern übernehmen weitere vielfältige Funktionen und stellen ein breites Nutzungsspektrum für Bahnreisende und Besucher zur Verfügung. Sie sind die Visitenkarte einer Stadt. Bei Weiterentwicklung und Modernisierung von Bahnhöfen müssen zahlreiche Fragestellungen berücksichtigt sowie im Einklang unterschiedlicher Nutzergruppen, Anforderungen und Funktionen gebracht werden – insbesondere auch dem Denkmalschutz. Angrenzenden Stadträume der Bahnhöfe sind geprägt von beengten Platzverhältnissen, müssen zahlreiche Funktionen und Nutzungen erfüllen und rücken somit bei Planungen besonders in den Fokus. DB Station&Service AG plant die Modernisierung und Erweiterung des denkmalgeschützten Empfangsgebäudes. DB Station&Service AG hat 2017 gegenüber dem BMVI erklärt, zukünftige Planungen mit Hilfe der BIM-Methode (Building-Information-Modelling) zu bearbeiten. Die Planungen zur Modernisierungen des Empfangsgebäudes Heidelberger HBF sind dabei als BIM-Pilot-Projekt erfolgt
Real “Smart Cities”: Insights from Civitas PROSPERITY
Get PDFA city does not need to be smart, but to allow people be, behave, live and work smart(er). Furthermore, smart should not be necessarily equalled to high technology, but to the sound management, communication and use of available resources, be they tangible or intangible. Anyway our evolution cannot be limited to technology, even if the latter has become unavoidable. If not accompanied by a comprehensive perspective and coherent management, technology may rather block than facilitate resilience and sustainable urban development. Not always the most technically advanced and expensive solutions are the best (most effective) ones or frequently they cannot work alone, needing to be complemented by soft / lower-cost measures. Moreover,even if the actual “smart city” paradigm would be accepted, there do not seem to be enough resources (especially primary ones) to provide high-tech for everybody (WWF, 2018). In this case high-tech might be replaced by smart-tech staying for innovative solutions of best coping with given situations no matter the level of scientific, cultural, economic and behavioural advancement. These are some of the conclusions of a recent ongoing project funded through Horizon 2020, pleading for a global integrated perspective and providing the appropriate tools to sustainably shape and enhance it. Being built in response to the challenge “Real Smart Cities. Best practices and concepts for the future”, the present contribution informs on how Civitas PROSPERITY (applied research project) integrated these principles and produced innovation in the field of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMP). The focus is on bright solutions that can be equally extended and applied in other fields of urban management beyond mobility, such as energy, land-use, cultural heritage etc
Spatial Pattern of Digital Divide in Turkey
Get PDFDigital divide, which highlights the access to, use of and skills for information and communication technologies in a regional discrepancy reasoning, is a new field of research, measuring spatial associations in urban and regional studies. In lierature, the emergence of, and formation behind the digital divide concept have been associated with absence of hardware, financial and infrastructural deficiencies, barriers ofbecoming online and use of technology. Especially with the leading international conventions related to telecommunication networks, technology and innovation associations, the literature stresses the necessity to investigate different domains of this issue, advocating the right of access to technology in favour ofdisadvantaged geographies and communities. In the late 1990s, owing to the proliferation of digital divide, the growing gap between different groups who are imparted from new information services and those who are not, became more significant and obvious than in former initial studies. This issue has increased in importance among different parties, such as policy makers, scholars and advocacy groups, in relation to their different roles, varying from supply of technology infrastructure and affordability of obtaining related services. The most significant aspects cited in empirical research are inequality in obtaining new services of information and inequality in patterns of getting access to information technology, akin to regional discrepancies in conventional studies. Especially in Turkey, many scholars studied the divide concept in terms of descriptive statements and few of them undertook exploratory investigations of conventional statistics, neglecting geographical tendencies and spatial autocorrelation effect. Spatial pattern, as associated with the digital divide concept in this paper, is primarily investigated with officially published parameters related to household profile and technology use. However, this fundemantal field of regional science needs comprehensive and focused understanding of changing barriers to, and attributes of affordability and access to technology by communities. This study aims to depict the spatial pattern of the digital divide phenomena in Turkey, in an index comprised of variables of access to, use of and skills of information and communication technologies. Since the spatial function of digital divide research is mainly missing in conventional studies in Turkey, this paper investigates the spatial associations with the digital divide in the officially published figures and statistics of information and communication technology. In the paper, spatial association is established through Getis and Ord G statistics, with the measure of provincial highway distances, instead of operational uses of Euclidian distances that commonly licenced geographic information systems may offer. Preliminary findings indicate that spatial autocorrelation and clustering methods show the significance of mono-centric development pattern of Turkey, whereby most populated and in-migrated provinces also dominate in all domains of access to, use and skills of technology. Although figures from officially published data depict spatial heterogeneity superficially, the results of this study indicate the importance and necessity of a prospective comprehensive social survey, with high level of representation capability and spatialsampling. This paper presents also primer investigations of further research, which will compare Istanbul province, as the dominant province with unprivileged provinces in terms of socio-economic development and technology use and supply
Coworking Spaces and Urban Quality of Life in Istanbul
Get PDFCo-working spaces can be defined as offices that give the opportunity to carry out individual work in a shared office environment for users from different sectors and disciplines. Co-working spaces provide flexible and alternative working conditions, supported by technical and spatial infrastructures of a working environment. With its spatial characteristics and amenities, co-working spaces promise the users efficient working hours. As well as individual efficiency, co-working spaces are also characterised by their contribution to stimulating social relations and establishing social networks. Worldwide, co-working spaces are expanding through branches, and have the tendency to specialise through the services they offer. Co-working spaces also tend to create a worldwide network through online networks and databases, which contribute to their promotion and communication processes. Today, co-working spaces are a global trend, but they also become specific with their own local dynamics, and gain importance as a contributing factor to the performances of cities in creative sectors within a global network of cities. In this study, the co-working spaces in Istanbul are analysed in terms of services they offer and their spatial characteristics. The aim of the paper is to put forward a description of the character of the co-working space network in the city and its contribution to urban life. This description indicates the role of co-working spaces in improving urban quality of life, in terms of accessibility of alternative working environments and the supportive facilities they offer. In this context, co-working spaces in Istanbul are analysed using their official websites. The results indicate that co-working spaces are particularly prominent in providing social interaction and flexibility characteristics, which are defined as the main components of the services they offer and the identity created for each enterprise. The spatial organisation and design characteristics of the co-working spaces are other prominent factors emphasised when explaining the services of these co-working spaces