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Die Verschmutzung der Weltmeere als herausfordernde Nachhaltigkeitsthematik im Sachunterricht
No full textDie steigende Umweltbewusstseinsbildung in der Gesellschaft aufgrund der Aktualität der Nachhaltigkeitsthematik legt den Grundstein für Veränderungen und eine nachhaltige Entwicklung. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die bildungspolitische Integration der plastikbedingten Meeresverschmutzung im Sachunterricht der Grundschulen in Brandenburg. Die Analyse von Lehrplänen und Interviews mit Lehrkräften zeigt, dass trotz fehlender expliziter Vorgaben die Thematik fakultativ behandelt werden kann. Lehrkräfte erkennen die Relevanz, betonen jedoch Herausforderungen wie Zeitmangel und Komplexität. Die Erkenntnisse weisen auf Potenziale und Defizite in der Umsetzung hin und legen nahe, die Thematik obligatorisch zu integrieren, begleitet von einer Anpassung von Lehrwerken und Curricula
Professionsorientiertes und problemorientiertes Lernen im fachwissenschaftlichen Biologiestudium angehender Lehrkräfte
No full textIm Rahmen der „Qualitativen Maßnahmen“ der Universität Potsdam wurden im Fach Biologie zwei Lehrformate konzipiert und umgesetzt, die gezielt die fachwissenschaftlichen Lehrveranstaltungen für Lehramtsstudierende in den Blick nehmen: das problemorientierte Lernen (POL) und Blended Learning. Die Initiative ging von den Dozierenden in den Fachwissenschaften aus, Dozierende der Didaktik der Biologie sind als Kooperationspartnerinnen und Kooperationspartner an der Konzeption und Umsetzung verantwortlich beteiligt. Die beiden Lehrformate sind als ergänzende (additive) Formate zu verstehen, die inhaltlich einen engen Bezug zu den jeweiligen fachwissenschaftlichen Lehrveranstaltungen aufweisen. Sie sollen den Studierenden ermöglichen, über kriteriengeleitete konzipierte Aufgabenstellungen und problemorientierte Lernszenarien als wesentlich erachtete professionsbezogene Wissens- und Kompetenzbereiche zu entwickeln. Im Beitrag wird die Konzeption auf einer generellen Ebene dargestellt und anhand zweier Beispiele auf der konkreten Ebene beschrieben. Auf der Basis der wesentlichen Ergebnisse der Evaluation werden die Weiterentwicklung sowie die Verstetigung der Maßnahmen diskutiert.The aim of the current project was to design additive learning possibilities for biology teacher students to increase the development of profession-related knowledge and competencies for these students. Therefore, we designed and implemented two teaching formats (blended learning, problem-based learning (PBL)) in the subject of biology, which specifically focus on the subject-specific courses for student teachers. The initiative came from lecturers of the subject Sciences and was closely accompanied by cooperating lecturers of didactics of biology. The latter gave support in the conception and implementation of the didactic tools. The two teaching formats are designed as additive formats, which are closely related to the content of the respective subject-specific courses. They are intended to enable students to develop professional knowledge and skills that are considered essential through supplementary assignments and problem-oriented learning scenarios. This article focuses on the presentation of the conception on a general level and the description of two specific examples in more detail. Based on the results of the evaluation, further development as well as implementation of both tools as permanent teaching offers are discussed
Qualitative Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Lehramtsausbildung im Sachunterricht
No full textMit der Neubestzung der Professur für den naturwissenschaftlich-technischen Sachunterricht an der Universität Potsdam widmete man sich am Lehrstuhl der als zu hoch eingeschätzten Studienabbruchquote in dieser Domäne. Die Erkenntnis, dass insbesondere in der Studieneingangsphase viele Student:innen ihr Studium im Sachunterricht abbrachen, führte zur Initiierung einer mehrstufigen Intervention. Diese qualitativen Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Lehramtsausbildung im Sachunterricht haben das Ziel, die Studienabbruchquote zu reduzieren und den Kompetenzaufbau zeitgemäßer Arbeits- und Lehr-Lern-Kompetenzen im Kontext der gesamtgesellschaftlichen digitalen Transformationsphase zu fördern. Der Beitrag präsentiert die Interventionen, ihre Anpassung an die veränderten Anforderungen in der Lehramtsausbildung aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie und die in einer ersten Evaluationsphase festgestellten Ergebnisse. Zudem wird auf weiterzuführende Maßnahmen eingegangen, welche die Studienqualität an der Universität Potsdam verbessern können
Machine-learning classification with additivity and diverse multifractal pathways in multiplicativity
No full textEvidence of multifractal structures has spread to a wider set of physiological time series supporting the intricate interplay of biological and psychological functioning. These dynamics manifest as random multiplicative cascades, embodying nonlinear relationships characterized by recurring division, branching, and aggregation processes implicating noise across successive generations. This investigation focuses on how well the diversity of multifractal properties can be specific to the type of cascade relationship between generation (i.e., multiplicative, additive, or a mixture) as well as to the type of noise (i.e., including additive white Gaussian noise, fractional Gaussian noise, and various amalgamations) among 15 distinct types of binomial cascade processes. Cross-correlation analysis of multifractal spectral features confirms that these features capture nuanced aspects of cascading processes with minimal redundancy. Principal component analysis using 13 distinct multifractal spectral features shows that different cascade processes can manifest multifractal evidence of nonlinearity for distinct reasons. This transparency of multifractal spectral features to underlying cascade dynamics becomes less amenable to machine-learning strategies. Fully connected neural networks struggled to classify the 15 distinct types of cascade processes based on the respective multifractal spectral features (45.5% accuracy) yet demonstrated improved accuracy when addressing single categories of cross-generation relationships, that is, additive (91.6%), multiplicative (75.4%), or additomultiplicative (70.6%). While traditional principal component analysis reveals distinct loadings attributed to individual noise processes, multiplicative relationships between generations effectively make the constituent noise processes less discernible to neural networks. Neural networks may lack sufficient hierarchical depth required to effectively distinguish among nonadditive cascading processes, recommending either elaborating multifractal geometry or using alternate architectures for machine-learning classification of cascades with multiplicative relationships
Anderes Visualisieren – Zur Kritik der Datengestaltung
No full textOb Corona-Pandemie oder Klimawandel – Datenbilder sind zu einem zentralen Bestandteil gesellschaftlicher Diskurse geworden. Doch gerade ihre Anschaulichkeit verstellt den Blick auf die Komplexität von Bildprozessen. Was zeigen Datenvisualisierungen und was verschweigen sie? Und von wem und wie werden Daten visualisiert? Paul Heinicker formuliert eine Kritik an der abbildungsgetriebenen Kultur der Datenvisualisierung und entwickelt alternative Modelle, die sich näher an den produktionstheoretischen Realitäten der Datengestaltung orientieren – wozu auch die Beschreibung eigener Visualisierungspraktiken gehört. Dabei zeigt sich: Anderes Visualisieren realisiert sich im Dazwischen von Theorie und Praxis
Self‐organised pattern formation promotes consumer coexistence by fluctuation‐dependent mechanisms
No full textIn spatially extended ecosystems, habitat heterogeneity facilitates coexistence of species if each competitor experiences environmental conditions in a particular habitat that provide a growth advantage compared to other species, thereby making it locally competitively superior. If the competitive hierarchy among species is the same everywhere, heterogeneity‐facilitated coexistence is possible provided that superior competitors disperse maladaptively towards unfavourable habitats or if they hedge insufficiently against fluctuating environmental conditions.
We use a generic two‐patch metacommunity model to show that the latter mechanisms also operate in metacommunities with homogeneous habitat quality when heterogeneous biomass distributions emerge from self‐organised pattern formation. The model consists of an abiotic resource, an autotroph producer and two competing heterotroph consumer species of which one is always competitively inferior to the other, irrespective of resource availability.
If the induced biomass patterns are static in time, a lower dispersal rate can allow the inferior competitor to avoid competitive exclusion by retaining most of its biomass in the patch with the higher resource density. However, if the biomass patterns fluctuate spatio‐temporally, the inferior competitor must adopt a higher dispersal rate than the superior competitor to persist. This increased movement enables the inferior competitor to effectively distribute its biomass across space, thereby achieving a higher growth rate during periods of recovery from local population minima.
Strikingly, we find a novel coexistence mechanism that emerges if the competitors differ in their abilities to induce pattern formation. Similar to relative nonlinearity in resource use (based e.g. on a gleaner–opportunist trade‐off), the dominant species modifies the spatial or spatio‐temporal variation in the distribution of the resource in a way that favours its competitor. This prevents competitive exclusion due to differently effective dispersal strategies.
We conclude that while temporal instabilities that cause, for example, predator–prey oscillations are usually regarded as jeopardising species' persistence, spatial instabilities that give rise to self‐organised pattern formation should be interpreted more positively, as they provide a generic mechanisms for maintaining diversity in metacommunities without requiring a priori habitat heterogeneity
Dichter/Frauen
No full textDurch das 20. Jahrhundert zieht sich ein Streit um eines der etabliertesten Modelle kreativer Gemeinschaft: Gegenstand ist das »Paar« als künstlerisch produktiv gedachte Zweierbeziehung. An Texten Marieluise Fleißers, Inge Müllers und Friederike Mayröckers geht Hannah Gerlach Revisionen der Partnerschaft in der Kunst als literarischem Thema nach. Zur Disposition steht, über tradierte Musen-und-Dichter-Paare hinaus, ein bis heute künstlerisch und wissenschaftlich omnipräsentes Zweierverhältnis
Slab driven quaternary rock‐uplift and topographic evolution in the northern‐central Apennines from linear inversion of the drainage system
No full textInvestigating rock‐uplift variations in time and space provides insights into the processes driving mountain‐belt evolution. The Apennine Mountains of Italy underwent substantial Quaternary rock uplift that shaped the present‐day topography. Here, we present linear river‐profile inversions for 28 catchments draining the eastern flank of the Northern‐Central Apennines to reconstruct rock‐uplift histories. We calibrated these results by estimating an erodibility coefficient (K) from incision rates and catchment‐averaged erosion rates obtained from cosmogenic‐nuclide data, and we tested whether a uniform or variable K produces a rock‐uplift model that satisfactorily fits independent geochronological constraints. We employ a landscape‐evolution model to demonstrate that our inversion results are reliable despite substantial seaward lengthening of the catchments during uplift. Our findings suggest that a rock‐uplift pulse started around 3.0–2.5 Ma, coinciding with the onset of extension in the Apennines, and migrated southward at a rate of ∼90 km/Myr. The highest reconstructed rock‐uplift rates (1 km/Myr) occur in the region encompassing the highest Apennine massifs. These results are consistent with numerical models and field evidence from other regions exhibiting rapid rock‐uplift pulses and uplift migration related to slab break‐off. Our results support the hypothesis of break‐off of the Adria slab under the central Apennines and its southward propagation during the Quaternary. Moreover, the results suggest a renewed increase in rock‐uplift rates after the Middle Pleistocene along the Adriatic coast, coeval with recent uplift acceleration along the eastern coast of southern Italy in the Apulian foreland
The ethics of ChatGPT in medicine and healthcare
No full textWith the introduction of ChatGPT, Large Language Models (LLMs) have received enormous attention in healthcare. Despite potential benefits, researchers have underscored various ethical implications. While individual instances have garnered attention, a systematic and comprehensive overview of practical applications currently researched and ethical issues connected to them is lacking. Against this background, this work maps the ethical landscape surrounding the current deployment of LLMs in medicine and healthcare through a systematic review. Electronic databases and preprint servers were queried using a comprehensive search strategy which generated 796 records. Studies were screened and extracted following a modified rapid review approach. Methodological quality was assessed using a hybrid approach. For 53 records, a meta-aggregative synthesis was performed. Four general fields of applications emerged showcasing a dynamic exploration phase. Advantages of using LLMs are attributed to their capacity in data analysis, information provisioning, support in decision-making or mitigating information loss and enhancing information accessibility. However, our study also identifies recurrent ethical concerns connected to fairness, bias, non-maleficence, transparency, and privacy. A distinctive concern is the tendency to produce harmful or convincing but inaccurate content. Calls for ethical guidance and human oversight are recurrent. We suggest that the ethical guidance debate should be reframed to focus on defining what constitutes acceptable human oversight across the spectrum of applications. This involves considering the diversity of settings, varying potentials for harm, and different acceptable thresholds for performance and certainty in healthcare. Additionally, critical inquiry is needed to evaluate the necessity and justification of LLMs’ current experimental use