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Gesundheitsförderung in der Regionalentwicklung zur Schaffung gesunder Lebensverhältnisse
Get PDFDem Lebens-, Wohn- und Arbeitsumfeld, der bebauten und unbebauten Umwelt und den Verhältnissen, in
denen Menschen leben, wird seit jeher ein großer Einfluss auf Gesundheit, Wohlbefinden und Lebensqualität
zugeschrieben. Das Thema „Gesundheit“ rückt dabei nicht zuletzt aufgrund der im Jahr 2019 durch die
Infektionskrankheit COVID-19 ausgelösten weltweiten Pandemie und deren noch nicht absehbaren
(Langzeit-) Folgen in den Fokus gesellschaftlicher und wissenschaftlicher Diskussionen. Gesundheit wird
dabei im Sinne der Daseinsvorsorge zunehmend als Aufgabe der Raumplanung verstanden.1
Räumliche Planung und Öffentliche Gesundheit stehen durch den, in der Antike erstmals aufkommenden
und als Reaktion auf die Zeit der Industrialisierung professionalisierten, Gesundheitsschutz in einem engen
Verhältnis. Die Untersuchung von Modellen der Einflussfaktoren der Gesundheit lassen weiterhin eine
Identifikation von räumlichen Determinanten der Gesundheit mit Einflussmöglichkeit der räumlichen
Planung zu. Das daraufhin entstandene Konzept der Gesundheitsförderung bricht das rein biomedizinische
Grundverständnis der Gesundheit auf und öffnet es für eine Vielzahl an Einflussfaktoren als zentrale
Gesundheitsdeterminanten in Verbindung mit Lebensweisen und Lebensumwelten der Menschen. Im Fokus
der Gesundheitsförderung steht demnach der Prozess, allen Menschen ein höheres Maß an Selbstbestimmung
über ihre Gesundheit zu ermöglichen und somit eine präventive Stärkung der Gesundheit im Sinne
unterstützender Strukturen für das menschliche Wohlbefinden zu erreichen. Gesundheit ist dabei mehr als
Gesundheitsversorgung und die langfristige Sicherung medizinischer Versorgungsstrukturen. Gesundheit im
Sinne der räumlichen Planung zielt auf die Schaffung gesunder Lebensverhältnisse, speziell in den
Fokusthemen der Regionalplanung: Siedlungsstruktur, Freiraumstruktur und Infrastruktur.2
Durch globale Trends, Wandel- und Transformationsprozesse in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten verändern
sich Raumstrukturen sowie die bebaute und unbebaute Umwelt. Deren negative Beeinflussung als
„räumliche Determinanten” der Gesundheit erfährt dabei eine zunehmende Erhöhung, das heißt, die
negativen Auswirkungen der Umwelt auf die Gesundheit des Menschen steigen an. Eine Analyse bisheriger
Anknüpfungspunkte der Gesundheitsförderung in Regionalplanung und -entwicklung in den fünf
Planungsregionen in Rheinland-Pfalz zeigt, dass das Thema Gesundheitsförderung als solches weder in
formellen noch in informellen Plänen und Konzepten genannt wird.
Dieser Beitrag thematisiert mit dem entwickelten „Leitfaden Gesunde Region” einen Lösungsansatz zur
Steuerung der räumlichen Determinanten der Gesundheit auf regionaler Ebene, um negative Auswirkungen
auf die Gesundheit zu minimieren. Die Etablierung von Aspekten der Gesundheitsförderung in formeller
Regionalplanung und informeller Regionalentwicklung kann zur Schaffung gesundheitsförderlicher, das
heißt, sich positiv auf die Gesundheit der Menschen auswirkender, Raumstrukturen beitragen. Eine gesunde
Region ermöglicht nach dem salutogenetischen Gesundheitsverständnis folglich eine höhere Gesundheit der
in der Region lebenden Einwohnerinnen und Einwohner. Der Erhalt menschlicher Gesundheit ist ein Thema
von höchster Relevanz, zu dem die Regionalentwicklung durch fokussierte Gesundheitsförderung einen
wichtigen Beitrag leisten kann
Collection of Revealed Preference Mobility data of City Tourists – a Two-part Survey Design
Get PDFBefore the global Covid-19 pandemic, city tourism had been experiencing remarkable growth. Between 2014
and 2019, the market share grew from 22 % to 30 % (IPK International, 2020, 2015). With increasing
numbers of visitors and the fact that tourists often concentrate around certain areas of interest, cities are
experiencing growing problems (Gao et al., 2021). Furthermore, tourism has a considerable impact on
greenhouse gas emissions, especially due to the arrival and departure of tourists, but also as a result of intradestination trips by car (Gühnemann et al., 2021). Thus far, tourism transport has rarely been considered in
urban transportation planning. For example, cost-benefit analyses for infrastructure that affects visitors, like
a tramway line to a major touristic hotspot, do not consider the travel demand of tourists because the required
data and instruments are mostly lacking.
With this submission, we present the method and results of a two-part survey that we conducted in 2020 and
2021 to collect data on the travel behaviour of tourists in Kassel, Germany. The first part of the survey was
held as a Computer-Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) on weekends at several touristic hotspots in Kassel.
Visitors were asked about sociodemographic information, their main reason for visiting Kassel, their modes
of transport for the journey, the duration of their stay, as well as planned and visited tourist attractions in
Kassel. Overnight visitors were furthermore asked about their place of accommodation. For the second part
of the survey, we chose two behaviourally homogeneous groups: overnight guests who arrived by car and
day trippers who also arrived by car. It has been shown that the means of transport for arrival have a major
impact on the modal choice of intra-destination trips (Bieland et al., 2017). The respondents were contacted
again by phone one or two days after the first interview. The second part of the survey is based on the
prevalent travel-diary approach and was held as a Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI). We
altered the survey design of travel diaries to collect data on activities rather than trips because these are
easier for visitors to reproduce. We surveyed all activities a visitor undertook on the day he or she was
interviewed by us for the first time. For each activity, information was gathered about the start and end time,
the type of activity, the location, and the means of transport.
In total, we were able to interview 2,050 visitors during the first part and 397 visitors with 1,186 intradestination activities during the second part. The travel behaviour varied heavily between day and overnight
visitors. When only counting visitors who made on-site trips (excluding undirected travel), day visitors made
1.6 trips on average, whereas overnight visitors made 3.2 trips per person per day. The modal split shows
distinct differences between day and overnight visitors too. Daily visitors have a much higher share of car
usage whereas far fewer trips were made by walking
Surveillance and Control: the Regulation of Everyday Behaviour under Covid-19 in South African Cities
Get PDFOn 5 March 2020 the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) reported the first case of
COVID-19 in South Africa. Since then, COVID-19 has caused unprecedented shifts in every sector of urban
and social life and has reminded us of the critical role cities play in global health governance whilst also
revealing their vulnerabilities when hit by an unknown virus. Cities have proved to be particularly vulnerable
to the virus given their high population rates as well as socio-economic activity. As many parts of the globe
continue to grapple with the COVID-19 crisis, researchers from various disciplines are constantly working to
shed more light on the pandemic. Although a large share of this research is focused in the medical field, the
dynamics of the pandemic and its impacts on cities has started to receive significant attention. In this paper,
we reflect on how the state used various technologies of power to regulate and control everyday urban
practices during COVID-19. In its endeavor to control the virus, the state was compelled to arguably
radically infringe on people’s everyday activities; from the food they could purchase and consume, to spaces
where they could congregate, right through to the manner and fashion at which they could worship, and even
bury their loved ones. While this was warranted given the urgent need to curb the virus, we argue that these
actions have the potential of transforming the manner by which cities are governed. This is particularly so in
highly unequal cities where the chasm between the wealthy and the poor has been made gravely stark by the
pandemic. Cities might have to find that they have to expand their social security nets further, given the near
collapse of the informal economy and the subsequent growth in poverty and unemployment
Pathways to Sustainable Public Transport: Analysing Modal Choice in Johannesburg
Get PDFThe incessant high rate of urbanisation in cities of the developing world continues to threaten mobility and
access resulting in cities grappling to achieve sustainability. At the centre of this quagmire are concerns
about the efficient functioning of public transport systems, particularly in African cities. Ostensibly, the
quality of public transport services is deteriorating, more so in South African cities, resulting in constrained
accessibility particularly for the urban poor and increased motor vehicle usage by the middle and high class
households. This paper is based on a case study research design and a quantitative research approach to
examine modal choice in public transport. Questionnaires were administered among the private vehicle
owners and the public transport users to determine the factors affecting modal choice in the city. Preliminary
findings reveal that the majority of commuters use public transport within the precinct but still quite a large
number of people resort to private vehicle. The results highlight concerns within safety, convenience and
stations that are highly polluted. Consequently, the challenges associated with conventional public transport,
force those without their own vehicles to use paratransit modes of public transport which are often
unregulated, major contributors of traffic congestion, reckless driving and hotspots for criminal activities. It
is apparent that for people using public transport once they start affording to buy own vehicle, they would
make a shift and this will increase environment consequences making our fight for sustainability far from
over. The study concludes that public transport in a developing world needs to be understood from a holistic
perspective to identify the leverage points which are critical points of intervention that may assist in planning
for sustainable public transport
Participatory Approaches in the Adaptive Reuse of two Dutch Private-Led Cultural Heritage Projects
Get PDFThere is increasing debate concerning citizen participation in the reuse and transformation of heritage sites.
However, the question of why and how participatory approaches are explored in private-led heritage adaptive
reuse receives limited attention. The paper shows why the communities should play an essential role in the
adaptive reuse of heritage sites in the two Dutch cases. The article is theoretically based on debates on social
sustainability and community participation in the adaptive reuse of heritage sites. The qualitative
investigation consisted of interviews with different actors. The study shows that the adaptive reuse ambitions
of the two Dutch heritage sites face difficulty in receiving the support of the local communities. The findings
show interest, expectations, and needs gaps between the private heritage and local communities. The
investigation indicates that the participation of the local community is lacking, and the mutual understanding
between the two is problematic, which has led to the stagnation of the adaptive reuse process of the heritage
sites. The paper suggests that the multi-stakeholder processes can identify the key stakeholders and address
how to activate key stakeholders to collaborate with available means on shared goals and interests
Navigating the City: Women’s Perspective of Urban Mobility in the City of Johannesburg
Get PDFInfrastructure is a vital basis for supporting sustainable and inclusive socioeconomic growth in cities since it
substantially affects access to education, employment, and other services. On the contrary, cities are
designed without a consideration of all members of the society. Scholars note that a lack of mobility in cities
can lead to geographical segregation, exacerbating inequalities by limiting access to opportunities for women
and other marginalised groups in urban areas. Building infrastructure in cities that is gender-blind can lead to
the social and economic exclusion of a large section of the population. There is a gap in literature on how
gender roles influence the feeling of safety, inclusion and accessibility in cities. Recent research has
highlighted the need to explore how specific urban contexts influence the feeling of safety, inclusion and
accessibility of different genders in cities. This paper aims to explore Women’s experiences of urban
mobility in the city of Johannesburg. It followed a case study design to extract meaning from the experiences
of women in the city of Johannesburg and adopted a qualitative method approach to the perception of safety
and how it influenced mobility of women. Data was collected through a series of in-depth interviews with
women who navigate the city daily mainly by foot or public transport and it was analysed using thematic
analysis. Policies on safety and inclusive spaces within Johannesburg were also reviewed. The results show
that the movement of women and the marginalised groups is limited to certain spaces in the city due to safety
concerns. The paper also discusses the gendered nature of the city and how it impacts the mobility of
women. Overall, it recommends putting in place policies that promotes safety and inclusiveness for all urban
residents. Urban planning practices should create welcoming spaces that create positive perceptions about
the cities
Pathways to Drive (Social, Economic and Physical) Transformation of Informal Settlements into Sustainable Urban Neighbourhoods: a Case of Johannesburg
Get PDFGlobally, several studies have been commissied on informal settlements, particularly in cities such as
Barcelona, Johannesburg, Cairo and Lagos. Much of the literature on urban informality from several
disciplines maintain that informality occurs as a result of globalisation and population exclusions that occur
due to development and urbanisation. Besides the prevalence of this phenomeon, there still lacks scholarly
work that fully tackles the epistemology behind informal “otherness” of the urban form. Apparent gaps are
notable in informal economies and communities which are detached from formal communities and thus,
function to a greater or lesser extent without the intervention of formal economies. This paper focuses on
investigating pathways to transforming informal settlements into sustainable urban neighbourhoods. The
research adopted a case study research design wherein Johannesburg was used to investigate the
socioeconomic political dimensions of informal settlements. This draws from various narratives that were
employed to articulate the rationale behind informal settlement developments along with a contemporary
understanding of the concept. This will further be contextualised under the spatial theme with reference to
the urban form of the informal regions Therefore, the paper adopted a mixed method approach making
reference to both a quantitative and qualitative research approach by means of a case study research design
wherein various spatial planning tools are reviewed pertinent to the research objectives and offered a
narrative perspective to the research aim and questions. We further conducted multiple interviews with
various officials of the Johannesburg Department of Housing as a primary data collection method and a
thematic analysis was respectively employed as tool of analysing the data The findings indicate that
Johannesburg functions as a partial satellite city with sub-cities connecting to it and informal settlements in
these areas have developed in a similar pattern. They form behind commercial spaces for the convenience of
accessibility. A common trend across these settlements is their informal design typology and the lack of
formal masterplans in conjunction to the city’s spatial development initiatives. Proximity to existing
economic nodes such as Midrand, Kempton Park, and Sandton, provides a vantage point to both informal,
transitioning, and formal urban forms. Across Kaalfontein, the informal urban form comprises natural and
formalised street layouts. The erven are densely divided and are often influenced by the spatial landscape and
density of the population. These findings indicate that there exists a need to critically and intrinsically query
the expectations and rationale that lies behind local government strategies and policies that purport to be
directed towards the sustainable upgrading of informal settlements and slums. Set against a background of
entrenched socio-cultural protocols, limiting institutional processes, and economic disparity as noted in other
strategic documents of the city, there exists a difficulty in integrating informal settlements into sustainable
urban forms. In an era of joint ventures and ascendancy of neo-liberal market policy, informal settlements
are increasingly at risk of being subject to the “full force” of formal state law to enable the redevelopment
process to proceed. Consequently, The paper concludes by generating new perspectivess on sustainable
urban forms under the context of informal settlements and provides clarity on how the city can employ the
proposed indicator matrix toolkit to gauge informal settlements urban form sustainability performance. Key
to the application of this matrix tool is geographic information systems software and spatial processing tools
that can effectively deduce the relationship performance of various elements in facilitating the desired
growth
Wayfinding based Usability of Complex Buildings
Get PDFUsability is a key concept in evaluating the performance of buildings as it puts user experience at the core of
its criteria. This measuring tool is crucial in complicated buildings, especially those based on complex
circulation systems, where users may be lost. However, modern techniques have proved efficient in
performing evaluation for buildings’ related aspects whether before the building is constructed or later in the
operation stage.
This paper investigates the potential for using way-finding as an indicator of the quality of user experience in
hospitals. It correlates -on one end-, way-finding’ understandings, and the usability key aspects;
effectiveness, efficiency, satisfaction, learn-ability, and security on the other end. It abstracts these
correlations to draw a theoretical model that could be used as a framework for further investigations. To
validate its theoretical findings, this paper uses a questionnaire to collect information concerning the users’
satisfaction with way-finding in hospitals in Alexandria, Egypt. The results show the importance of wayfinding as a cornerstone in evaluating user experience in complex buildings and shaping their usability
profile accordingly
Designing Inclusive Cities from the Elderly Perspective
Get PDFSocieties are aging rapidly worldwide which affects global, national and local economic structures. Such
demographic change is attributed to increasing longevity and decreasing fertility, arguably due to higher
living standards. International migration has also contributed to changing population age structures.
According to the World Health Organisation the percentage of the population over the age of 60 will increase
by 34% between 2020 and 2030, already exceeds that of children under five and will surpass young people
between 15-24 by 2050.
These trends led the UN and other international organisations to seek answers. UN World Assemblies on
Ageing produced Plans of Action and principles for older persons, recognising their specific needs, most
specifically exclusion, but also isolation, paternalism and neglect. Among others, WSIS focused on ICTs and
older persons, DESA addressed elder abuse and UNIDOP adopted an age-inclusive agenda. UNDP stated
that the UN Sustainable Development Gaols have to recognise older persons as active agents of societal
development, not just vulnerable people, to achieve truly transformative, inclusive and sustainable
development outcomes. WHO produced an international perspective of age-friendly cities and communities,
set up an environment-friendly environments mentoring programme and a global database of age friendly
practices. Many other international and intergovernmental organisations undertook initiatives for ageing
societies with remarkable cooperation between them across their specialised fields.
This paper focuses on digitalisation, intergenerational relations, and of course planning and design solutions
for age-friendly cities, considering them of particular interest to professionals of the built environment.
When examining scope for action it relates these issues to the four aspects related to the Leipzig Charter
(discussed by the authors in their CORP 2021 contributions) – social: unwanted loneliness and technological
neglect; economic: minimum pensions to cover the cost of living and in particular of ICT access;
environmental: inadequacy of urban spaces and mobility provision; political: neglect of priorities for elder
persons as opposed to ‘urgent’ ones; and enactment of labour legislation which tends to exacerbate age
discrimination.
A key issue emerging from this situation are the intergenerational effects of the treatment of old age. The
paper explores what measures could be adopted in an ageing society to achieve a more equitable balance
between the generations. This includes the response of young people to the comparative disadvantage of
maintaining the current state of affairs for the elderly and whether they would support redress which may
affect their relative advantages.
The second part of the paper will explore how the decade of action in which international policies have
focused on the elderly has translated into their everyday life and critically comment on selected results. it
will attempt to identify how these actions distinguish themselves from other initiatives to provide for special
needs, in response to research on ageing, such as that undertaken by ARUP, and whether the recommended
interventions have managed to improve specifically the quality of life of the elderly. It will also refer to
undertakings both in Spain and the UK. The paper will conclude by identifying more age-friendly urban
developments and how planning and urban design practices could facilitate them
Low-Cost-Workflow zum Laserscanning mit Smartphone und Tablet zur Effizienzsteigerung im Garten- und Landschaftsbau
Get PDFUnter LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) Scanning wird eine Scanningmethode verstanden, welche auf
Messung der Zeit zwischen Absenden und Auffangen des reflektierten Laserstrahls basiert (Petschek 2019).
Die Technologie wird inzwischen in vielen Bereichen eingesetzt und ist unter anderem in einigen der
neuesten Smartphones und Tablets seit 2020 verbaut. Aufgrund des niedrigen Investitionsaufwandes steht
die Technologie der breiten Bevölkerung zur Verfügung und kann so auch von kleineren Firmen eingesetzt
werden. Gerade für den Garten- und Landschaftsbau besitzt diese Technologie großes Potential, da die
erreichbare Genauigkeit der Scans für die Planung im Garten- und Landschaftsbau ausreicht wie dieser
Beitrag zeigt. Für kleinere Objektplanungen, z.B. ein Haus mit Garten wie hier im Beispiel, können die
erforderlichen Flächen ausreichend mit den in mobilen Geräten verbauten low cost LIDAR-Scannern erfasst
werden. Zudem sind die mobilen Endgeräte einfach zu bedienen.
Die Ergebnisse des Scans können deshalb zur Dokumentation, als Planungsgrundlage für die herkömmliche
2D-Planung sowie für die 3D- Planung verwendet werden und bieten dadurch einen großen Mehrwert