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Critical Analysis of Net Zero Pathways for Affordable Housing in India
Full text linkThe residential floor area in India is expected to more than double by 2040. Ninety-nine percentof this growth is in Low Income Group segment, proving that affordable housing is the future of residential development. This will lead to high energy consumption and carbon emissions. In 2023-24, the building sector accounted for 13% of the total energy consumption in India, of which 82% came from the residential sector. It is thus crucial to ensure that all new residential building stock, expected to last for the next 5 decades, is built in a climate-conscious manner to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint of the built environment. However, this can only happen if the needs of the affordable housing segment are addressed.
This paper examines the applicability of India’s two of four net zero pathways in affordable housing –energy-efficiency, sustainable materials and construction technologies. It analyses regulatory instruments, policies and schemes, and market instruments through the Availability-Affordability-Quality framework, examining if solutions are available, if solutions are affordable, and if solution favours emission reduction.
Findings show that most instruments are designed for an overall built environment, with no specific focus on low-income groups. Of the specific affordable housing policies, recommendations for achieving affordability is found to compromise with quality, particularly considering GHG emissions. Based on the findings, the paper provides three recommendations – (i) developing a unified definition of green, (ii) consolidating policy implementation through unified regulatory mechanisms, and (iii) procurement reforms to unlock potential of sustainable materials/technologies use, to ensure an affordable net zero future for India
Krisensicher und lebendig: Die Rolle resilienter öffentlicher Räume für die zukunftsfähige Stadt
Full text linkDie zunehmenden Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts stellen Städte weltweit vor komplexe Aufgaben. Klimawandel, Pandemien, sozioökonomische Umbrüche und militärische Auseinandersetzungen erfordern neue Ansätze in der Stadtentwicklung (BBSR 2018: 9). In diesem Kontext gewinnt das Konzept der urbanen Resilienz zunehmend an Bedeutung. Ursprünglich aus der Ökologie stammend, beschreibt urbane Resilienz die Fähigkeit städtischer Systeme, auf Krisen und Katastrophen zu reagieren, sich an die veränderten Rahmenbedingungen anzupassen und hinsichtlich eines besseren Schutzes der Bevölkerung zu transformieren (UN Habitat o.J.). Eine resilienzorientierte Stadtentwicklung ist entscheidend für die Zukunftsfähigkeit von Städten in einer von Unsicherheit geprägten Welt. Öffentliche Räume spielen dabei eine Schlüsselrolle, da sie als Puffer und Katalysator urbaner Resilienz fungieren. Sie bieten Potenzial für flexible Nutzungen in Krisensituationen und fördern zivilgesellschaftliche Interaktion, da sie unmittelbar vom öffentlichen Sektor administriert werden und das Potenzial für eine beschleunigte Transformation durch demokratisch legitimierte Planung aufweisen. Diese Transformation ermöglicht Experimente und eine zeitnahe Reaktion auf Herausforderungen, während gleichzeitig die Kernfunktionen des öffentlichen Raums erfüllt werden.
Öffentliche Räume prägen das Bild einer Stadt und tragen maßgeblich zu ihrer Identität bei. Sie sind Orte der Erinnerung und des kollektiven Gedächtnisses, die das Stadtbild unverwechselbar machen. Sie bieten Platz für Begegnungen und Interaktionen zwischen verschiedenen Bevölkerungsgruppen und fördern den sozialen Zusammenhalt. Zudem ermöglichen sie Freizeitaktivitäten und unterstützen die Integration unterschiedlicher sozialer Gruppen (BSBK 2020: 26). Öffentliche Grünflächen tragen zur Klimaanpassung bei, indem sie die Luftqualität und Temperatur regulieren. Sie bieten Lebensräume für Flora und Fauna und fördern die biologische Vielfalt. Öffentliche Räume beeinflussen die wirtschaftliche Attraktivität einer Stadt, indem sie durch eine gute Gestaltung nicht nur Touristen, sondern auch Unternehmen anziehen. Sie bieten Raum für Demonstrationen, Versammlungen und andere Formen der politischen Partizipation und Meinungsbildung (Berding, Selle 2018: 1643).
Öffentliche Räume befinden sich in einem dynamischen Wandel und unterliegen bezüglich ihrer Herstellung, Verfügung, Nutzung und Gestaltung einem fortwährenden Prozess. Hierbei bedingen sich räumliche Entwicklungsprozesse und gesellschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen einander und führen zu einer Vielschichtigkeit und Veränderlichkeit (Breuer 2003: 8–10). In den letzten Jahrzehnten scheinen jedoch die Ansprüche an öffentliche Räume immer komplexer und multipler zu werden. Sich verändernde Lebenskonzepte, Arbeitsformen und Konsumverhalten werden zu globalen Herausforderungen und führen zu unterschiedlichen Anforderungen an die Nutzung und Gestaltung, entsprechend zu einem hohen Transformationsdruck (Walther 2024:20).
Die Widerstands- und Anpassungsfähigkeit öffentlicher Räume wird in diesem Beitrag unter dem Aspekt unvorhersehbarer Ereignisse, wie Naturkatastrophen und militärischen Auseinandersetzungen betrachtet. Es wird dabei der Frage nachgegangen, wie resiliente öffentliche Räume flexibel gestaltet, durch sichere Infrastrukturen ausgestattet und Prinzipien urbaner Resilienz in die Entwicklung und Gestaltung resilienter öffentlicher Räume integriert werden können. Dazu werden sowohl der aktuelle Forschungsstand als auch Analysen und Voruntersuchungen des durch die Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) geförderten Projekts„Strengthening of urban resilience (SUR) in the Areas of Supply Infrastructure and Housing in the Ukraine“ eingeordnet und innovative Ansätze zur Entwicklung und Gestaltung resilienter öffentlicher Räume vorgestellt
Unpacking the Drivers of Gentrification: A Systematic Review of Selected African Countries
Full text linkGentrification is a globally urban phenomenon that has relatively been researched. However, the drivers of gentrification remain a subject of ongoing enquiry. Consequently, this literature review examines the core drivers of gentrification within Africa, offering a comprehensive synthesis of key findings across disciplines to deepen our understanding of this complex process. The investigation employs bibliometric analysis and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol to examine the literature on the drivers of gentrification in African cities. Using VOSviewer version 1.6.20 software, the study analyses trends, citations and authorship patterns to identify dominant themes and scholarly networks. Drawing from a comprehensive dataset of articles published in the Scopus database, the paper clearly highlights the drivers of gentrification scholarship in the region through an analysis of relevant keywords, co-occurrences, and co-citation patterns. Findings reveal economic, socio-cultural shift, political and institutional factors emerge as critical drivers in directing gentrification trajectories. By synthesizing fragmented insights from existing literature, this review addresses key research gaps, particularly the lack of integrated analyses bridging economic, social and political dimensions of gentrification. In addition to advancing theoretical understanding, this review offers practical insights for urban policy. It emphasizes the need for context-sensitive urban planning strategies, inclusive housing policies, and institutional mechanisms that prioritize social equity and minimize displacement risks. This review contributes to the broader discourse of urban change and inequality, providing both scholarly clarity and actionable recommendations for fostering more equitable and sustainable urban development in gentrifying cities
The Contribution of Urban Climate Models for the Adaptation to Heat Stress – Lessons Learned from three Transdisciplinary Case Studie
Full text linkClimate change poses significant multiple challenges to urban areas, affecting public health, infrastructure, and essential services through rising temperatures, increasing dry seasons, heavy rain events, and shifting precipitation patterns. In response, cities must develop climate adaptation strategies and implement adaptation measures to create climate resilient infrastructures, adopting green urban planning, and fostering community engagement. One of the most pressing concerns is the intensifying impact of extreme heat, particularly during summer months, which is aggravated by both climate change and human activities. In urban environments, where the landuse is characterized by extensive impervious artificial surfaces and heat-retaining structures like buildings and roads, extreme heat events contribute to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. In order to meet these challenges, city planners need useful tools that allow the modeling of different city development scenarios and the related effects on the environment. Against this background, the paper presents and discusses the practical use, main results and lessons learned from transdiciplinary case studies using three different urban climate models in three German cities. The “PALM-4U” model was employed to analyze heat stress in Geesthacht's city center, while the “FITNAH 3D” model by GEO-NET was applied to the entire urban area of Boizenburg/Elbe, including surrounding green and water spaces. Additionally, the "ENVI-met" model was used to simulate the effects of greening strategies on microclimates at four heat-stressed sites in Lüneburg.
Although all models have the focus on the temperature field and the thermal well-being of the citizens, the model approaches – including the needed model input – differ from model to model. These different model applications – conducted in close transdiciplinary collaboration with local key stakeholders – and the specific results, highlight the differences of model outcomes. This paper gives an overview of the main model characteristics. Furthermore, it discusses the typical information gained from such modeling approaches in the context of open questions related to the transfer of model results into administrative processes. Hence, our research can help urban planners, architects, and policymakers seeking to design and retrofit urban environments to improve thermal comfort and sustainability
Integration of Flexibilities to Energy Performance Contracting Business Models
Full text linkThe revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) aims for a fully decarbonized European building stock by 2050. (EC, 2024) Energy Performance Contracting (EnPC) offers a promising solution to enhance renovation rates, yet long payback periods remain a barrier. This paper presents a novel EnPC business model incorporating implicit and explicit flexibility services to reduce payback time and enhance profitability. The study utilizes literature reviews and stakeholder interviews from the EBENTO project to develop and validate this approach. Findings indicate that integrating flexibility services can generate additional revenue streams, optimize energy consumption, and shorten contract durations, making EnPCs more viable for residential applications
Creating Inclusive Community for the Elderly and Children: Spatio-Temporal Behaviour, Influence Mechanism and Space Optimisation
Full text linkIntergenerational childcare, meaning the grandparents helping to take care of the grandchildren, is a common phenomenon in China since we are going through aging population, as well as increasing work pressure on parents. Therefore, the elderly and children, who spend the longest time in the community and use the space and facilities the most frequently, are the group of people that should be prioritized to be satisfied and guaranteed in communities. Considering the physiological and psychological characteristics of the elderly and children, they have special needs for community space and facilities, such as higher demands for diversified service facilities within walking distance and higher demands for safety. However, the community design do not takes their needs into full consideration yet, in terms of inappropriate structural scale, mismatch between service facilities supply and demands, and lacking of engaging and playful space. Therefore, it’s urgently needed to have a better undesrstanding of the activity patterns and needs of the elderly and children, as well as the influence mechnism of community space and environment, so as to creat a more inclusive community.
In this regard, this study adopts a human-centered perspective under the guidance of Time Geography and Environmental Behavior theories, focuing on five issuses: (1) what’s the spatio-temporal activity patterns of the elderly and children; (2) what’s the influence mechanism of the community environment on such activity patterns; (3) what’s the differences of the activity patterns and influences mechnisms considering socio-economic property and community catergories; (4) cofiguration and approaches to inclusive community; (5) design and renewal suggestions to creat inclusive community for the elderly and children.
Firstly, 12 typical communities in Tianjin are selected including different house types and geographic location. Spatio-temporal activity of the elderly and children are collected through questionnaire, interview and unmanned aerial photograph, and are imported to ArcGIS for spatio-temporal distribution visualization. Different activity patterns are summarized using cluster analysis. For communities closer to city center, multi-time activities in the community for the elderly with infants, multi-destination activities for the elderly with infants and young children, and afternoon activities for the elderly with young children are typical types. For communities in the suburbs, multi-time activities in the community are more common.
Secondly, a community space index system is establised to calculate the density, scale, accessibility and coverage rate of service facilities and public space within the 15-minute community. Then, correlation and regression are used to analyze the influence of community space index on different activity patterns separately. In general, floor area ratio, road network density, green ratio, accessibility to amenities and education facilities,distance to subway station make a significant impact on the outdoor activity duration, distance and destination of the elderly and children.
Thirdly, heterogeneous mechnisms of space index on different activity patterns are identified. (1) To communities with high floor area ratio, road network density and green ratio, whatever they are located near the city center or in the suburb, the elderly and children spends more time outdoor, and most of their activities are within the community. (2) To communities with high accessibility to education facilities, their activiy reach increases. To communities near the city center with diversified service facilities, the destination of the elderly and children are more varied and the walking distance is longer compared to communities located in the suburb.
Finally, with the aim to promote more diverse and convenient outdoor activities for the elderly and children, three spatial planning and renewal strategies are proposed. (1) The first path is driven by the densification of service facilities within walking distance, which is suitable for newly built communities in suburbs. (2) The second path is driven by the improvement of landscape design of the community's public space, as well as the optimization of the community's space structure and walking routes, which is suitable for older communities. (3) The third path is driven by increasing the accessibilities of education and recreation facilities within 15-minute community, which is suitable for communities especially in suburbs
Von Funktionalität zu Integration: Energiespeicher im urbanen Raum neu gedacht
Full text linkDie Energiewende erfordert neben dem Ausbau erneuerbarer Energieerzeugungsanlagen auch eine deutliche Erweiterung der Energiespeicherkapazitäten, um die Volatilität von Wind- und Solarenergie auszugleichen. Trotz der wichtigen Rolle von Energiespeichern im Energiesystem bleibt deren räumliche Integration bislang weitgehend unbeachtet. Der Beitrag untersucht die Raumwirksamkeit dieser neuen technischen Infrastrukturen und zeigt theoretische sowie praktische Ansätze zur besseren Integration von Energiespeichern in den baulichen und landschaftlichen Kontext auf.
Als eines vonverschiedenenWerkzeugen, wie z.B. frühzeitige Bürgerbeteiligungen oder die Schaffung finanzieller Anreize, stellt die städtebauliche Integration der Speicheranlagen ein potenzielles Werkzeug zur Erhöhung gesellschaftlicher Akzeptanz dar. Dadurch könnten Widerstände in der Bevölkerung und damit verbundene Verzögerungen im Ausbau reduziertwerden. Der Beitragstelltfünf theoretische Ansätze zur Integration vor: von einer rein Monofunktionalität bis hin zu Ansätzen, die Design, Information, Multifunktionalität und lokale Identität miteinander verbinden. Im Rahmen des vom BMWK geförderten Projekts NEKOM wurden erste Entwürfe für Klein- und Mittelstädte im Rheinischen Revier entwickelt, die auf den lokalen Gegebenheiten und Bedürfnissen basieren.
Die dargestellten Entwürfe zeigen, wie Speicheranlagen zukünftig als städtebaulicher Mehrwertverstanden werden können. Ziel ist es, technische und gesellschaftliche Anforderungen zu vereinen, um übertragbare Konzepte für die zukünftige Praxis zu schaffen. Ein Leitfaden für kommunale Akteure soll dabei helfen, die Akzeptanz durch innovative Integrationsstrategien zu fördern und den Speicherausbau voranzutreiben
Digitaler Zwilling x Denkmalschutz – ein neuer Ansatz zur Vorbereitung eines Solarrahmenplans für eine denkmalgeschützte Altstadt
Full text linkDurch die Änderung des Bayerischen Denkmalschutzgesetzes ist es in der Denkmalpflege nun möglich, Denkmäler zu schützen und erneuerbare Energien zu fördern. Der Art. 6 (2) BayDSchG (Bayerisches Denkmalschutzgesetz BayDSchG 2023) erlaubt es Eigentümern von Baudenkmälern, erneuerbare Energien zu nutzen, sofern keine überwiegenden Gründe des Denkmalschutzes entgegenstehen. Das Bayerische Landesamt für Denkmalpflege betont dabei die Bedeutung einer denkmalverträglichen Energieversorgung, die Denkmalschutz und Klimaschutz vereint.
Ein Solarrahmenplan ist ein Planungsinstrument für Kommunen mit historischer Bausubstanz, das Potenziale und Anforderungen für erneuerbare Energien definiert. Grundlage ist eine Analyse von Einsehbarkeit, historischen Raumqualitäten und Gestaltungskriterien. Ziel ist es, Transparenz zu schaffen und die Entscheidungsfindung zu unterstützen.
Der Beitrag stellt die Erarbeitung eines Solarrahmenplans für die Altstadt Landsberg am Lechs vor. Der Digitale Zwilling des mFUND-Projekts „TwinCity3D“ wird genutzt, um Sichtachsen zu analysieren und sensible Bereiche zu identifizieren. Die Studie liefert methodische Ansätze, zentrale Erkenntnisse und einen Ausblick auf die Umsetzung
Analysing Population Displacement and Financial Precarity Induced by Gentrification based on Social Mix Perspective
Full text linkThis study investigates the spatial dynamics of gentrification and upward filtering in Taipei City, a metropolis characterized by Taiwan's highest population density and acute housing affordability challenges. Examining the interplay between financial precarity and population displacement, this research analyzes distinct patterns of neighborhood change within this dense urban context. Comparative analysis reveals that areas experiencing upward filtering, marked by increased real estate transaction volumes, exhibit a stronger correlation between market activity and rent prices, highlighting the direct impact of real estate dynamics on affordability. Conversely, the observed decline in high-income and highly educated residents in other areas suggests potential displacement pressures. Despite these shifts, the absence of strong spatial autocorrelation between real estate transactions and rent prices indicates the significant influence of localized factors, such as zoning policies, on rent price dynamics. Bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis further underscores the interconnectedness of demographic changes, particularly the clustering of high-income and highly educated populations in upward-filtering areas. These findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of gentrification and upward filtering within Taipei’s unique urban landscape, providing insights for policies aimed at mitigating financial precarity and fostering equitable urban development
Towards Multimodal Mobility Hubs in Austria: Typology, Standards and Cooperation
Full text linkIn this paper, we propose a typology of Multimodal Mobility Hubs (MMH) for Austria, set equipment standards for each of the six types and check their current provision in an explorative quantitative analysis (5 examples for each type). Finally, we argue that cooperation between a big variety of actors is needed to live up to the potential of MMH