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Phishing in Remote Work: An Understanding of Factors That Enhance Employee Susceptibility to Phishing Attacks
No full textModern society has become increasingly dependent on digital tools, to the extent that many organizations have adopted a remote work culture. As a result, cybersecurity has become a growing concern in digital work environments, where both technical and human factors play a crucial role in protecting against cyber threats. One effective method used by attackers involves social engineering, which refers to the manipulation of human behavior to gain unauthorized access to information or systems. Phishing is a common form of social engineering through which attackers attempt to deceive individuals into divulging sensitive information, often by impersonating trusted sources through email or digital messages. Phishing remains a persistent threat in digital work environments, where technical defenses alone are not sufficient to address human vulnerabilities. This study explores certain factors within remote work that may influence employees' ability to detect and respond to potential phishing attempts. A qualitative survey was used as the research strategy. Data was collected through face-to-face qualitative interviews. To guide these interviews, a semi-structured interview framework was developed, designed to gather nuanced insights. Thematic analysis was then applied to identify meaningful patterns within the collected data. The results suggest that the absence of informal interactions and limited visibility from IT or management may foster uncertainty and delay responses. In particular, isolation combined with reduced oversight often led to a lack of spontaneous peer confirmation, increasing doubt when handling phishing threats. At the same time, instances of clear routines, targeted training, and open dialogue were found to strengthen awareness and resilience. Not all participants experienced increased susceptibility. Those with more support and training expressed more confidence in decision-making. The findings highlight how the interaction between organizational and individual factors can shape susceptibility to phishing attacks in remote work settings. These insights have practical implications for organizations and policymakers aiming to reduce cybersecurity risks by strengthening communication routines, improving remote training, and ensuring visible and accessible IT support
A poetry analysis of Taqaddamū and ʾAmšī by Samih al-Qasim from theperspective of resistance poetry
No full textMotståndspoesi är en motståndsform som har förekommit i många kamper mot förtryck, även den palestinska kampen mot ockupation. Det var den palestinske författaren Ghassan Kanafani som först myntade begreppet 1966. Motståndspoesi har flera karaktäristiska drag oavsett var den är skriven. Den är ofta skriven på fri vers, har stikisk form, språket är lättillgängligt och den uppmanar till kamp. Bildspråket är rikt men tydligt och inspirerat av kampen. Litteraturvetaren Barbara Harlow visade i sin genomgång i boken Resistance Literature (1987) att motståndslitteratur består av en omfattande mängd verk världen över, men som har förbisetts länge inom västerländsk litteraturanalys. Enligt Edward Said, en av de stora tänkarna om postkolonialism, är detta till stor del en kvarleva av västvärldens syn på litteratur från den tredje världen som underlägsen och samtidigt en slags blindhet för imperialismens och kolonialismens påverkan på tredje världen. Denna studie avser att analysera Samih al-Qasims poesi ur perspektivet motståndspoesi och därmed belysa detta förbisedda område inom den västerländska akademin. En av Palestinas främsta motståndspoeter var Samih al-Qasim. Två välkända dikter om ockupationen är Qaṣīdat al-intifāḍa/Taqaddamū (Avancera!) och ʾAmšī (Jag går). Dikterna analyserades utifrån perspektivet motståndspoesi. Analysen visar att även om dikterna är olika i ton och budskap så överensstämmer de med övriga karaktärsdrag vad gäller motståndspoesi. De båda innehåller ett rikt bildspråk med inspiration från palestinsk kultur och den palestinska frihetskampen. Dikterna innehåller ett kraftfullt, uppmanande språk om kamp och motstånd och beskriver på ett avklätt sätt den palestinska erfarenheten under ockupation.Resistance poetry is a form of resistance that has been present in many fights against oppression, also within the Palestinian fight against occupation. The Palestinian author Ghassan Kanafani was the first to coin the expression in 1966. Resistance poetry has many common characteristic features, no matter where it is written. It is often written as free verse, with a stichic structure, the language is readily available for the common reader, and it calls for resistance. The imagery is simple but vivid and inspired by the battle for freedom. Barbara Harlow, literary professor, showed in her book Resistance Literature (1987) that the body of resistance literature in the third world is vast but often overlooked in western literary critique. According to Edward Said, one of the great thinkers on postcolonialism, this stance is a rest from colonial times and the west’s view on literature from the Third World as inferior and at the same time a blindness to the effect of imperialism on that part of the world. This study aims to analyse Samih al-Qasims poetry through the lens of resistance poetry and therefore shed light on this overlooked field in western academia. One of Palestine’s most famous resistance poets was Samih al-Qasim. He wrote two famous poems about the occupation, namely Taqaddamū and ʾAmšī. The poems were analysed through the perspective of resistance poetry. The analysis shows that even though the poems differ in tone and message, they are in line with many other characteristic features of resistance poetry. Both contain a rich imagery, inspired by Palestinian culture and fight for freedom. The poems contain a powerful and urging language on battle and resistance and they describe the Palestinian experience under occupation in a stripped-down fashion
Generation Z och Deepfakes: En kvantitativ studie om relationen mellan sociala medieanvändning, informationssäkerhetsmedvetenhet och förmågan att identifiera deepfakes
No full textIntroduktion Denna studie undersöker relationen mellan sociala medieanvändning och informationssäkerhetsmedvetenhet hos Generation Z, och hur dessa faktorer påverkar deras förmåga att identifiera deepfakes. Att förstå detta samband är viktigt eftersom deepfakes kan sprida desinformation via sociala medier och därmed hota informationssäkerheten i ett samhälle där digitalt innehåll konsumeras i allt större omfattning. Detta blir särskilt angeläget med tanke på att teknologin bakom deepfakes blir alltmer tillgänglig, sofistikerad och lättanvänd. Forskningsfråga Hur ser relationen ut mellan sociala medievanor, informationssäkerhetsmedvetenhet och förmågan att identifiera deepfakes bland individer inom Generation Z? Metod Studien använde en kvantitativ metod, där en enkät genomfördes med 72 deltagare inom Generation Z för att samla in data om deras självskattning kring sociala medieanvändning, informationssäkerhetsmedvetenhet samt förmåga att identifiera deepfakes. Den insamlade datan analyserades med hjälp av både deskriptiv analys, för att sammanfatta och visualisera deltagarnas svar, samt inferentiell analys, för att undersöka statistiskt signifikanta samband och skillnader. Resultat Studien visade att deltagarnas träffsäkerhet i att identifiera deepfakes överlag var låg. En statistiskt signifikant skillnad påvisades i identifieringsförmåga beroende på medietyp. Ljudklipp var lättast att korrekt bedöma, följt av bilder, medan videor visade sig vara det mest utmanande formatet. Analysen visade inte på något tydligt samband mellan tid spenderad på sociala medier och deltagarnas förmåga att identifiera deepfakes. Inte heller självskattad informationssäkerhetsmedvetenhet visade sig ha ett signifikant samband med faktisk identifieringsförmåga. Diskussion Studiens resultat tyder på vikten av att inte enbart fokusera på att öka medvetenheten om digital manipulation, utan att också erbjuda konkreta verktyg och träning i att upptäcka deepfakes, för att stärka individers motståndskraft mot deepfake-manipulation. Genom att synliggöra variationerna i identifieringsgrad mellan ljud, bild och video, erbjuder studien ett underlag som kan användas för att utforma utbildningsinsatser riktade mot Generation Z. Målet är att stärka deras förmåga att på egen hand upptäcka och hantera digital manipulation. Med tanke på den snabba utvecklingen av deepfake-teknologi, som blir alltmer realistisk och svårupptäckt, kommer utbildning inom området bli allt viktigare.The emergence of deepfake technology poses growing challenges to information security, particularly as manipulated media spreads rapidly through social media platforms. Generation Z is one of the groups that spends the most time on social media, and therefore they should be the most exposed to deepfake content or manipulated content. Several studies have investigated the human ability to detect manipulated images and deepfake videos. However, there is currently a limited amount of research specifically focused on Generation Z’s ability to identify such content, as well as how this ability relates to their social media use and awareness of information security. This study addresses the research gap by examining how social media use and information security awareness influence Generation Z’s actual ability to detect deepfakes. The research question posed was “what is the relationship between social media use, information security awareness, and the ability to identify deepfakes among individuals within Generation Z?”. For the thesis, a quantitative study was conducted that involved people aged 15–30 living in Sweden. The participants took part in a survey built around a questionnaire with questions regarding social media use, information security awareness, and a test with 16 examples of audio, images and videos. The examples were then graded on the likelihood of being real or deepfake on a scale from 1–7. The collected data was first analyzed descriptively and inferential statistics were then conducted to strengthen the analysis, including Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman’s rank correlation tests. The results indicate that participants' ability to identify deepfake content was generally limited, and varied depending on media type. Audio clips were the easiest to identify correctly, while video content posed the greatest challenge. These findings suggest a knowledge gap in information security, even among individuals in Generation Z who are highly digitally engaged. No significant correlations were found between social media use or information security awareness and ability to detect deepfakes. The study highlights the need for targeted educational efforts within information security as well as media and information literacy, and may be useful for developing programs that enhance young people's resilience against digital manipulation
Generativt AI-innehåll och Generation-Z: En kvalitativ intervjustudie hur användarupplevelsen påverkas av AI-genererat innehåll på sociala medieplattformarna TikTok och Facebook
No full textDenna uppsats ämnar att utforska användarupplevelsen och attityder i relation till generativt AI-innehåll på de två största sociala medieplattformarna i världen: TikTok och Facebook. I och med uppkomsten av generativa AI-verktyg under de senaste åren har innehåll som genereras från AI alltmer integrerats i både innehålls skapande och sociala medier. Genom en kvalitativ metod med semi strukturerade intervjuer och en tematisk analys undersöker studien svenskar från generation Z och hur de uppfattar medvetenhet, relevans, autenticitet och känslor när de interagerar med AI-genererat innehåll. Resultaten avslöjade en övervägande negativ attityd mot generativt AI-innehåll, särskilt på Facebook. Respondenterna rapporterade en varierande medvetenhet om att kunna känna igen innehåll som härrör från AI-verktyg och hur de kände sig inför det. Medan de flesta respondenterna kunde uppskatta AI-genererat innehåll för kreativa och underhållande ändamål, uttryckte de oro för manipulation, desinformation, stulet kreativt intellekt och förlust av mänsklig kontakt i innehållet. Denna studie syftar till att öppna upp diskussionen om hur AI-innehåll påverkar vårt sociala medieklimat och indirekt vår användarupplevelse och medvetenhet om vilseledande innehåll.This thesis explores the user experience and attitudes in relation to generative AI-content on the two of the biggest social media platforms in the world: TikTok and Facebook. With the rise of generative AI-tools in the last couple of years the content generated from AI is increasingly becoming integrated into both content creation and the social media atmosphere. Through a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews and a thematic analysis, the study investigates Swedish people from generation z and how they perceive awareness, relevance, authenticity and emotions when interacting with AI-generated content. The results revealed a predominantly negative attitude against generative AI-content, especially on Facebook. The respondents reported a varied awareness in being able to recognise content derived from AI-tools and how they felt about it. While most of the respondents could appreciate AI-generated content for creative and entertainment purposes, they expressed concerns about manipulation, misinformation, stolen creative intellect and the loss of human touch in the content. This study aims to open up the discussion on how AI-content affects our social media climate and indirectly our user experience and awareness for misleading content.
If Crisis Communication Comes : A Critical Discourse Analysis of Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency's Pamphlet If Crisis or War Comes
No full textStudien “Om kriskommunikationen kommer” är en kritisk diskursanalys ur ett hegemoniskt perspektiv av MSB:s informationsbroschyr Om krisen eller kriget kommer. Dess syfte är att besvara hur MSB har utformat sin broschyr och vilken effekt det kan få på läsarens tolkning av texten och de fenomen vilka texten berör. Arbetet redovisar för hur broschyren porträtterar kris, krig och invånaren och använder sedan detta material i ett analysschema i fyra delar. Den första delen behandlar avsändaren, kontexten och läsarens förförståelse av dessa. Den andra delen fokuserar istället på den utformning och ton som används och vilka konnotationer det kan orsaka. Den tredje delen granskar hur aktörerna i språket utformas på en mikrostrukturell nivå. Den fjärde och sista delen går djupare in på Gramscis teori om det sunda förnuftet och hur det kan växa fram eller bli påtagligt i broschyren. Analysen påvisar att MSB:s broschyr fokuserar på krig och invånarens skyldighet i högre mån än andra kriser och vad som är statens skyldighet. Vidare, menar författaren, kan man genom kritisk diskursanalys se spår av hur broschyren försöker omforma vad som är sunt förnuft
Transformation/Change Management of Organization and Employees - The Impact of Transformational and Coercive Leadership on Employee Engagement During Organisational Change
No full textThis thesis explores how different leadership styles affect employee engagement during organizational change. As modern organizations frequently undergo structural, strategic, or cultural transformations, understanding the role of leadership in shaping employee engagement becomes critical for managing transitions effectively and sustaining workforce morale. The research question is: “How do transformational leadership and coercive leadership impact employee engagement during organizational change?” The study adopts a qualitative research strategy using a phenomenological approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten professionals from diverse organizational and cultural backgrounds. A six-phase thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) was applied to analyze the data, supported by tools such as Taguette (v1.4.1), Microsoft Excel (v2504), and draw.io (V27.0.9). The findings demonstrate that leadership style significantly influences employee engagement during change. Transformational leadership marked by empathy, inclusion, and clarity was associated with higher levels of emotional resilience, trust, and motivation. Conversely, coercive leadership characterised by control, poor communication, and emotional detachment led to disengagement, anxiety, and frustration. Importantly, engagement outcomes were driven less by the nature of the change itself, and more by how leaders communicated, involved, and supported their teams. These findings underscore the importance of emotionally intelligent leadership in navigating organisational change. While transformational behaviours helped foster psychological safety and trust, coercive approaches undermined morale and engagement. Practical implications include the need for leadership development programmes that prioritise empathy, transparency, and participatory communication. Ethical considerations around power dynamics and emotional wellbeing are also highlighted. Limitations include a small, non-generalisable sample and the subjective interpretation of leadership behaviour. Future research could explore leadership responses longitudinally or adopt mixed-method approaches to enhance depth and applicability
Percy Jackson: ADHD and dyslexia in the Swedish classroom : A special educational perspective on the learning of Spanish as a Foreign Language in High school
No full textMeaningfulness and learning in working life : A case study on Meaningfulness as a prerequisite for workplace Learning
No full textI en snabbt föränderlig omvärld är arbetsplatslärande avgörande för organisationers anpassningsförmåga och överlevnad. Forskning pekar på att arbetsplatser som upplevs som meningsfulla inte bara främjar lärande utan även leder till starka arbetsresultat. För att förstå vad som möjliggör detta behövs fördjupad kunskap om meningsfullhetens villkor och dess organisatoriska betydelse. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att erhålla en fördjupad förståelse av meningsfullhet som villkor för arbetsplatslärande, genom att ta del av hur chefer och medarbetare i en visionär organisation, erfar meningsfullhet. Studien utgörs av en kvalitativ fallstudie bestående av fem djupintervjuer inom en organisation som aktivt arbetat för att skapa en meningsfull arbetsplats. Fokus låg på såväl organisatoriska som relationella förutsättningar för meningsfullhet samt individuella konstruktioner av meningskällor, och hur dessa tillsammans främjar arbetsplatslärande. Resultaten visar att meningsfullhet uppstår när ett högre syfte kopplas till tydliga mål och autonomi, stöds av coachande ledarskap och en jämlik, samarbetsfokuserad kultur – vilket i sin tur skapar gynnsamma villkor för lärande. Samtidigt formas meningsfullhet framförallt individuellt: genom självinsikt, kunskap om meningsfullhet och öppenhet för djupare perspektiv som existentialism. Kollegiala relationer visade sig också centrala, där psykologisk trygghet, genuinitet och stöd främjade både meningsfullhet och informellt lärande. Slutligen identifierades även risker med stark meningsfullhet, såsom att autonomi utan mål kan undergräva verksamheten, att högt engagemang kan skapa livsobalans och ohälsa, samt att stark generell meningsfullhet i arbetet kan skapa motivationsbrist för uppgifter som upplevs som mindre meningsfulla.In a rapidly changing world, workplace learning is crucial for organizations’ ability to adapt and survive. Research suggests that meaningful workplaces not only foster learning but also contribute to strong performance outcomes. To better understand what enables this, deeper insight is needed into the conditions that support meaningfulness and its organizational significance. This thesis aims to explore meaningfulness as a condition for workplace learning by examining how leaders and employees in a visionary organization experience meaningfulness at work. The study is based on a qualitative case study involving five in-depth interviews within an organization that has actively worked to create a meaningful work environment. The focus was on organizational and relational conditions for meaningfulness, as well as individual constructions of sources of meaning - and how these factors together promote workplace learning. The findings indicate that meaningfulness arises when a higher purpose is connected to clear goals and autonomy, supported by coaching leadership and a collaborative, egalitarian culture—creating favorable conditions for learning. At the same time, meaningfulness is shaped largely on an individual level, through self-awareness, knowledge of meaningfulness, and openness to deeper existential perspectives. Collegial relationships also proved essential, where psychological safety, authenticity, and support fostered both meaningfulness and informal learning. Finally, the study identifies potential risks associated with strong experiences of meaningfulness, such as autonomy without direction undermining organizational goals, high engagement leading to imbalance and ill health, and a general sense of meaningfulness reducing motivation for tasks perceived as less meaningful.Läsaren är välkommen att kontakta uppsatsförfattaren för samtal och profesionella utbyten. </p
Seeing beyond the diagnostic and statistical manual : A function-centered review of obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders
No full textObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is classified within its own diagnostic category, separate from anxiety disorders, yet clinical practitioners still treat it as an anxiety disorder; both conceptually and therapeutically. This paper examines the rationale for seperating OCD from the anxiety disorders by contrasting cognitive models of anxiety disorders and OCD, and reviewing phenomenological and psychobiological evidence for OCD's distinctiveness. We compare OCD's behavioral functions with those of specific phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and health anxiety disorder. Our review finds no compelling evidence that OCD differs sufficiently from anxiety disorders to warrant its own category. The same functional behaviors are evident in OCD and other anxiety disorders, with the foci of threat being the differentiating factor between disorders (e.g., fear of public speaking vs. fear of contamination in social anxiety and contamination-OCD, respectively). Consequently, we conclude by emphasizing that future research should focus on behavioral function when studying mental disorders, since descriptive similarities may not indicate clinical or functional equivalence. For diagnostic manuals to maintain validity and clinical utility, they must incorporate a functional analytic perspective. Failure to do so may result in inadequate diagnostic categories and stagnant treatment advances (cf. clinical guidelines for OCD have remained unchanged since 2005). While diagnostic manuals are meant to guide treatment selection, descriptive diagnoses need complementary theory-driven case conceptualizations to advance our understanding of maintaining factors and mechanisms of change during treatment. Without this approach, theoretical progress in OCD may stall, ultimately affecting patient outcomes.This research was in part funded by Forte under the Framework the co-fund partnership of Transforming Health and Care Systems, THCS (grant number FORTE, 2023–01542).</p
(Dis)affordances and abandonment: Understanding everyday user engagement with security apps
No full textIn recent decades, numerous security technologies have emerged with the aim of fostering secure communities and providing people with the tools to bolster their everyday safety. Focusing specifically on security apps, this article explores how apps addressing security in public and semi-public spaces constitute preconditions for everyday user engagement, and vice versa, how users actively respond to these preconditions. Through identifying the (dis)affordances involved in such processes, we investigate co-production of user engagement with security apps. Drawing on observations and interviews with producers and users of apps, we explore the landscape of security apps as pervaded by processes of intended and actual (dis)affordances, sometimes also leading to abandonment of both use and users. A key finding is the divergence between the intended purposes of these apps – often framed around broad security ambitions – and their actual use, which frequently intertwines with mundane routines and logistical needs. This divergence paradoxically legitimizes broader securitisation discourses, even as the apps’ “successful use” often reflects a relatively privileged everyday life distant from tangible threats, highlighting the complex interplay between market forces, user practices, and the normalisation of surveillance