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The Influence of Social Infrastructure Accessibility on Liveability in Urban Neighbourhoods
Get PDFThe liveability in urban neighborhoods partially depends on the living conditions in the residential environment (Die Bundesregierung 2016: 3). These include the supply of goods and services as well as their quality and accessibility. The infrastructures that influence the liveability in urban neighborhoods vary depending on the age, social status and life stage of the residents. These include educational, administrative, health, cultural and recreational facilities. Reasonable accessibility may also be perceived very differently by young adults without children, families, baby boomers or the elderly. According to Prof. Carlos Moreno’s model of the “15-minute city”, each trip should have a maximum walking or biking distance of 15 minutes (Moreno 2021). However, the model of the 15-minute city does not specify speeds, i.e. what distance is achievable within the travel time. This can differ depending on the target group.
The focus of this paper is on the spatial analysis of factors that determine the quality of life of baby boomers (birth cohorts 1955-1969) in urban neighborhoods in terms of infrastructure provision. It is likely that some existing infrastructural facilities will necessarily have to be maintained at the location, e.g. some educational institutions or large recreational, cultural and sport facilities. Others, however, could function in the future via delivery systems. Particulary in view of digital developments, some systems and offerings are outdated in their current form or need to be restructured and adapted. The question also arises as to what need there is for new infrastructure offerings.
In this context, this subproject of the research project “Ageing Smart – Intelligent development of spaces”, which is funded by the Carl Zeiss Foundation, examines the following research question using the city Jena as an example: Which infrastructures condition a high liveability in urban neighborhoods and how must they be accessible? The results of the accessibility analysis can be overlaid with the population data of the city of Jena on the basis of selected infrastructures. In the next step, it is examined how many of these infrastructures can be reached by baby boomers within a reasonable distance in 15 minutes by foot and by bike. Based on this analysis, it will be discussed where infrastructures need to be supplemented or digitally substituted in order to promote a high quality of life for Jenas population – especially for baby boomers – or where accessibility on foot and by bike needs to be increased
Die dunkle Nacht erhebt sich – Sternenparks als informelles und kommunales Steuerungselement für Natur- und Freiraumschutz
Get PDFDie anthropogene Aufhellung des Nachthimmels durch künstliche Beleuchtung hat in den letzten Jahren
stetig zugenommen. Straßenlaternen, Flutlichtanlagen, Skybeamer und Bodenstrahler erhellen mehr oder
weniger große Flächen, die eigentlich nicht beleuchtet werden sollten. Dieses Phänomen wird als
Lichtverschmutzung oder Lichtsmog bezeichnet. Überall verdrängt anthropogenes Licht die natürliche
Dunkelheit, nicht ohne Folgen für die menschliche Gesundheit. Aber auch aus ökonomischer Sicht sind die
Folgen der Lichtverschmutzung für Städte und Gemeinden eine nicht zu vernachlässigende Aufgabe.
Es ist festzustellen, dass ein ineffizient gesteuerter Einsatz von künstlichem Licht, gleich welcher Art,
eine enorme Energieverschwendung darstellt. Für das langfristige Erreichen der gesteckten
Klimaschutzziele, wie z. B. die Einsparung von CO2-Emissionen, ist der unkontrollierte und ungesteuerte
Einsatz von anthropogenem Licht kontraproduktiv. Die daraus resultierenden volkswirtschaftlichen
Auswirkungen auf den Energieverbrauch unserer Städte und Gemeinden sind nicht zu vernachlässigen.
Inzwischen hat das Phänomen der Lichtverschmutzung den Charakter einer „schädlichen
Umwelteinwirkung“ im Sinne des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes. Damit existiert ein konkretes System
zur Bewertung der Auswirkungen von Lichtimmissionen auf den Menschen und die natürlichen
Lebensgrundlagen.
Nutzungspotentiale von Licht können sich aus anthropogenen Lichtquellen ergeben, wenn diese z. B.
touristisch vermarktet werden, architektonische Stimmungslagen hervorheben oder das individuelle
Sicherheitsempfinden durch beleuchtete öffentliche Plätze und Straßen erhöht wird. Im kommunalen Bereich
ergeben sich daraus Zusammenhänge, die für die Themen „Lichtverschmutzung“ und „Sternenparks“ von
Bedeutung sein können. Öffentliche Beleuchtung emittiert Licht. Hier ist zu klären, wo es ankommt und
welche Bedeutung dies für den jeweiligen Raum hat. Daraus ergeben sich finanzielle Aspekte, die eng mit
dem Thema „Lichtverschmutzung“ verbunden sind. Ineffiziente Lichtquellen einfach abzuschalten ist jedoch
keine Option. Gefragt sind informelle Lösungen und ein innovatives Management des anthropogenen
Lichtbedarfs, wie es beispielsweise durch die Einrichtung von „Sternenparks“ bereits praktiziert wird. Durch
den aktiven Schutz natürlicher Nachtlandschaften ergeben sich positive Nebeneffekte, da nicht nur Energie,
sondern auch monetäre Mittel eingespart werden.
Bei dem Versuch einer theoretischen Einordnung von „Sternenparks“ als informelles und kommunales
Steuerungselement für den Natur- und Freiraumschutz lässt sich die aktuelle klimapolitische und
umweltpolitische Diskussion als übergeordnete Struktur sehr gut heranziehen. Der Lichtverschmutzung wird
in diesem komplexen Wirkungsgefüge auf den ersten Blick keine entscheidende Rolle zugeschrieben. Es
lassen sich jedoch sozioökonomische und sozioökologische Zusammenhänge herstellen, deren Bedeutung für
die angesprochenen Teilbereiche erstaunlich ist. Die „Sternenparks“ können als ein Element betrachtet
werden, das diese negativen Entwicklungen zwar nicht vollständig umkehrt, aber einen wichtigen Beitrag
zum Natur- und Freiraumschutz leistet, indem sie sich für den Schutz der natürlichen Nachtlandschaften
einsetzen.
Das Projekt soll einen Beitrag zur informellen Regionalentwicklung leisten und innovative Impulse für eine
breite Vernetzung und einen Informationsaustausch der Akteure geben. Das Format des „Sternenparks“ als
informelles Steuerungselement für den Natur- und Freiraumschutz wird herausgearbeitet und als Grundlage
für ein nachhaltiges Konzept einer ökonomisch und ökologisch orientierten Lichtkultur genutzt. Ebenso soll
durch eine gezielte Analyse untersucht werden, wie einzelne Regionen dieses informelle Instrument für
Natur- und Freiraumschutzmaßnahmen nutzen, um z. B. die öffentliche Straßenbeleuchtung ökologisch und
vor allem ökonomisch umzurüsten
Evaluation of High-Resolution Simulation of the Urban Heat Island in Vienna, Austria
Get PDFThe recently developed microscale model for urban applications PALM-4U was used to simulate the thermal
variability in Vienna on different spatial scales and to evaluate its ability to capture thermal characteristics in
real urban environment.
The model simulations cover the entire city of Vienna with a spatial resolution of 20 m. The static data
related to geographical information and urban infrastructure are based on GIS data provided by the city
administration of Vienna, available as spatial multi-purpose maps (Flächen-Mehrzweckkarte - FMZK), street
tree cadastre, Digital Elevation Model and Digital Surface Model, which were combined with the national
land cover data (Land Information System Austria - LISA) to account for the unresolved vegetation and
Open Street Map to include building properties in the surrounding region (Lower Austria) of the model
domain. The simulations were performed for a selected clear-sky hot day in August 2022.
The results for hourly air temperature were evaluated with conventional weather stations of the national
weather service and the city of Vienna and with quality-controlled data from citizen weather stations from
the company NETATMO. The results show high intra-urban variability during daytime, but distinct spatial
patterns at night with higher air temperatures in urban regions. In addition, spatial patterns of surface
temperature were compared to remote sensing data from ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer
Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) and with the modelling results from previous studies, but with
coarser grid spacing (e.g. urban climate model MUKLIMO_3 with 100 m spatial resolution).
The results indicate that the microscale model PALM-4U shows general agreement with observations and is
able to simulate atmospheric processes in urban regions. However, during the night a strong temperature
inversion is present in the model, which can be related to the choice of model configuration and requires
further investigations. The spatial patterns in urban-rural temperature gradient are similar as found in coarser
scale model simulations and remote-sensing data, but show higher variation in surface temperature
amplitude
Challenges for Implementing Blue-Green Measures in the Transformation of Peri-Urban Streets
Get PDFThe PeriSponge project is a three-year research project with an implemented prototype in Feldbach, a small town in the south of Austria. PeriSponge aims to improve potential hydrological retention areas and flood capacities along transport areas through well-designed, multifunctional and multicoded open spaces, while providing water management and quality of life solutions to improve climatic, ecological and social functions for quality sustainable peri-urban areas. The analytically applied research is being evaluated and will be made transferable to other cities. At this point, the project is at the end of the first project year
Microclimate-Related Human Comfort as Aspect in Urban Planning: Indication of NBS Interventions to Increase Quality of Cycling Networks
Get PDFClimate change and environmental challenges affecting cities encourage them to reduce negative impacts of environmental challenges on human comfort and respond with sustainable spatial solutions such as Nature-based solutions (NBS). While spatial analyses are often limited in analysing dynamics between space–environmental characteristics and human comfort, there is a challenge to exploit new technologies (ICT) as the potential for the development of more inclusive analyses and monitoring. This paper reflects on one particular portable device for a simultaneous dynamic microclimatic data gathering, and by a protocol for microclimate street assessment evaluates microclimate-related comfort of cycling lanes in Ljubljana, Slovenia. By identifying correlations between spatial elements and microclimate conditions in different spatial settings, the study defines cycling lane sections of various levels of comfortability. The results suggest that ICT innovations for in-situ measurements can help urban analytics to gather and urban planners to interpret detailed microclimate-related information and can help to assess places according to microclimate issues such as high temperature, poor air quality, incrised humidity, but also disturbing noise levels. Collected data are interpreted within human comfort zones and can be linked with rates/levels of comfort. Thus, the paper contributes to urban planning by the provision of fine-grain localised data, with precise data spatial and temporal resolution. As the gathered data is geopositioned, it can be presented on a map enabling a linkage of environmental conditions within a spatial context
Impact of Educational Building Design on Users’ Psychological and Physical Well-Being – Case Study High School in Egypt
Get PDFThe design of educational buildings can significantly impact the well-being of their users, both psychologically and physically. Hence, psychological and physical factors are key concepts in evaluating educational buildings' performance as they affect the occupants' well-being, comfort, productivity, and satisfaction. These factors are interrelated and influence each other in complex ways. Therefore, it is essential to design and maintain educational buildings that balance both psychological and physical factors to create optimal learning environments for students and teachers.
This paper aims to execute an analytical study of the relationship between the design of educational buildings and users' physical and psychological well-being. It focuses on the case of schools designed by the General Authority for Educational Buildings in Egypt, which are often characterized by typicality and lack of diversity. It examines the quality of educational institution design, which includes aspects such as Functional, behavioral, and aesthetic. It also highlights the importance of creating educational environments that are conducive to learning, health, and comfort for students and teachers.
Educational building design is a multidisciplinary and complex topic that requires a holistic and user-centered approach to optimize the users' well-being and performance. The methodology adopted for this study includes an analytical study of the relationship between architectural design and users’ physical and psychological well-being. Certain methods for data collection will be adopted for this purpose: observations, surveys, and questionnaires.
Through this study, a conceptual framework model is developed that can guide the design and evaluation of educational buildings in Egypt. The model is based on a literature review of significant criteria and considerations that affect the quality and performance of educational environments. The criteria and considerations include aspects such as spatial organization, functional efficiency, environmental comfort, social interaction, and aesthetics. The model is then applied to a sample of high schools in Egypt to test its validity and usefulness. A questionnaire survey is also conducted to collect data on the user experience and satisfaction of students and teachers in these schools. The results of the study are expected to provide insights and recommendations for improving the design and assessment of educational buildings in Egypt
Towards Enhancement of Alexandria City Waterfront: Quality of Life Assessment Model
Get PDFCoastal cities evolve in alignment with people centred development to accommodate their needs. Nevertheless, uncontrolled changes of significant elements of urban morphology such as land uses along the waterfront and respective public activities, lead to alterations in the quality of life provided. The research explores models that study the various configurations and implying the effective role of controlling urban developments guidelines in terms of environmental behavioural, social well being, health and safety.
This paper is divided into two main sections: Firstly, it focuses on Alexandria City‘s Urban Morphology, prospect of transformation plans and highlights the nature-based integrative solutions on its waterfront for the short and long-term plans through multiple disciplinary contributions. Secondly, the research defines the structured model to assess Quality of Life of Waterfront Settings, «QLWS» in Alexandria City, used for the analysis of selected sites. This model is used as a tool to assess the attractiveness and satisfaction of the existing spatial configurations in regard of professional observation. The discussion derives implications from the analysed data to support tracking relevant morphological mutations of social and physical parameters.
The research provides a guide to evaluate and promote natural based system integration for further transformation of sites incorporated within the city’s strategic plan of 2032 to ensure sustainabillity, inclusivity, liveability and resilience
Climate Havens of Egypt: Facing Extreme Weather Events
Get PDFClimate change is expected to impact the habitability of many places around the world which will displace millions of individuals. According to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, the Nile Delta is one of the world’s most vulnerable areas when it comes to sea-level rise, extreme weather conditions, and other factors worsened by climate change, which will lead to a significant population shift. Despite the evidence of this population shift in Egypt there is no obvious framework or strategies for dealing with such migration trends. Little research has been done to assess the number of people that may actually be displaced and where they will choose to go.
So, in this paper the effect of Sea Level Rise (SLR) on migration as an extreme weather event will be examined among governorates of Egypt especially the Nile Delta zone, predicting migration pathways between them. Secondly, the paper analyses and aggregate destination governorates of the Nile Delta zone to spot climate havens. Finally, a map will be concluded for vulnerable areas to SLR and probable destination areas in Nile Delta of Egypt which can help -in addition to the other climate factor- to navigate the challenges of planning for future climate-migration to plan for more sustainable, inclusive, and equitable cities for all
Decoding Stress – ein interdisziplinärer Stressforschungsansatz zur Förderung qualitätsvoller öffentlicher Stadträume für den Rad- und Fußverkehr
Get PDFWie nehmen wir Stadträume wahr, wenn wir mit dem Fahrrad oder zu Fuß unterwegs sind? An welchen Orten in der Stadt fühlen wir uns wohl, respektive unwohl und gestresst? Welche spezifischen Faktoren beeinflussen dabei unsere Emotionen? Und vor allem: Wie können diese Einflussfaktoren für die Planung entschlüsselt werden?
Ausgehend von den Emo-Cycling-Stressmessungen der Urban Emotions Initiative untersucht die Studie „Decoding Stress“ auffallende Stress-Hotspots für Radfahrende im urbanen Kontext. Im Fokus steht dabei die Entwicklung eines interdisziplinären und multimodalen Analyseansatzes zur Erweiterung der Stressorenanalyse. In diesem Zusammenhang greift die Studie zum einen auf bereits vereinzelt in der Radverkehrsforschung zur Anwendung kommende, digitale Analysetools und Open-Data-Ansätze zurück. Darüber hinaus beschäftigt sich der vorgestellte Forschungsansatz intensiv mit der Erweiterung der Methodik um einen bislang vorwiegend im Bereich der Architektur- und Stadtplanung bekannten, analogen Werkzeugkasten. Innerhalb eines experimentellen Rahmens erprobt die Studie dabei die vielfältigen Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Mappings und fotografischen Annäherungen, sowie deren Kombination. Im Kontext der Ursachenforschung des Stressempfindens von Radfahrenden soll damit ein holistischer Analyseansatz erprobt werden, der quantifizierbare „harte“ Faktoren und qualifizierbare „weiche“ Faktoren gleichermaßen berücksichtigt. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse leisten einen Beitrag dazu, die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit von Stadt- und Verkehrsplanung zu fördern und schließlich gemeinsame Lösungsansätze für qualitätsvolle und menschengerechte öffentliche Stadträume zu erarbeiten.
Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden erste Ergebnisse der experimentell im Untersuchungsgebiet der Karlsruher Innenstadt durchgeführten Stressorenanalyse vorgestellt. Der Beitrag evaluiert die durchgeführten Analysen sowohl inhaltlich, als auch methodisch und skizziert darüber hinaus erste Lösungsansätze
From Pixels to Planning: Large-scale Mapping of Urban Morphology and Population Distribution with the World Settlement Footprint 3D
Get PDFUrban morphology and human population distribution are two interrelated aspects of our urbanization that play a critical role in shaping the sustainability, resilience and liveability of cities. In recent years, the advent of global datasets with 3D information derived from Earth Observation (EO) technologies has revolutionised our ability to study and analyse these two aspects of urbanisation, providing information that is essential for designing cities that can accommodate the needs of their residents while minimizing their environmental impact.
One such dataset is the novel World Settlement Footprint 3D (WSF3D) produced by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). The WSF3D was the first global dataset providing detailed information of the fraction, area, average height and total volume of buildings, at unprecedented spatial resolution, coverage and consistency. Since its development, researchers from different organizations (e.g. WorldBank, United Nations, WorldPop) have employed the dataset as input data for large-scale studies in urban morphology and population distribution, with a level of detail that was previously impossible.
In this paper we present a selection of WSF3D-driven applications with the objective of demonstrating how the new data can be used to support urban planning and management. First, the WSF3D has been employed to demonstrate how the four layers of the dataset can be used to determine a building's functional use, and how this information can be leveraged to improve large-scale models of population distribution at large-scale. Thereafter, the WSF3D has been used to determine the relationships among building height/volume, population density and income, which can provide insights into the efficient use of space (e.g. crowding vs layering) on the one hand, and shed light into infrastructure disparities and variations, on the other. With that being said, due to the global nature of the WSF3D dataset, the previous analyses were conducted from local to regional scales, which can also help identify opportunities for interventions that can be replicated across different locations.
Overall, with the results of this research, the authors aim to provide planners and policy-makers with valuable insights into usability of the globally available WSF3D dataset. By demonstrating its potential as reliable and robust input data, this study seeks not only to empower evidence-based decision-making, but also to advocate for the widespread adoption of geospatial layers in the implementation of strategies towards sustainable development strategies of the built environment