Publikationer från Karlstads Universitet
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Contact nurses' experiences of using the BETTER model to address sexuality issues with cancer patients-A study based on the normalization process theory
No full textBackground: Contact Nurses in Cancer Care (CNCCs) are well-positioned to address patients' concerns regarding sexual health, but many lack the tools and confidence to initiate such conversations. Aim: To explore how CNCCs perceive the use of the BETTER model as a new practice for integrating discussions of sexuality into cancer care. Methods: Data were collected from 37 CNCCs through video-recorded educational seminars, written reflections, and focus group interviews. A directed qualitative content analysis was conducted, guided by the four constructs of the Normalization Process Theory: coherence, cognitive participation, collective action, and reflexive monitoring. Results: The BETTER model was perceived as a valuable tool for initiating conversations about sexuality. The CNCCs highlighted the importance of personal reflection, peer support, and managerial backing. Time constraints and structural barriers were identified as key challenges to implementation. Many CNCCs viewed themselves as clinical champions, advocating for the sustained integration of the model into practice. Conclusion: Communication tools such as the BETTER model can enhance CNCCs' confidence and competence in addressing sexual health. Successful implementation requires organizational support and recognition of CNCCs' roles as facilitators of change. The Normalization Process Theory proved useful in understanding the implementation process, even across diverse clinical settings
A Changing Tax Landscape : A Study of the Earned Income Tax Credit from the Perspective of Tax Law Principles and the Theory of Optimal Taxation
No full textSyftet med uppsatsen är att analysera jobbskatteavdraget i ljuset av såväl skatterättsliga principer som teorin om optimal beskattning. Analysen tar sin utgångspunkt i de principer om likformighet, neutralitet och effektivitet som låg till grund för 1990–1991 års skattereform och prövar i vilken mån jobbskatteavdraget innebär ett avsteg från dessa. Vidare undersöks hur avdragets rättsliga och ekonomiska konstruktion kan förstås och värderas utifrån teorin om optimal beskattning. Uppsatsen bygger huvudsakligen på rättsdogmatisk metod, kompletterad med ett externt ekonomiskt perspektiv i form av teorin om optimal beskattning. Analysen visar att jobbskatteavdraget innebär tydliga avsteg från principer om likformighet och horisontell rättvisa, samtidigt som dess konstruktion i flera avseenden är förenlig med centrala insikter inom teorin om optimal beskattning, särskilt vad gäller incitament och effektivitet. Resultatet indikerar en normativ förskjutning i svensk skattepolitik, där effektivitetsöverväganden i linje med teorin om optimal beskattning fått ökat genomslag i förhållande till traditionella skatterättsliga ideal. Jobbskatteavdraget illustrerar därmed hur skattepolitiken rör sig i skärningspunkten mellan skatterättsliga principer och teorin om optimal beskattning, och hur avvägningen mellan dessa ideal är en central fråga för utformningen av framtidens skattesystem.The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the Swedish earned income tax credit (jobbskatteavdraget) considering both tax law principles and the theory of optimal taxation. The analysis takes as its starting point the principles of uniformity, neutrality, and efficiency that formed the basis of the 1990–1991 Swedish tax reform and examines the extent to which the earned income tax credit represents a deviation from these principles. Furthermore, the legal and economic structure of the tax credit is analyzed and evaluated from the perspective of optimal taxation theory. The thesis primarily employs a doctrinal legal method, supplemented with an external economic perspective in the form of optimal taxation theory. The analysis shows that the earned income tax credit involves clear deviations from principles of uniformity and horizontal equity, while its design in several respects is consistent with central insights from optimal taxation theory, particularly regarding incentives and efficiency. The results indicate a normative shift in Swedish tax policy, where efficiency considerations aligned with optimal taxation theory have gained greater prominence relative to traditional tax law principles. The earned income tax credit thus illustrates how tax policy operates at the intersection of legal principles and optimal taxation theory, and how balancing these ideals represents a central question for the design of future tax systems
Trajectories of sport exhaustion, cynicism and inadequacy among adolescent student-athletes : A three-year longitudinal study of social influences in the Finnish dual career context
No full textSport schools enhance adolescents’ athletic development by offering extra training opportunities in addition to sport club training, but a rapid increase in the training load may elevate the risk of sport burnout. Thus, the aim of this study was twofold: (1) to explore the trajectories of three sport burnout dimensions (exhaustion, cynicism and inadequacy) among Finnish student-athletes (n = 268; 44 % female, 56 % male) across three academic years in lower secondary sport schools (ages 13–15 years), and to (2) examine how these trajectories were associated with student-athletes' perceived social support from parents, peers and coaches, as well as their gender, sport type and competition level. Student-athletes completed associated questionnaires at three time points at the end of three academic years—Grades 7, 8, and 9. Linear latent growth models revealed that feelings of inadequacy and cynicism increased during lower secondary school across the sample. At baseline, female student-athletes reported higher levels of inadequacy and cynicism, whereas males showed higher levels of exhaustion. Social support from peers and coaches reduced the initial levels and progression of burnout over time, respectively. Although paternal support initially minimized inadequacy, continued support subsequently tended to increase inadequacy. The findings highlight the importance of examining the three dimensions as interconnected aspects of sport burnout, and to support student-athletes in addressing emerging feelings of inadequacy and cynicism before these symptoms intensify. Educating coaches and strengthening peer support would be particularly beneficial while helping mothers to take a more active role in sports and fathers to provide support without becoming overly involved.
Дії населення в умовах загрози або виникнення осередку біологічного ураження
No full textВ методичних рекомендаціях розглянуто механізми захисту та методи боротьби з біологічними загрозами в Україні, країнах Європи та Азії, а також детальний алгоритм дій та служб, які задіяні у кожній ситуації. Методичні рекомендації містять рекомендації з організації практичної та самостійної роботи здобувачів та контрольні питання для самоперевірки знань
Цифрові договірні умови як механізм захисту прав учасників електронної комерції
No full textСтрімкий розвиток інформаційних технологій та мережі Інтернет зумовив трансформацію правовідносин купівлі-продажу товарів та надання послуг у бік їх переходу в електронну форму. Таким чином постає актуальність дослідження правового регулювання взаємодії суб’єктами електронної комерції – продавцями товарів і надавачами послуг, з одного боку, та споживачами – з іншого, оскільки Інтернет-торгівля передбачає приєднання споживача (користувача) до визначених умов, що викладені на сайті або у мобільному застосунку суб’єкта господарювання (Адміністрації).
У цьому контексті особливого значення набувають такі документи, як угода користувача, політика конфіденційності та публічна оферта. Незважаючи на те, що кожен з цих документів має свій окремий предмет регулювання, у сукупності вони регулюють взаємодію сторін електронної комерції шляхом укладення електронного договору як домовленості двох або більше сторін, спрямованої на встановлення, зміну або припинення цивільних прав і обов’язків та оформленої в електронній формі. Зважаючи на таку єдність та їх договірний характер, вказані документи доцільно визначати родовим поняттям «цифрові договірні умови електронної комерції»
Lärares sätt att skapa motivation ochdelaktighet i idrott och hälsa : En kvalitativ studie om lärarnas arbete med motivation och delaktighet i idrottoch hälsa
No full textPhysical education and health is a school subject that arouses mixed feelings in students. For some, theteaching is experienced as positive and self-evident, while others feel insecurity, discomfort or resistanceto participating. Since the subject is physical and visible, students who do not feel safe may choose torefrain from participating, which can ultimately affect their relationship to physical activity even outsidethe school framework. In this context, the role and working methods of the teacher become crucial. Thepurpose of this study is to examine how physical education and health teachers describe their work increating security and motivation in students who have difficulty or do not want to participate in teaching.The study was conducted as a qualitative interview study in which five experienced physical educationand health teachers at junior high and upper secondary school levels were interviewed through semistructured interviews. The collected material was analyzed using thematic analysis. The results showthat the teachers see security as a fundamental prerequisite for motivation and participation. Relationalwork, recurring conversations and thoughtful adaptations are highlighted as central strategies forreaching students who otherwise risk being left out. Students' previous experiences, physical insecurityand a strong focus on performance are described as common reasons for non-participation. The studyalso shows that motivation in sports and health cannot be understood as an individual characteristic, butas something that is shaped in the teaching climate where security is a crucial prerequisite
Comparing swelling and liquid retention of pulps from textile waste and conventional dissolving pulps
No full textThis study investigates the swelling and liquid retention properties of cellulosic pulp from cotton waste, cotton linters and conventional dissolving wood pulp in both neutral (water) and alkaline (sodium hydroxide) conditions in regard to the first phase of the viscose process (mercerization). The swelling of single fibers is investigated by microscopic observation of the diameter increase during immersion in the liquids, which resulted in a logarithmic trend over time. The retention properties are investigated by water and lye retention values, and the latter was coupled to the pressability of mercerized pulp through observation of the trend in press factor with increasing pressing times. The different materials behaved similarly in neutral conditions regarding single fiber swelling and retention properties. Alkaline conditions, on the other hand, resulted in increased swelling and retention properties for all materials compared to neutral conditions, and the cotton-based pulps showed higher single fiber swelling and retention of lye, accompanied by impeded pressability. Thereafter, several material properties were investigated; morphological fiber properties (fiber width, cell wall thickness and fiber coarseness), fines content, carbohydrate monomer composition, and charge density. The results indicate that a thin cell wall and large lumen of the cotton waste fibers affect their higher swelling and retention properties, but further investigation of other morphological, chemical and physical properties of the fibers and fiber networks in pulp sheets is necessary. However, these insights on the behavior of different pulps can already help industries with the optimization of implementation of cotton waste pulps for viscose production
District nurses’ experiences of their professional competence and how it is utilized in triage and acute assessments in emergency departments. : A qualitative interview study
No full textIntroduktion: Patienter söker akutmottagningen för att få snabb och säker vård. Det råder ett ökat tryck på akutmottagningar både nationellt och internationellt. Distriktsköterskor har en bredare kompetens än allmänsjuksköterskor och kan självständigt utföra bedömningar och triageringar men får inte alltid utrymme till att använda sin kompetens. Syfte: Att belysa distriktssköterskors upplevelse av sin kompetens och hur den tas tillvara inom triagering och akuta bedömningar på akutmottagningar. Metod: Studien är av kvalitativ design och analyserades utifrån en induktiv ansats i enlighet med Elo och Kyngäs modell. Totalt hölls nio semistrukturerade intervjuer med distriktssköterskor och analyserades enligt Elo och Kyngäs beskrivning av innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet framkom två huvudkategorier "Kompetens som bygger på ett helhetsperspektiv" och "Från kompetens till handling" med respektive underkategorier. Konklusion: Distriktssköterskans kompetens har stor betydelse på akutmottagningar genom en kombination av beslutstöd, helhetsperspektiv och deras kliniska blick. Patienter med primärvårdsåkommor kommer fortfarande söka till akuten och det fanns en önskan att kunna tillgodose vissa av dessa sökorsaker. Samtidigt begränsas distriktssköterskans kompetensutövning på grund av brist på tid, resurser och lokaler samt ett ifrågasättande av rollen från chefer och läkare. Fler distriktsköterskor väljer att lämna akutmottagningar. Det finns ett ökat behov av distriktssköterskans kompetens i slutenvården och bör tas tillvara för framtida vårdbehov.Introduction: Patients seek emergency departments in order to get swift and safe care. Emergency departments experiences an increase in pressure from patients both nationally and internationally. District nurses’ have a broader competence than general nurses and can independently assess and triage, but encounter barriers in practicing their full competence. Purpose: To explore district nurses’ experiences of their competence and how it is utilized in triage and acute assessments in emergency departments. Method: Based on a qualitative design with an inductive approach in accordance with Elo and Kyngäs model. Nine semi-structured interviews with district nurses’ was analysed using Elo and Kyngäs description of content analysis. Results: Two main categories emerged: “Competence based on a holistic perspective" and “From competence to practice” each with subcategories. Conclusion: District nurses’ competence is of great importance for emergency departments, through a combination of decisionsupport, a holistic perspective and their clinical intuition. Patients with primary care related conditions will continue to seek emergency care. The district nurses’ expressed a desire to help (assist) and treat some of these conditions. However, the use of district nurses’ competence is constrained by a lack of time, resources, and facilities, as well as by their role being questioned by managers and physicians. There is a high attrition in this field. However there is a growing need for district nurses’ competence in inpatient care and this competence should be better utilised to meet future healthcare needs
Variation och Modellering av Startmomentet för Industriella Omrörare
No full textThis study aims to find a general solution for describing the starting torque of an industrial agitator. Different setups of agitators are tested, and the torque is measured during start-up. Two propellers are tested together with two different induction motors in air, water and pulp. Using data from the tests, Computational Fluid Dynamics-simulations and a statistical method for analysing factors, Design of Experiments, the starting characteristics are investigated. The special pattern of the measured torque curve for the agitator was found to be similar to the pattern of a measured torque curve for an induction motor. Three areas of interest were found: the initial torque peak, the late torque peak, and the continuous torque. The initial torque peak is found to be purely mechanically induced by the agitator’s moment of inertia and the rotating speed or acceleration. The continuous torque is induced by purely fluid forces acting on the propeller, as the late torque peak is assumed to be as well. Through trial-and-error, models are developed to estimate the maximum torque with propeller specific models using the propeller’s moment of inertia and rotating speed; the initial torque peak using Newton’s second law for rotation; and for some cases the late torque peak where the continuous torque is a factor. Although, three models have been developed, the goal of the project was not reached. The models need to be developed further in order to fit all agitators. There are many questions remaining about the late torque peak: why it is greater than the initial torque peak for some propellers and accelerations, and how to model it in a general matter for all propellers
The development of the Swedish Discourse on China between 2015–2025 : A Thematic Qualitative Text Analysis of Security‑Related Themes in SwedishPolicy Documents
No full text The purpose of this study was to examine how Sweden has described and related to China in security policy terms during the period 2015 to 2025. Through a thematic qualitative text analysis of Swedish policy and government documents, the study identified which recurring security policy themes characterize the official representations of China and how these themes change over time. Furthermore, the study analysed how these thematic approaches relate to the central criteria of securitization theory. The study also aimed to study the extent to which the securitization theory was useful to understand Sweden's view of and handling of China during the period studied. In summary, the study showed that Sweden's view of China had undergone a change during the period studied. The change could be interpreted as an indication of increased politicization and a possible movement towards securitization without meeting the criteria for full securitization according to the core criteria of the theory. The study contributed to a deeper understanding of Sweden’s changing perception and management of China as a security concern and examining the usefulness of securitization theory in this context