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Pat Barker’s Achilles: excess of manliness and hegemonic masculinity toward self-destruction
No full textIn this article, we analyze the figure of Achilles as Pat Barker rewrites him in The Silence of the Girls (2018). The first section intertwines the concept of hegemonic masculinity, developed by Raewyn Connell, with the two types of Homeric masculinities identified by Barbara Graziosi: proper manliness (ἠνορέη) and excess of manliness (ἀγηνορίη). By dedicating each following section to a specific character, we analyze and discuss how they are reinvented in Barker’s retelling of the Trojan War. We juxtapose Achilles as a representative of hegemonic masculinity to Patroclus as a representative of exemplary masculinity. Finally, we investigate the extent to which Briseis and Achilles undergo a process of loss of identity inasmuch as hegemonic masculinity is concerned
Le roi d’Hélène de Christos Choménidis : l’histoire d’Hélène racontée par Ménélas
No full textIn April of 2020, Christos Chomenidis (Athens, 1966) published his eleventh novel, a book of over 400 pages by the title Her king. The main character is Menelaus and the starting point is Helen’s run away with Paris. Menelaus decides to tell his truth about this well-known story. In Her king all great heroes of the legend of Troy participate, but they are presented through a distorting mirror: e.g. Menelaus is the bravest son of Atreus and not Agamemnon; Leda’s story is a lie; the Dioscuri are a couple of imbeciles. My paper is mostly a review on Chomenidis’ book, where I highlight the deviations from the “official” story about the beginning of the Trojan war and find the possible ancient sources that the author chose to follow or not
The production of post-lexical prosodic prominence in Yucatec Maya and its perception by speakers of Yucatecan Spanish
No full textPrevious literature on Yucatec Maya (YM) locates the most prominent constituent of an utterance at the beginning of the Intonational Phrase (IP) that contains the predicate. Similar results have been reported for Yucatecan Spanish (YS). However, since constituents vary in syllabic makeup, the exact position of prominence cues in YM remains to be determined. We present results from a production and a perception experiment. In our production experiment, YM speakers mostly produced prominence cues on the two initial heavy syllables of an IP. Our perception experiment shows that both bilingual YM–YS and monolingual YS speakers perceive main prominence on the head nouns of fronted object constituents. We argue for the existence of two competing strategies: speakers mark either the left IP-boundary or the focused lexical element of the fronted constituent. The perception of such prominence marking may have stimulated the use of the parallel pattern by speakers of YS
Organisationales Lernen aus Verhandlungen
No full textNegotiations are central in business activities, significantly influencing business success and societal welfare. Effectively managing negotiations is paramount for companies since it aids in resolving distributional conflicts, ensuring growth, and fostering relationships with partners and stakeholders. However, the practical application of negotiation research has often posed a challenge due to the gap between acquiring knowledge and applying it in real-world settings. This disconnect isn't a reflection of the negotiators' abilities but rather an indication of the inherent complexity of applying theoretical knowledge in diverse, real-world negotiation contexts. This dissertation addresses this vital concern and presents a comprehensive approach to enhance the negotiation capabilities of companies through organizational learning and presents an innovative solution: a level-by-level escalation plan consisting of three distinct interventions. To validate these escalation levels, the dissertation employs a mixed-methods approach involving two experiments with trained negotiation practitioners and a Delphi study with experts from academia and practice.
The first level emphasizes the value of training for experienced negotiation practitioners: The effectiveness of training on experienced negotiators is underexplored, although training is known across disciplines as an important component of organizational learning. Therefore, the first study demonstrates that negotiation training enhances the negotiation performance of experienced negotiators as much as newcomers. Following the foundation established through training, the second level introduces negotiation controlling as a new organizational function for systematic learning from negotiations. This study demonstrates that the availability of quantitative metrics as information about past negotiation results as a benchmark for comparison in current negotiation situations leads to significantly better negotiation performance. The final level puts forward the development of a negotiation management tool, specifically a negotiation controlling dashboard, extending the learning framework to the management level. This tool offers a panoramic view of negotiation processes and outcomes, thereby enabling more strategic negotiation management. The results of this dissertation, a blend of qualitative and quantitative data, produce a comprehensive understanding of the strategies required to bridge the knowledge-practice divide in negotiations effectively. Collectively implemented, these three escalation levels could lead to the formation of a robust, interdependent learning system, integrating individual negotiation skills and significantly enhancing a company's negotiation capabilities.Verhandlungen sind von zentraler Bedeutung für die Unternehmenstätigkeit und haben einen erheblichen Einfluss auf den Geschäftserfolg und das gesellschaftliche Wohlergehen. Ein effizientes Verhandlungsmanagement ist für Unternehmen von größter Bedeutung, da es dazu beiträgt, Verteilungskonflikte zu lösen, Wachstum zu sichern und Beziehungen zu Partnern und Interessengruppen zu pflegen. Die praktische Anwendung der Verhandlungsforschung stellt jedoch häufig eine Herausforderung dar, da eine Kluft zwischen dem Erwerb von Wissen und dessen Anwendung in der realen Welt besteht. Diese Diskrepanz spiegelt nicht die Fähigkeiten der Verhandlungsführer wider, sondern ist vielmehr ein Hinweis auf die inhärente Komplexität der Anwendung von theoretischem Wissen in unterschiedlichen, realen Verhandlungskontexten. Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit diesem wichtigen Thema und stellt einen umfassenden Ansatz vor, um die Verhandlungsfähigkeiten von Unternehmen durch organisatorisches Lernen zu verbessern, und präsentiert eine innovative Lösung: einen stufenweisen Eskalationsplan, der aus drei verschiedenen Interventionen besteht. Um diese Eskalationsstufen zu validieren, wird ein Mixed-Methods Ansatz angewandt, der zwei Experimente mit trainierten Verhandlungspraktikern und eine Delphi-Studie mit Experten aus Wissenschaft und Praxis umfasst.
Das erste Eskalationslevel unterstreicht den Wert eines Trainings für erfahrene Verhandlungsexperten: Die Wirksamkeit von Training für erfahrene Verhandler ist noch wenig erforscht, obwohl Training in verschiedenen Disziplinen als wichtige Komponente des organisatorischen Lernens bekannt ist. Daher zeigt die erste Studie, dass Verhandlungstraining die Verhandlungsleistung von erfahrenen Verhandlungsführern ebenso verbessert wie die von Novizen. Nach der durch das Training geschaffenen Grundlage wird auf dem zweiten Eskalationslevel das Verhandlungscontrolling als neue organisatorische Funktion für das systematische Lernen aus Verhandlungen eingeführt. Diese zweite Studie zeigt, dass die Verfügbarkeit von quantitativen Kennzahlen als Informationen über vergangene Verhandlungsergebnisse als Vergleichsmaßstab in aktuellen Verhandlungssituationen zu einer deutlich besseren Verhandlungsleistung führt. Auf der letzten Ebene wird die Entwicklung eines Verhandlungsmanagement-Instruments vorgeschlagen, konkret eines Verhandlungs-controlling-Dashboards, das den Lernrahmen auf die Managementebene ausdehnt. Dieses Instrument bietet einen Panoramablick auf Verhandlungsprozesse und -ergebnisse und ermöglicht so ein strategischeres Verhandlungsmanagement. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation, eine Mischung aus qualitativen und quantitativen Daten, liefern ein umfassendes Verständnis der Strategien, die erforderlich sind, um die Kluft zwischen Wissen und Praxis in Verhandlungen effektiv zu überbrücken. Werden diese drei Eskalationsstufen gemeinsam umgesetzt, könnte dies zur Schaffung eines robusten, interdependenten Lernsystems führen, das die individuellen Verhandlungsfähigkeiten integriert und die Verhandlungsfähigkeiten eines Unternehmens erheblich verbessert
Zentri – die Zentrierhilfe
No full textLehrkräfte sind mit Blick auf ihre heterogenen Lerngruppen im Technikunterricht darauf angewiesen, einen differenzierten Unterricht zu gestalten, der personelle, organisatorische und sachliche Ressourcen miteinbezieht. Bei Fertigungsaufgaben bietet sich daher der Einsatz von Vorrichtungen an, über die auf die unterschiedlichen Lernvoraussetzungen von Schüler:innen reagiert werden kann. So lassen sich die Anforderungen von Fertigungsaufgaben gezielt variieren.
Die vorliegende Publikation beschreibt die Vorrichtung „Zentri“. Es handelt sich hierbei um eine Zentrierhilfe für das mittige Markieren von Holzbrettern verschiedener Größen mit einem Bleistift. Die gesamte Vorrichtung besteht aus einer Grundplatte und zwei äußeren Stiften, die miteinander verklebt werden. In der Mitte zwischen den beiden Stiften befinden sich ein Sackloch und ein kleines Durchgangsloch, welche als Bleistiftaufnahme dienen. Mit „Zentri“ können Bleistiftmarkierungen exakt mittig zwischen parallelen Kanten von Holzbrettern schnell und effektiv angezeichnet werden, ohne vorher mehrere Markierungen auszumessen.
Die Dokumentationen umfasst neben den Fertigungsunterlagen kleinschrittige Bauanleitungen, die ggf. auch gemeinsam mit Schüler:innen umgesetzt werden können. Zudem enthalten sind beispielhafte Kostenrechnungen sowie Schablonen, die zur Erleichterung des Fertigungsprozesses verwendet werden können. Des Weiteren wird durch vereinzelt beigefügte interaktive technische Zeichnungen die Adaption der Vorrichtungen ermöglicht
Reliability of assessing skeletal muscle architecture and tissue organization of the gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis muscle using ultrasound and spatial frequency analysis
No full textIntroduction
The purpose of this study was to investigate inter- and intra-rater reliability as well as the inter-rater interpretation error of ultrasound measurements assessing skeletal muscle architecture and tissue organization of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle.
Methods
The GM and VL of 13 healthy adults (22 ± 3 years) were examined thrice with sagittal B-mode ultrasound: intraday test-retest examination by one investigator (intra-rater) and separate examinations by two investigators (inter-rater). Additionally, images from one investigator were analysed by two interpretators (interpretation error). Muscle architecture was assessed by muscle thickness [MT], fascicle length [FL], as well as superior and inferior pennation angle [PA]. Muscle tissue organization was determined by spatial frequency analysis (SFA: peak spatial frequency radius, peak −6 dB width, PSFR/P6, normalized peak value of amplitude spectrum [Amax], power within peak [PWP], peak power percent). Reliability of ultrasound examination and image interpretation are presented as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), test-retest variability, standard error of measurement as well as bias and limits of agreement.
Results
GM and VL demonstrated excellent ICCs for inter- and intra-rater reliability, along with excellent ICCs for interpretation error of MT (0.91–0.99), showing minimal variability (<5%) and SEM% (<5%). Systematic bias for MT was less than 1 mm. For PA and FL poor to good ICCs for inter- and intra-rater reliability were revealed (0.41–0.90), with moderate variability (<12%), low SEM% (<10%) and systematic bias between 0.1–1.4°. Tissue organization analysis indicated moderate to good ICCs for inter- and intra-rater reliability. Notably, Amax and PWP consistently held the highest ICC values (0.77–0.87) across all analyses but with higher variability (<24%) and SEM% (<18%), compared to lower variability (<9%) and SEM% (<8%) in other tissue organization parameters. Interpretation error of all muscle tissue organization parameters showed excellent ICCs (0.96–0.999) with very low variability (≤1%) and SEM% (<2%), except Amax & PWP (TRV%: <6%; SEM%: <7%).
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrated excellent inter- and intra-rater reliability for MT. However, agreement for PA, FL, and SFA parameters was not as strong. Additionally, MT and all SFA parameters exhibited excellent agreement for inter-rater interpretation error. Therefore, the SFA seems to offer the possibility of objectively and reliably evaluating ultrasound images
Transport and retention of micro-polystyrene in coarse riverbed sediments
No full textRiverbed sediments have recently been found to be an important reservoir for microplastics. But the hydrogeological factors that control the abundance of microplastics are complex and conceptual frameworks priorising the parameters affecting their transport and retention during deep riverbed filtration are still missing. In this study a series of saturated column experiments was conducted to investigate the vertical distribution patterns of secondary polystyrene fragments (100–2000 μm) in dependence on their particle size, grain size of the sediment, seepage velocity and duration of infiltration flow. The columns with a length of 50 cm were operated with flow velocities between 1.8 m d−1 and 27 m d−1. Invasive samples obtained after the experiments were density separated and then depth profiles of microplastic concentrations were retrieved using fluorescence imaging analysis. Most polystyrene particles were retained in the upper 20 cm and 15 cm of the medium gravel and coarse sand sediments, respectively. Through the high particle retention riverbed sediments can act as a temporary sink or long term retention site for the transport of microplastic particles (MPPs) from streams to oceans. A small fraction of particles ranging from 100 to 500 μm in size was observed down to infiltration depths of 50 cm suggesting that MPPs at the pore scale have the potential to be advectively transferred via hyporheic exchange or induced bank filtration into coarse riverbed sediments and alluvial aquifers. MPP abundance over column depth follows an exponential relationship with a filter coefficient that was found to depend significantly on the flow rate, MPP and sediment grain size, as indicated by multiple linear regression (R2 = 0.92). The experimentally derived empirical relation allows to estimate particle abundances of initially negatively buoyant MPP in riverbed sediments by surface water infiltration
Allostatic load and metabolic syndrome in depressed patients
No full textAllostatic load (AL) is the cumulative wear and tear on the body due to the chronic adverse physical or psychosocial situations. The acute stress response activates the primary mediators of AL, which include cortisol, epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA‐S). Secondary outcomes, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS), cardiovascular, and immune system changes, can result from long‐term stress responses. Given these complex reactions to an acute stressor, a multidimensional stress assessment is required when investigating individual stress reactivity in an experimental setting. This study is aimed at examining the association between the primary mediators of AL and MetS in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. MDD patients (n = 164, age = 18–65 years old) with MetS+ (n = 46, weight = 93.10 ± 16.43 kg) and without MetS‐ (n = 118, weight = 73.08 ± 15.22 kg) were analyzed cross‐sectionally. Stepwise binary regression and Welch’s t‐test were used to find the associations and differences between the two groups. The regression analysis was fully adjusted for age, sex, and the Beck Depression Inventory‐II score. In unadjusted model, cortisol (b = −0.003, p = 0.034) was inversely associated with MetS. In fully adjusted model, EPI (b = −0.006, p = 0.007) was inversely associated with MetS. However, significant differences (p = 0.005) were observed for cortisol between MDD patients without MetS‐ (410.13 ± 144.63 nmol/l) and MDD patients with MetS+ (340.90 ± 132.98 nmol/l) with a small effect size (Cohen’s d of 0.489). Significant differences (p = 0.001) were observed for EPI between MDD patients without MetS‐ (185.67 ± 124.44 pg/ml) and MDD patients with MetS+ (124.95 ± 84.38 pg/ml) with a moderate effect size (Cohen’s d of 0.530). These observations are of clinical importance for the management of MDD patients