Publikationer från Stockholms universitet
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Bedrägeriförsök genom social engineering bland äldre i Sverige
No full textThe study tries to look into fraud attempts aimed at elderly people in Sweden through social engineering. As society digitalizes at a faster pace, cybercrime expands and exploits human vulnerabilities through social and emotional manipulation, and not just technical weaknesses. This development makes elderly people important targets due to limited digital competence, declining cognitive abilities, and social and digital exclusion. Even though there is research regarding digital fraud, there seem to be not many studies focusing on the core factors that make elderly people a selected target for fraud with the help of social engineering in Swedish context. With a survey-based research strategy, this study collects data through semi-structured interviews as its main method. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis, showing three key finding themes: digital insecurity, manipulative strategies, and the need for social support. The findings show that elderly people struggle with digital tools and have less awareness of manipulation methods. Elderly people rely heavily on family members to help them with cybersecurity. This lack of independence and motivation can make them less resilient to threats. The study shows that targeted education, improvement of information for the elderly, and support from institutions and society may reduce their vulnerability to fraud using social engineering methods. Future research should look into preventative methods and what responsibility could be shared with banks and other societal participants. This could help elders feel more secure using digital tools and feel less excluded from the digitalization of society.Studien undersöker bedrägeriförsök mot äldre personer i Sverige genom social engineering. I takt med att samhället digitaliseras ökar cyberbrottsligheten och metoderna för att utnyttja mänskliga sårbarheter genom social manipulation. Denna utveckling gör äldre till en måltavla på grund av begränsad digital kompetens, försämrad kognitiv förmåga samt social och digital exkludering. Trots att det finns forskning om digitala bedrägerier saknas många studier som specifikt fokuserar på de faktorer som gör äldre till en särskilt utsatt grupp för social engineering i en svensk kontext. Studien använder en undersökande forskningsstrategi och samlar in data genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Data analyserades med tematisk analys och tre huvudsakliga teman identifierades: digital osäkerhet, manipulativa strategier och behovet av samhällsstöd. Resultaten visar att äldre har svårigheter med digitala verktyg, saknar tillräcklig medvetenhet om manipulationstekniker och ofta är beroende av familjemedlemmar för hjälp med cybersäkerhet. Denna osjälvständighet kan öka deras sårbarhet för digitala hot. Studien belyser vikten av riktade utbildningsinsatser och tydligare riktlinjer från samhällsaktörer för att minska äldres sårbarhet för bedrägerier genom social engineering. Framtida forskning bör undersöka förebyggande åtgärder och vilket ansvar banker och andra samhällsaktörer har. Genom förbättrad digital säkerhet och samhällsstöd kan äldre känna sig tryggare vid användning av digitala verktyg och minska sin digitala exkludering
Från fiktion till verklighet : Hur populärkultur gestaltar maktstrukturer
No full textDenna studie undersöker hur maktrelationer och ideologiska motsättningar gestaltas i populärkulturella medier, med särskilt fokus på språkets roll i att uttrycka föreställningar om makt, rättvisa och frihet. Utifrån ett sociologiskt perspektiv, och med stöd i Michel Foucaults diskurs- och maktteori, genomförs en kritisk diskursanalys av utvalda dialoger från Assassin’s Creed III och Assassin’s Creed Rogue. Analysen visar hur olika ideologiska positioner tar form genom språkliga val och hur dessa används för att legitimera eller ifrågasätta samhällsordningar. Dialogerna synliggör återkommande teman som ordning, kontroll och självbestämmande, och visar hur dessa begrepp laddas med skilda värden beroende på sammanhang. Genom att analysera hur dessa teman behandlas i spelens berättelser, synliggörs hur populärkulturella uttryck kan tematisera, reproducera och problematisera idéer om samhällsstruktur och moral.
The global response to the pandemic: An empirical cluster analysis of policies targeting COVID-19
No full textIt is well known that countries differed in their response to the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of the timing and intensity of specific measures such as lockdowns, face masks and vaccine rollout. However, previous studies have not investigated systematic differences in the overall pandemic strategies. We use daily data from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), between January 2020 and December 2022 focusing on 16 key pandemic policies, including containment, economic, and health system measures, and apply a three-dimensional k-means clustering algorithm to identify distinct overarching strategies based on the type, intensity, and timing of the response adopted by different countries. We identify four distinct strategies; 1) the traditional infectious disease control approach, adopted by a wide range of high- and middle-income countries, which emphasises strict containment policies and movement restrictions, 2) the public health-oriented approach, adopted by developed welfare states with ageing populations and high health care expenditures, which is more flexible over time and focuses more on economic and health policies, such as income support and testing strategies, with less emphasis on stringent containment, 3) high stringency with gradual relaxation, and 4) reactive policies at a minimal level, both adopted by less democratic low- and middle income countries with substantial inequalities and with younger and less vulnerable populations. The findings contribute to understanding how different countries adapted to the pandemic and how these responses may relate to broader socio-political contexts, including welfare state arrangements and economic resilience
Motivation, Work & Health : Experiences of adult Migrants with Disabilities
No full textStudien undersöker vilka faktorer som påverkar migranter med funktionsnedsättningar i deras arbetssökande, motivation och upplevda hälsa. Med en kvalitativ ansats genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra deltagare, där särskild hänsyn togs till språkliga och kommunikativa behov. Datainsamlingen skedde med öppna frågor och djupgående innehålls- och tematiskt analysverktyg. Resultaten visar att deltagarna upplever bland annat hinder såsom bristande stöd från Arbetsförmedlingen och blivit utsatta för diskriminering. Samtidigt beskrivs migrationen som en möjlighet till förbättrad hälsa och ökad acceptans i det svenska samhället. Tidigare erfarenheter, självförtroende och tillgång till sociala och materiella resurser framstår som avgörande för etablering. Exkluderande strukturer och negativa attityder identifieras som centrala hinder, medan social inkludering och delaktighet är nyckelfaktorer för motivation. Slutsatserna betonar att autonomi, kompetens, samhörighet samt olika typer av redskap påverkas av funktionsnedsättning, samhällsstruktur och kulturell kontext, och att ökad inkludering och stöd behövs för att stärka målgruppens deltagande på arbetsmarknaden.The study explores factors affecting migrants with disabilities in their job-seeking, motivation, and perceived health. Using a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with four participants, with attention to linguistic and communicative needs. Open-ended questions and thematic content analysis were used. Findings show that participants face barriers such as lack of support from the Public Employment Service and experiences of discrimination. At the same time, migration is seen as a chance for better health and greater acceptance in Swedish society. Prior experiences, self-confidence, and access to social and material resources are crucial for labor market integration. Exclusionary structures and negative attitudes are key obstacles, while social inclusion and participation support motivation. The study concludes that autonomy, competence, relatedness, and access to tools are shaped by disability, social structures, and cultural context. Greater inclusion and support are needed to strengthen this group’s participation in the labor market
Monitoring Listening Comprehension in Real Time: Early Observations from the ReMoDEL Project
No full textDeveloping strong listening skills in a second language (L2) can be challenging for a variety of reasons. Within the context of L2 use in higher education, accurate and timely processing of aural input can be crucial for academic success, particularly because vast amounts of disciplinary-specific content are delivered via academic lectures in the students' and/or teacher's L2. This brief report introduces and shares early observations from the ReMoDEL project (Real Time Monitoring of Dynamic English Listening), which focuses on student listening comprehension in English as a medium of instruction (EMI) courses set within a multicultural, multilingual context, namely, Sweden. Employing a novel footpedal device to register moments of comprehension and noncomprehension, ReMoDEL identifies instances within EMI lectures when students report challenges in understanding and investigates the cause(s) of those challenges with the overall aims of identifying the myriad influences on comprehension of lecture content, cataloging student recovery strategies, and working to raise teacher awareness of the volatile and individualized nature of listening in EMI. The combination of footpedal data and stimulated recall interviews yielded 89 coded instances of noncomprehension (including multiple coding, when appropriate) that arose during a pilot study, of which a majority related to top-down aspects of listening (53), followed by affective, multimodal and environmental factors (10 each). Bottom-up processing issues were sparsely reported (four), and two mistaken pushes occurred. This brief report describes the project as well as quantitative and qualitative data from the pilot study
I, Skeptical? A quantitative study of Consumer Resistance to innovations in services in the Context of Autonomous Public Transport
No full textArtificial intelligence (AI) such as automated driving systems and autonomous vehicles (AVs) are getting more and more common in our daily lives. The application of these systems in services are rapidly developing and prototype testing can be seen more frequently. However, these advancements face critical challenges as they are integrated into our society, they can encounter resistance as they disrupt habits, norms and traditions. Consumers perceive skepticism, anxiety and other feelings as these new services push boundaries of how they function, perform and integrate. Consumer resistance to these innovations is challenging as it requires stakeholders to understand potential barriers and risks, if they fail to do so the likelihood of smooth adoption drastically decreases. Stakeholders do not only face the possibility of delayed adoption rate but also complete rejection. In order to avoid or potentially minimize resistance to innovations, an understanding of what factors play a role in impacting consumer resistance is vital. This study's purpose was to research which previously suggested factors in the extended consumer resistance model by Mani and Chouk (2018) would impact skepticism towards autonomous vehicles in the context of autonomous public transport. The study conducted a quantitative survey method to collect data from commuters to and from university. The study finds that of the three independent variables Perceived Technological Dependence, Technology Anxiety and Inertia, one of the independent variables, technology anxiety is supported to have an impact directly on skepticism to autonomous vehicles as an innovation in services in the context of autonomous public transport.
"So if you don't care about my problems and only care about yourself, then why should I give a shit about yours?" : En netnografisk studie av forumet Incels.is
No full textSverige har flest incels per capita och denna grupp är aktiv på olika internettplattformar (Fernquist, et al. 2020, s. 1; Fowler et al., 2023, s. 1775). Dessa plattformar fungerar som en arena för att förmedla, ventilera och förstärka en gemensam världsbild, där individer påverkar varandra och bidrar till en radikalisering enligt tidigare studier. Denna studie syftar till att analysera retoriken och narrativ vilka förekommer på incelforumet incels.is genom att använda Sykes och Marzas teori om neutraliseringstekniker samt Puhrmann och Schlaerth teori om social död. Studien undersöker hur dessa teorier kan förklara tekniker som används för att rättfärdiga de tankemönster och beteenden som kännetecknar incelörelsen. Genom en kvalitativ netnografisk ansats analyseras inlägg och diskussioner på incelforumet för att förstå hur incelmedlemmarna legitimerar och motiverar sina attityder och handlingar. Resultatet visar att det är fyra neutraliseringstekniker som används för att rättfärdiga misogyn och våldsam retorik på incelforumet. Det identifieras även ett tema som inte kan förklaras med någon teknik, utan snarare kan förklaras genom begreppet social död. Detta då temat inte innehåller den form av retorik eller uttalanden som medlemmarna i annat fall visar på att rättfärdiga genom neutraliseringsteknik. Det framkommer att medlemmar på incelforumet upplever en djup känsla av alienation, självförakt och sorg över sin sociala isolering, som inte kan ersättas av den gemenskap som finns på forumet. Sammanfattningsvis visar denna studie att neutraliseringstekniker kan förklara delar av den våldsamma och misogyna retoriken på incelforumet incels.is, men att det även finns djupare, existentiella dimensioner av alienation och social död som spelar en central roll för att förstå incelmedlemmarna.
The Rising Educational Penalties of Parental Divorce Across Generations
No full textDivorce rates have risen markedly since the mid-20th century, yet our understanding of how this shift impacts children remains limited. This study investigates how the effect of parental divorce on educational attainment has changed across generations for cohorts born between 1951 and 1999. Leveraging detailed Swedish register data and employing sibling fixed effects estimations, I find that experiencing divorce during childhood is associated with a decrease in the likelihood of graduating from high school and attending university. These adverse effects have intensified significantly for cohorts born from the mid-1970s and onward, contrasting with weaker or insignificant effects for children born in the 1950s and 1960s. An analysis of mechanisms rules out several key potential reasons and provides suggestive evidence that the intensified effects stem from a shift in divorce patterns, with divorces increasingly occurring in families with higher marriage quality, making divorce more detrimental on average
Cells in Time and Space : Beyond comprehensive cellular atlases towards a deeper understanding of disease
No full textRecent advancements in single-cell RNA sequencing have transformed the way we classify cells. These innovations have provided an unprecedented view into the complexities of cell types within the human body and enabled the creation of comprehensive cellular atlases for various tissues and organs. While these techniques have revolutionized biology, they are limited in that they lack the necessary information to examine the architecture of complex tissues. This limitation has led to the development of spatially resolved transcriptomic (SRT) techniques, giving rise to the field of spatial biology. The rapid growth of spatial biology has largely been driven by academic research, though commercial entities have recently begun to emerge in the market. In situ sequencing (ISS) is one such SRT technique that enables the mapping of hundreds of transcripts directly in tissue samples. ISS utilizes padlock probes, which hybridize to a target. Ligation of the probes allows for their circularization. Once circularized, the probes are enzymatically amplified, and their identity can be decoded using fluorescent probes and a microscope. In Paper I, we build upon the first iteration of ISS to create a hybridization-based sequencing approach that allows for more genes to be targeted. Additionally, the improved signal-to-noise ratio enabled more robust signal detection, facilitating the application to aged human brain tissue, which is challenging to analyze due to autofluorescence. In Paper II, we use the technology developed in Paper I to map out 75 transcriptomically defined cell types in the human cortex. In total, we pinpointed the location of 59,816 cells in their native positions and abundances. We looked at both the within- and across-layer distribution of these cell types. In Paper III, we profiled the development of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in mouse spinal cord and brain. Over different time points, we could map out the location of cell types and model the development of these cellular lineages, uncovering the neighboring preferences of these cells. The data revealed spatial heterogeneity of oligodendrocyte lineage progression in the brain and spinal cord. In Paper IV, we modeled the development of neuroinflammatory lesions in the multiple sclerosis model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We built a comprehensive atlas of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the disease development by collecting tissues from different time points and different regions of the CNS. We uncovered the dynamic nature of disease-associated glial subtypes, being induced globally at peak and then reverting back to their homeostatic gene expression signature at the reduced inflammatory state. Moreover, the temporal analysis of the lesion development allowed for uncovering the intricate structure of these lesions and how they propagate over time. Human tissue sections confirmed the cell-driven approach to lesion identification and the induction of disease-associated glial subtypes. Taken together, the work presented in this thesis serves to showcase how one can use ISS to create comprehensive atlases, but more importantly, move beyond cellular atlases towards understanding disease.
Municipal crisis preparedness and collaboration : A qualitative study of Huddinge and Botkyrka municipalities' work with crisis preparedness with a focus on nursing homes.
No full textStudien har till syfte att undersöka hur Huddinge och Botkyrka kommun använder sina styrdokument inom krisberedskap i samhällsplanering och undersöka tillgängligheten och kännedomen hos tjänstemän, äldreboenden och räddningstjänsten kring framtagna styrdokument. Tidigare forskning inom området är begränsat, där befintlig tidigare forskning utgår ifrån det generella arbetet med krisberedskap kring civilsamhället, landsbygden och förändringarna som skett inom krisberedskapen under olika tidsperioder. Resultatet visar att det kommunala arbetet varierar. Utifrån framtagna styrdokument så värderar kommunerna ett gott samarbete och samverkan med de befintliga aktörerna inom kommunen, men ute på fält, så är samarbetet mellan kommunen och de olika aktörerna bristfällig. Kommunerna skiljer sig åt i arbetet, men respektive kommun står för olika utmaningar där man arbetar med krisberedskap på olika sätt fastän båda kommunerna utgår ifrån svensk lagstiftning och är medlem i samma brandförsvarsförbund. Slutsatsen blir att det Huddinge och Botkyrka kommuns arbete med krisberedskap skiljer sig åt där kvalitén varierar. Huddinge kommun brister i samverkan både internt och externt. Likt Huddinge kommun brister även Botkyrka i sitt arbete med krisberedskap, men i mindre grad. Båda kommunerna strykerunder att ett lokalt samarbete är ett måste för att kunna uppnå de uppsatta målen, men vägen dit är lång. Det kan konstateras att alla aktörer behöver ta sitt ansvar, där kommunen behöver hålla i taktpinnen för att dirigera arbetet mot robusthet inom kommunen, vilket saknas. The purpose of the study is to examine how Huddinge and Botkyrka municipality use their guidance documents within crisis preparedness in community planning and to investigate the availability and familiarity of civil servants, nursing homes and the emergency services regarding the guidance documents produced. Previous research in the area is limited, where existing previous research is based on the general work with crisis preparedness around civil society, the countryside and the changes that have taken place in crisis preparedness during different periods. The result show that municipal work varies. Based on the steering documents produced, the municipalities value good cooperation and collaboration with the existing actors within the municipality, but out in the field, the collaboration between the municipality and the various actors is lacking. The municipalities differ in their work, but each municipality faces different challenges where they work with crisis preparedness in different ways, even though both municipalities are based on Swedish legislation and are members of the same firefighting association. The conclusion is that Huddinge and Botkyrka municipality’s work with crisis preparedness differs where the quality varies. Huddinge municipality lacks cooperation both internally and externally. Like Huddinge municipality, Botkyrka also fails in its work with crisis preparedness, but to a lesser degree. Both municipalities underline that local cooperation is a must in order to achieve the set goals, but the road to get there is long. It can be stated that all actors need to take their responsibility, where the municipality needs to hold the baton in order to direct the work towards robustness within the municipality, which is lacking.