Publikationer från Stockholms universitet
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Sea level rise contribution from Ryder Glacier in northern Greenland varies by an order of magnitude by 2300 depending on future emissions
No full textThe northern sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet contains some of the ice sheet's last remaining glaciers with floating ice tongues. One of these glaciers is Ryder Glacier, which has been relatively stable in recent decades, in contrast to the neighbouring Petermann and C.H. Ostenfeld glaciers. Understanding Ryder Glacier's future behaviour is important as ice-tongue loss could lead to acceleration and increased ice discharge. Meanwhile, it is unclear whether Greenland-wide modelling attempts are able to accurately resolve the influence of fjord and bedrock topography and small-scale variations in ice dynamics for a glacier like Ryder. To fill these gaps, here we conduct targeted high-resolution modelling of Ryder Glacier until the year 2300. We find that mass loss is dominated by discharge under a low-emissions scenario all the way to 2300, leading to a sea level contribution of between 0.8 and 2 mm depending on the amount of ocean warming. Discharge also plays a key role under a high-emissions scenario up until 2100, after which a strongly negative surface mass balance becomes the dominant driver of mass loss. This negative surface mass balance leads to a much higher sea level rise contribution by 2300 of between 44 and 52 mm, with little sensitivity to the range of ocean warming scenarios used in this study
Safety First : Gender Differences in Screening on an Online Platform
No full textWe investigate gender differences in economic outcomes on the largest carpooling platform in Europe, combining correspondence studies, scraped platform data and surveys. We find that although female drivers are strongly preferred by passengers, they do not earn higher revenues. We reconcile this paradox by showing that female drivers screen out passengers more than men do, driven by differences in perceived risk and tolerance for potentially unsafe passengers
Copyright Exceptions and Fair Use Defences for AI Training Done for “Research” and “Learning,” or the Inescapable Licensing Horizon
No full textThe training of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models relies on extensive amounts of “data,” often sourced from content protected by copyright, related and sui generis rights. The discussion of whether and how to strike a balance between licensing and exceptions under copyright law is one of global relevance. While some countries have adopted or considered adopting specific exceptions to allow text and data mining (TDM), others (most) have not introduced any new legislation. In Europe, much of the attention has so far centred on Article 4 of Directive 2019/790 (DSMD), including in the context of a potential UK reform. The starting point of this contribution is the following four-fold observation. First, TDM may be part of AI training processes, but it is neither synonymous with AI training nor is it all that AI training entails, including in terms of acts restricted by copyright and related rights. Second, from a European (thus including both the EU and the UK) perspective, limiting the attention to Article 4 DSMD is myopic, as national case law demonstrates. Third, calls have recently been made to relax EU copyright rules to facilitate “research,” seemingly including the President of the European Commission herself, who announced forthcoming legislative proposals “to make Europe the home of innovation again.” Fourth, the UK Government’s Copyright and AI consultation has recently ended: should no reform be ultimately undertaken, the application of the existing TDM exception will depend to a large extent on how courts construe the notions of “research” and the “non-commercial” requirement thereof. Moving from the above, this study investigates whether and to what extent unlicensed AI training activities could be undertaken by relying, not on Article 4 DSMD as transposed into national law or a hypothetical reform of the UK system of exceptions, but rather on what appear to be so far potentially overlooked defences. Reference is made specifically to research and education exceptions, notably Article 3 DSMD and Article 5(3)(a) of Directive 2001/29 (InfoSoc Directive), also read in light of Article 5 DSMD. The discussion of other jurisdictions – including the US and countries, like South Korea and Singapore, which have adopted open-ended fair use-style defences – is also undertaken. This is done to determine whether unlicensed AI training, including training seemingly done for the purpose of research or education/learning, might be considered lawful. In light of the context summarized above, the study tackles two key questions: (a) whether unlicensed AI training may be classified as “research” or even “learning” in the context of “teaching,” and (b) whether commercial AI developers may take advantage of the provisions above. Ultimately, both questions are answered in the negative, finding that no exception or open-ended defence fully covers unlicensed AI training activities. As a result, a licensing approach (and culture) appears to be the way for AI training to be undertaken lawfully, including when this is done for “research” and “learning.
Translation awards in the Nordic countries : A comparative approach
No full textTranslation awards are an often-overlooked category of literary awards, with research on them typically concentrating on specific individual awards. This paper adopts a comparative, macro approach to exploring translation awards in the Nordic countries (Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland). Adopting a simplified and adapted version of Jerry Määttä's framework for studying literary awards, this paper aims to answer the following questions: (1) How do different forms of capital (cultural capital, economic capital, translator capital) relate to translation awards in the Nordic countries? (2) What similarities and differences are there in translation awards in the Nordic countries? (3) What are the different functions of translation awards in the Nordic countries? Focusing on a broader geographic region highlights the multi-functionality of translation awards, not least in the emergence of a new category: translation awards for community recognition. Three functions are emphasized: promoting translation as an export, legitimizing translation sub-genres, and gaining intraprofessional recognition. The national characteristics are highlighted throughout the analysis
The thing, the consumer, the rejected: a threevoices cycle
No full textThe overall focus of this article is poetics in consumer studies. However, thepoem cycle has as its main subject aesthetics and metaphysics in consumerstudies, and hence serves as an example of how poetics in consumerstudies can play out as a mode of presentation. The poem cycle isconcentrated on the vagueness, ambiguities, uncertainties, andobscurities of consumer life, and presents a kind of assemblage-thinking.At its core, it consists of three different voices that portray three differentaspects. The voices differ mainly based on structure and pattern. Theoverall structure of the cycle follows the pattern of a normal article; itstarts off with an introduction that gives a background to the threevoices called The Prologue. Then the three different texts: it ends withThe Epilogue. Then its poetical and philosophical underpinnings
Självkostnadsprincipen i kommersiellentreprenad : Om skälighetsbedömning vid löpande räkning och Ändring av entreprenad enligt AB 04, ABT 06, AB 25 och ABPU 25
No full text The legal position regarding whether a reasonableness review of the price is possible when the prime cost principle is agreed upon under the standard agreements in commercial construction is unclear. This thesis presents the most reasonable interpretation, based on the established method for interpreting standard agreements developed by the Swedish Supreme Court. This method allows guidance from default legal provisions. Accordingly, the analysis focuses on Section 45 of the Swedish Sale of Goods Act and Section 36 of the Consumer Services Act, which may be analogously applied to commercial construction in certain circumstances. These sections require that the price is not agreed upon. Commercial construction is characterised by being complicated and unpredictable. These projects are primarily regulated by standard agreements, namely AB 04 and ABT 06. These standard agreements are currently undergoing revision, and the updated versions, AB 25 and ABPU 25, are expected to replace the previous standard agreements in 2025. A common form of compensation in commercial construction are cost plus contracts. Cost plus contract is reimbursed by the prime cost principle. Even in fixed price contracts, or contracts with other compensation forms, is contract variations often reimbursed according to the prime cost principle. Therefore, the prime cost principle is of great importance in the majority of commercial construction governed by these standard agreements. The only certain way for the employer to question the contractor’s proven costs, when the prime cost principle is applied, is by questioning the contractor’s adherence to its duty of care. However, the burden of proof lies with the employer, and proving such a breach is often difficult in practice. Relevant case law is examined in the thesis to assess whether cost based on the prime cost principle constitutes a sufficiently defined pricing basis. While some judgments suggest that the prime cost principle in standard agreements defines the pricing mechanism clearly enough to preclude such review, others, such as the Gripenhus case from 2016, indicate that a reasonableness review may still be assessed regarding pricing components that remain unregulated. The thesis findings are that although the legal situation is uncertain, it is reasonable to apply the same principle to commercial contracts as to consumer contracts, particularly since commercial employers may not be better positioned to prevent overcharging than consumers. Consequently, it may be possible to conduct a reasonableness review of unregulated components of the prime cost principle. However, the specific terms agreed upon between the parties should always be considered in the final legal assessment
Charting for Change : Collective Action for Sustainable Industrial Fisheries
No full textManaging industrial fisheries presents a persistent and complex sustainability challenge. Despite the establishment of comprehensive regulatory frameworks, international agreements, and voluntary certification schemes, fisheries worldwide continue to face overfishing, illegal practices, weak governance, and contribute to habitat degradation. Rather than discrete or isolated problems, industrial fisheries are better conceptualised as nested collective action dilemmas, in which environmental externalities emerge from decisions made by diverse actors operating across multiple governance levels. Actions taken by individual fishers, firms, or governance institutions often produce cascading effects that cross spatial and institutional boundaries, further complicated by the mobility of marine species and the transboundary nature of marine ecosystems. This thesis explores how voluntary collective action, inspired by stewardship aspirations, can contribute to more sustainable fisheries governance. Comprising four papers grounded in social-ecological systems thinking, it examines diverse efforts to coordinate sustainability commitments among industry actors. Paper I traces the evolution of seafood stewardship over the past five decades and identifies four dimensions that enable collective action: moving beyond compliance, adopting systems perspectives, embracing uncertainty, and recognising the embeddedness of humans in the biosphere. Paper II investigates pre-competitive collaborations as voluntary sustainability initiatives, focusing on their design and regulatory fit, but also their frequent lack of enforcement and systematic evaluation. Paper III employs process tracing in the Barents Sea cod fishery to examine how critical events shaped and were shaped by social relationships in the development and institutionalisation of collective action. It highlights the role of Interaction Rituals and trust-building in influencing governance outcomes. Paper IV addresses the governance of transshipment, a contested practice often linked to illegal fishing, by mapping the ownership of refrigerated cargo vessels. It argues that a nested governance approach, combining formal regulation with voluntary initiatives, provides new and innovative ways of governing this practice. Together, these papers suggest that voluntary collective action can effectively complement state-led governance when underpinned by trust, transparency, and accountability. Due to the complexity of industrial fisheries, achieving sustainability will require hybrid governance structures that combine stewardship-focused cooperation with strong regulatory institutions
Pushed to the Limit : A study on the lived experiences of migrants living with the changing work permit system in Sweden
No full textIn November 2023, the Swedish government instigated a series of changes to the nation's work permit system. The most significant of these was the introduction of a new salary requirement, which increased from 13,000 SEK to over 25,000 SEK. The implementation of these new regulations was driven by the objective of addressing concerns regarding the exploitation of migrants within the labour market, with a view to enhancing their position and status within the employment sector. The present study has been conducted for the purpose of investigating the manner in which the alterations that have been made to the work permit system appear to be at odds with the objectives and aims that the system has previously outlined. Rather than leading to a reduction in labour market exploitation, the changes have resulted in an increase in exploitation and a deterioration in the position of migrants within the labour market. This has been achieved through a variety of mechanisms, including the deepening of dependency between employee and employer, which in turn has led to an increase in exploitation. The present study is situated within the context of the fast-food industry, a sector characterised by relatively low salaries and where the repercussions of alterations to the work permit system are particularly evident. The primary objective of this study is to examine the impact of these changes on the lived experiences of migrants who currently hold work permits and are employed in the fast-food industry. This study utilises an ethnographic fieldwork approach to investigate the lives of migrants affected by the recent amendments to work permit regulations. The findings reveal that these amendments have led to an exacerbation of exploitation, dependency, control and uncertainty in the lives of these migrants
Independency of video game companions and its importance - A deep dive into companions' independence during gameplay elements
No full textCompanions' individuality are an integral part in making them more believable. Studies generally focus on dialogue and text that helps fuel the narrative and worldbuilding, rather than interactions with the player during runtime moments where the companions actions and interactions with mechanics affect gameplay. Characteristics of companions have been found by previous research to guide on how to make them more believable. But the characteristics are lacking in how companions could be independent but also give the player agency over them. To find these missing characteristics a multiple case study approach was implemented. Where data was found through observations of the games and documentation by other sources. Qualitative content analysis was used to gather codes and categories of the data, where each of the games were separated in their own environments to be later combined together to find similarities within the categories. There were two new categories that emerged to the characteristics of a companion to design and create independent companions. Perherpiral-awareness is a characteristic that was found through the games that describes how a companion should be able to sense and react on their own based on awareness. Knowledge was another found characteristic that describes the need for companions to base their behaviour around the knowledge about their environment and enemies. These new characteristics bring forward a new way to design companions that gives them more independence but still leaving agency to the player. More practical testing with this new design space is needed to see how players themself react to it
Unveiling the Black Box: Explainability and trust in AI-based banking systems
No full textIntroduction The integration of AI systems into the banking sector presents both significant opportunities and potential risks. As AI handles high-stakes decisions such as credit scoring or fraud detection, the lack of transparency, referred to as the black box phenomenon, has emerged as a critical concern. This thesis examines how explainability can be achieved in these complex systems and how it impacts and influences user trust. Research question In response to these challenges, the thesis seeks to answer the following research question: What are the challenges, opportunities, and effective strategies for achieving explainability and trust in AI-based banking systems? Method To answer the research question, a qualitative literature review was conducted. Following guidelines based on academic sources for a systematic review, relevant articles and case studies were identified through key words such as: explainability, trust, finance, AI models, black box AI, explainable AI in banking, autonomous systems, trust in AI and high risk. An analysis was conducted on the articles to connect them in relation to the thesis’s key concepts. Result Through systematic literature review and thematic analysis of 17 academic and institutional sources, the study identifies three key challenges in achieving explainability: technical and organizational barriers, psychological factors affecting stakeholder trust, and gaps between regulatory demands and real-world implementation. Practical strategies used by banks, like model-agnostic XAI tools, human-AI hybrid systems and conceptual alternatives such as envelopment, are also highlighted in the analysis. Discussion The results suggest that explainability alone isn’t sufficient to establish trust in AI-based banking systems. Instead, a combination of technical transparency, regulatory compliance and human oversight should be the way to achieve trust between human and machine. The study indicates that strategies for achieving explainability should correspond to the complexity and risk level of each application. Explainability should not be treated as a technical add-on but rather as a foundational component of responsible AI deployment. Further research is needed on integrated explainability methods, as well as clearer regulatory guidance to ensure a safe deployment of AI within the banking sector