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Mobilitätswende in den Köpfen – interdisziplinäre Analyse zur Einleitung von Transformationsprozessen im Verkehrssystem
Get PDFDie Erreichung der Klimaziele und eine menschengerechte Gestaltung unserer Städte sind in hohem Maße von einer Reorganisation des Verkehrssektors auf allen Ebenen abhängig. Die Initiierung eines Paradigmenwechsels muss dabei als Strukturveränderung verstanden werden. In einem interdisziplinären Ansatz beleuchten wir das Thema aus Sicht der Ingenieur- und Planungswissenschaften, Soziologie sowie Politikwissenschaft. Anhand der Multi-Level-Perspektive beschreiben wir Rollen, Abhängigkeiten und den Einfluss von Akteurinnen und Akteuren sowie strukturelle Barrieren der Mobilitätswende und weisen auf mögliche Lösungen hin. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass dringend auch eine „Mobilitätswende in den Köpfen“ der Verantwortlichen in Politik, Planung, Verwaltung und Wissenschaft erforderlich ist, da sie Rahmenbedingungen vorgeben oder beeinflussen, Entscheidungsgrundlagen schaffen und/oder unterstützen und Maßnahmen definieren und umsetzen (sollen)
Mobility in Metropolitan and Peripheral Regions – an Educational Simulation Game
Get PDFMetropolitan regions worldwide face the same problems: air pollution, congestion, urban sprawl. Decades of interventions by policy makers and planners did not change this fact. The methods of System Dynamics reveal that one of the main causes is a lack of understanding of the complex interactions between urban, peri-urban and peripheral regions. Therefore, it is essential to improve systems thinking skills of policy makers, planners and the public. Educational games promote the development of cognitive, spatial and motor skills and can be used to teach facts (e.g. knowledge, retrieval, memorization, retention of knowledge), principles (e.g. cause-and-effect relationships) and complex problem solving. Hence, educational games and simulations are powerful tools to improve systems thinking skills – even for very young age groups.
The objective of the nationally funded project Systemcheck (2019-2020) was to make use of the abovementioned capabilities. An interactive, digital teaching and learning game based on simulations of social and ecological effects of mobility and transport in metropolitan and peripheral regions was developed and tested in classrooms. The game specifically addresses topics of the Austrian 6th grade syllabus for the subject geography and economics. The game, on the one hand, enables students to learn and practise geography subject matters and on the other hand to develop systemic thinking skills. The basic framework of the multi-level game is the vita of a person from primary school through to adulthood. Players have to solve different tasks related to mobility and the characteristics of urban and peripheral regions to collect points and reach the next level. The game is a mixture of quizzes, identification of the player with a role and simulations. Based on teachers’ suggestions, the game was subdivided into two parts to allow the game to be played in portions of one or two teaching units. In accordance with the Citizen Science approach two phases of in-class workshops with feedback from students and teachers were conducted.
The first part starts with the player in the role of a schoolchild living in a small village. The village has a primary school and a small shop. A supermarket and a cinema are located in the district town, about ten kilometres away. The player has to answer (quiz) questions regarding topics like periphery, basic needs, accessibility, urban sprawl, etc. to reach the next level. In following levels, the player commutes to secondary school, moves to the capital to study, starts working and moves back to the countryside when founding a family. At this level, the player engages in local politics to stop the greenfield development of a shopping centre. In the final level of part one the player runs for mayor’s office. Feedback on a prototype was obtained from teachers and students of three secondary schools. A total of 91 pupils in four classes tested the prototype in classrooms. The overall feedback was very positive. On a scale from 1 = very bad to 5 = very good the average overall rating was 4.2. The majority saw the game as not too difficult, exciting and useful for learning. About two thirds wanted to play the game again.
In the second part the political career of the player continues. Decisions on municipal level have to be made. Cooperation and compromises with neighbouring municipalities, the federal state and the national government are necessary to achieve environmental and social goals. Simple simulation models are used to mimic real world effects of the player’s decisions. Simulation models were programmed using the free, web-based software InsightMaker. The player has to use the simulation models to solve tasks like meeting CO2 reduction goals while keeping the municipal budget balanced. A beta version of the second part was tested in March 2020. Due to the pandemic testing in classrooms was replaced by web-based feedback. Collected feedback shows evidence that the simulation model based part was rather difficult for the target group and not user friendly enough. This can be partly explained by the missing possibility of physical presence and briefing in classrooms. In consequence, teaching material for future classroom application was developed. Nevertheless, the overall rating was still positive and the concept was successful. The game is publicly available for free, in both English and German language: https://ive.boku.ac.at/systemcheck/welcom
Nachhaltige urbane Gewerbeflächen – ein internationaler Vergleich
Get PDFSeit Beginn der Pandemie im Frühjahr 2020 rücken innerstädtische Gewerbeflächen wieder stärker in den Fokus von Stadtplanerinnen, Stadtplanern, City-Managerinnen und City-Managern. Die Aufenthaltsfunktionen von Stadtzentren wandeln sich. Durch eingeschränkte Nutzungsmöglichkeiten und verändertes Mobilitätsverhalten werden die räumlichen Qualitäten des lokalen Einzelhandels, der großen Bürogebäude, der Gastronomie, des Entertainments und der Kultur infrage gestellt.
Urbane Gewerbeflächen sind elementarer Teil städtischer Nutzungsmischung, da sie vielfältige Nutzungen zulassen und wohnortnahe Arbeitsmöglichkeiten bieten. Bereits vor der Pandemie haben sie sich als resilient gegenüber Veränderungen der Arbeit und der Flächenansprüche durch Internationalisierung und Technologisierung erwiesen. Von daher profitiert in der derzeitigen Situation, neben dem Online-Handel, vielerorts auch die Quartiers-Ökonomie.
Aktuell werden neue Konzepte für das Management des strukturellen Wandels von Innenstädten diskutiert. Für die planerische Transformation von Gewerbe in urbanen Lagen sind bereits einige internationale Beispiele vorhanden. Daher lohnt es sich, einen Blick auf existierende Erfolgsfaktoren zu werfen und für die gegenwärtige Situation zu nutzen.
Anhand von drei Fallbeispielen aus den Niederlanden, Deutschland und Großbritannien beschreibt der Artikel unterschiedliche Steuerungsansätze zur Entwicklung und Umnutzung urbaner Industrie- und Gewerbeflächen sowie deren Effekte auf die lokale Nutzungsmischung.
Im Ergebnis wird deutlich, dass die Stadtverwaltungen in Amsterdam, Berlin und London recht unterschiedlich agieren, um Gewerbe und kleinteilige Nutzungsmischung im Stadtzentrum zu ermöglichen oder zu sichern. Neben prozessualen Formen des kooperativen Umgangs gehören hierzu auch eine flexible Organisation des planungsrechtlichen und immobilienwirtschaftlichen Flächenmanagements
Smart City Developments in Graz: Coming up against the Limits of Planning
Get PDFTo deal with a significant increase in population in the last decade, the City of Graz has decided to activate its former industrial areas and develop new city quarters under a “smart city” paradigm, focusing on resource efficiency and quality of life.
There has been a wide array of critical issues identified in smart city developments around the world, amongst them the tendency to interpret urban issues and problems as technical problems, to frame them in technical terms and to offer technical solutions (Bauriedl and Strüver, 2019; McFarlane and Söderström, 2017; Söderström et al., 2014). In this paper, we acknowledge and seek to build upon this critical literature but want to expand on it by focusing on the challenges of dealing with smartness in planning policies, instruments and frameworks. Using qualitative content analysis, the research presented in this paper looks back at 10 years of project development and accompanying research, through which the city’s planning department has tried to reduce resource consumption and develop smart neighbourhoods with a high quality of life. While a narrowing scope of research can be observed, centering on the built object and the efficiency of its heating/cooling system, it becomes increasingly clear that the full potential of smartness comes up against limits that are to be found in the regulatory and planning system; thus, hindering increased resource efficiency on a structural level.
Through our analysis of local smart city research projects, five topics emerged that are considered relevant for a successful further development and practical implementation of the smart city concept, highlighting system boundaries as a central challenge. The integrative character of the smart city necessitates a changed spatial focus within the planning system (and its existing instruments) - entailing a needed shift from traditional decision making at the scale of the block to the entire neighborhoods and even city districts and their connection to resource circles of wider regions. This upends established legal procedures and responsibilities, established planning instruments and timeframes, as well as established protocols of data management among different disciplines. These issues have shown particularly influential for the successful organizational, structural and economic implementation of more resource efficient urban quarters in Graz.
Drawing on the concrete case of Graz, this paper highlights the challenges of planning for smartness and resource efficiency and discusses possibilities for improvement
Change Communication als Instrument für erfolgreiches Anrainermanagement im Rahmen von nachhaltigen Betriebsansiedlungen am Beispiel Oberösterreich
Get PDFDurch Betriebsansiedlungen und -erweiterungen bzw. Standortentwicklung (im Folgenden kurz „Standortentwicklung“ genannt) wird eine Steigerung der Wertschöpfung am Standort bzw. die Schaffung von neuen Arbeitsplätzen erwartet. Aus diesem Grund sollen aus wirtschaftspolitischer Perspektive Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmer in die Standortentwicklung investieren.
Standortentwicklung birgt großes Konfliktpotenzial, zumal sie nicht nur Wirtschafts-, sondern auch Lebensräume betrifft. Sie bedeutet auch immer Veränderung und bedingt die Interaktion der unterschiedlichen Stakeholder. Deshalb sollten folgerichtig die Grundprinzipien des Change Managements Berücksichtigung finden: Effektives Change Management nutzt Change Communication zur geplanten, organisierten und strukturierten Kommunikation während des Standortentwicklungsprozesses.
Unter erfolgreichem Anrainermanagement wird hier das Zusammenwirken von Unternehmen, Bürgerinnen und Bürgern und lokalen bzw. regionalen Behörden rund um die Standortentwicklung verstanden. Ein wesentlicher Erfolgsfaktor ist die prozessuale Einbindung aller Stakeholder, insbesondere auch mittels strukturierter und faktenbasierter Kommunikation. Davon profitieren einerseits Unternehmen, indem sie ihr Projekt erfolgreich ohne große Reibungsverluste verwirklichen können, und andererseits Bürgerinnen und Bürgern, indem ihre Interessen besser Beachtung finden
Crowd Flow Analysis for Measuring the Impact of Urban Transformation Actions in City’s Heritage Areas
Get PDFIn the past years, cities have become more and more interested in shifting from the traditional ideology-based approach to an evidence-based process of policy and decision making. Subsequently, much attention has been given to new tools and technologies for enhancing data collection on the urban transformation practices. With the help of these new tools and technologies, big social, economic and spatial data are collected which allow a more accurate analysis of urban processes in order to create more livable, inclusive and attractive cities. This paper outlines a data-guided approach shaped by evidence for cultural-led urban regeneration in creative and knowledge cities, tested in the framework of a H2020-funded project (GA 730280), ROCK (www.rockproject.eu). Its elementary concept is based on developing an innovative, collaborative and circular systemic approach for regeneration and adaptive reuse of historic city centres, transferring the circular economy model to the transformation process of urban historic environments. In this project, transformative actions such as adaptive reuse, temporary structures and events are used to transform public spaces and buildings that have heritage value. By these actions, it is aimed to increase the quality, raise awareness of people and attract more visitors to these places. This paper focuses on how the large-crowd location-based monitoring tool (LBA sense1) is contextualised in two of the Role Model Cities involved in the project: Cluj-Napoca (Romania) and Turin (Italy) in order to understand the impact of transformative actions in heritage districts. In a highly dynamic urban environment, people’s flow remain the only constant, expressing the lively dimension of changes in the urban fabric (M. Castells, 2000). The paper is based on a systematic analysis on data collected over time in the two cities, using a set of locally-deployed WiFi sensors and providing real-time insights on activity and mobility patterns within the monitored area. It highlights the accessibility dimension to specific contextual data on crowd flows (during ordinary days and extraordinary/ exceptionally events) in different CH locations in the city, related both to traditional heritage spots, as well as to the empty and underused spaces stock, as potential new locations for creative and cultural purposes. The method used follows an origin-destination matrix approach, aimed at comparing various crowd flows during different times in the two cities in relation to specific events/ happenings impacting the usual/ conventional use of space. Throughout the comparison, the paper showcases many similarities (such as situational-driven people movement between certain locations), despite the self-evident distinction ofhotspots spatial distribution within the two cities and the different urban planning and design background and culture. Finally, the analysis proposes a set of policy measures based on informed documentation of the actual use of the urban space during ordinary and extraordinary events impacting the urban environment
The Inclusive City of Johannesburg and the Challenge of Affordable Housing
Get PDFJohannesburg, as South Africa’s largest city and the most important economic center, still suffers under the patterns of inequality of the past. Although the spatial change has been rapid since 1994 after the post-apartheid era, the spatial divisions along class lines still remain. Strategic spatial planning strategies of the last two and a half decades were targeting the reduction of spatial patterns of inequality and exclusion by fostering compact and integrated spatial development on national, regional and urban level and currently the local provision of inclusionary housing. This study, based on literature review and census data evaluation, investigates the current challenges of Johannesburg, such as growing population, existing inequalities and the affordable housing backlog. Moreover, the current affordable housing programmes and new policy requirements in Johannesburg are described and analysed. Despite the release of numerous city-wide policies, such as the Spatial Development Framework 2040 (2016) or the Inclusionary Housing Policy (2019) the research shows that the situation has not significantly improved yet, which is indicated by a lack of restrictions in the requirements, implementation deficiencies and limited policy uptake in planning practice
Planning in Self-Planned Informal Cities
Get PDFPost-colonial urban informality is subject to binary interpretations, entrenching or inverting existing practices. There is a renewed attention in urban studies literature to view cities as self-organising systems rather than as an outcome of a top-down hierarchical planning process. With case studies from Khulna city, Bangladesh, the argument presented in this paper reiterates the self-organising system theory where the built-environment is a juxtaposition and spatial negotiation of numerous (micro)informal planning organisations. Land-owner association, housing societies, private land developers, mosque committees, local ward counsellors, young environmental activists, or even individual actors are the true (micro)planners anddecision-makers who negotiate everyday spatial arrangement and service provision of post-colonial cities. Such negotiations and arrangements are not necessarily responses to planning failure, but are democratic, aligned to stakeholders’ aspirations, and testify the need to incorporate such inputs into the planning code. I then argue, that, qualitative negotiations and arrangements, as such informality,need to be incorporated as planning rule in cities of urban informality
French Connections – Examining the Residential Clustering and Dispersion of Francophones in the Toronto Area
Get PDFToronto is known as a city of neighbourhoods, many of which are defined by the cultural origins and traditions of immigrant groups. Examples of official or unofficial neighbourhood names include Chinatown, Koreatown, Little Tibet, Gerrard India Bazaar, Corso Italia, Little Portugal, Greektown, and more. Other major immigrant groups such as Scandinavian, German, and French are notably absent from the place names in Toronto and other major global cities, and we wanted to examine whether this reflects different patterns of residential clustering and dispersion. We chose to analyze the Francophone population in the Toronto metropolitan area, since French is an official language of Canada as well as being spoken by a number of different immigrant groups, which allows for comparisons of both, language and culture as a factor in settlement decisions. We found that French speakers, including those born in Toronto as well as intra-Canadian migrants, tend to live in clusters, while none of the individual Francophone immigrant groupsexamined in this research are clustered at a statistically signifcant level. Based on this finding, language rather than culture is a key factor in residential location decision-making
Smart Cities – a New Revitalisation Approach for Shrinking Cities?
Get PDFSmart City applications can be a new technological and sustainable approach to revitalize cities effected by structural economic changes and transform them into future oriented and livable places. By means of the case studies City of Bochum, Germany and the City of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA comparative planning approach presented