Publikationer från Högskolan i Gävle
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Kvinnors upplevelser av att diagnostiseras och leva med polycystiskt ovarialsyndrom : En beskrivande litteraturstudie
No full textSammanfattningBakgrund: Polycystiskt ovariesyndrom är den vanligaste hormonella rubbningen hos fertila kvinnor, och drabbar omkring 15–20% av alla kvinnor. Vanliga symtom är menstruationsrubbningar, polycystiska äggstockar, hyperandrogenism, hirsutism, akne och övervikt. Tillståndet ökar även risken för framtida komplikationer som hjärt-kärlsjukdomoch typ 2-diabetes. Syfte: Beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att diagnostiseras och leva med Polycystiskt ovarialsyndrom. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie baserad på en tematisk analys av 12 empiriska artiklar med kvalitativa eller mixade metoder. Resultat: Tre huvudteman framkom: Interaktioner med vården, Möjliga konsekvenser på självbild och framtid, och Strategier för att hantera Polycystiskt ovarialsyndrom. Kommunikation och stöd var något som kvinnor upplevde som viktigt men bristfälligt hos vården, särskilt angående information och psykisk hälsa. Att få diagnosen från vården präglades av bristande kunskap och felbedömningar som upplevdes resultera i en försenad diagnos. Behandlingen upplevdes vara symtomatisk och inte holistisk vilket ansågs bristfälligt. Tillståndet påverkar kvinnor fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt med symtom som viktuppgång, akne, och infertilitet vilket orsakar stress, sänkt självkänsla, och rädsla inför framtiden. Hanteringsstrategierna som kvinnorna utvecklade gav både negativa och positiva effekter. Slutsats: Kvinnors upplevelser av att få en diagnos och att leva med PCOS innebärbåde fysiska, psykiska och sociala utmaningar samt en bristande hantering av tillståndet från vårdens sida. Socialt stöd, acceptans, och tillfredställande information är faktorer som underlättar kvinnors förmåga att hantera sin PCOS
Advances in the social construction of energy management and energy efficiency in industry
No full textEnergy efficiency is essential for climate change mitigation. Energy management, shaped by both technical artefacts and social constructions, can overcome barriers and achieve greater emission reductions than technology-focused approaches alone. Nine social constructions of energy management emphasize the need for a broader view that includes operations, processes, and knowledge creation and diffusion. By adopting these strategies, corporations and policymakers can substantially reduce industrial energy use and emissions. We estimate that effective energy management policies and voluntary initiatives could cut at least 5% of global industrial fossil CO2 emissions
History education as a force for interruptive democracy. A critical discourse study of the Swedish History Curriculum and Syllabus from 2022
No full textSweden is a country with a long history of peace and liberal democracy. In the post war period, history education has been given a core position as a moulder of democratic citizens in Sweden. Since the 1990s, historical consciousness intertwined with democratic values has been used as a scientific grid for shaping citizens, not just in history education but also in the research field of didactics. This study is part of a comparative policy investigation into the curriculum/syllabus för history education drawing on a critical discourse analysis. The Swedish curriculum, which crosses through all subjects, is mainly based on a developmental democracy, including liberal democracy, deliberative democracy and participatory democracy, stressing the continuity and enhancement of a given order. It is pointed out that history is central to all subjects. However, the history syllabus is more radical, in that it mainly accentuates aspects linked to disruptive democracy stressing the change of and resistance to a given order based on arguments of equity. Primarily, concepts stemming from critical democracy are highlighted and nationalism are tuned down and replaced by terms such as local-global
The caring experiences of informal caregiver of older persons with dementia : A descriptive literature review
No full textBackground: As a syndrome that affects people's memory, cognitive function and daily activities, dementia is mainly affected by older people. With the progress of the aging trend of the population, the number of elderly people with dementia is increasing. older persons with dementia will gradually lose the ability to take care of themselves as the disease progresses, in this process, informal caregivers not only play an important role, but also face their own pressures and challenges. Therefore, from the perspective of informal caregivers, exploring their experiences of caring for older person with dementia can help them improve their quality of life for the older person with dementia and for themselves.Aim: This study aims to describe the caring experience of informal caregivers of older persons with dementia.Methods: The PubMed database was used to search and select literature for ten years, and the articles were screened according to PRISMA requirements. Based on the purpose and research question, this article made an objective comparison and classification analysis of 13 articles.Results: When caring for older person with dementia, the lives of informal caregivers are transformed dramatically. They endure physical, emotional, and social challenges. In the face of pressure, they often feel miserable and tired, but some caregivers can find coping strategies to relieve stress. The experience of informal caregivers can be classified into four categories: (1) Complex mental state. (2) Lifestyle changed significantly. (3) Lack of support. (4) Reflection and inspiration for coping.Conclusions: Caring for older person with dementia brings multiple difficulties and challenges to the experience of informal caregivers but also allows them to find adaptive strategies in difficult situations. However, the current lack of systematic support is still a common problem. Nurses should pay attention to the needs of informal caregivers, provide personalized and continuous training for caregivers, and enable informal caregivers to improve the quality of care, to improve the quality of life of caregivers and older people with dementia
The experiences of informal caregiver of persons with Alzheimer´s disease : a descriptive literature review
No full textBackground: Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60% to 80% of global dementia cases. The most common cause of dementia, its prevalence rate continues to rise. Meanwhile, informal caregivers are under great pressure and urgently need social attention and systematic support.Aim: The literature review aimed to describe the experiences of informal caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease.Method: This study was a descriptive literature review. The PubMed database was used to search for qualitative articles and mixed-methods articles. Finally, ten articles were selected, according to the research objectives and research questions, and summarized their findings.Results: The selected ten articles indicate that the experiences of informal caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease are divided into five categories, which included enhancing informal caregivers' competence in Alzheimer's care through education and social support, improving caregiver-person relationships through mental health support and moral values, interdisciplinary support and financial relief for family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's, realizing physical exercise benefits for persons with Alzheimer's and acceptance of assisted robots.Conclusion: Informal caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease faced many challenges, particularly a lack of knowledge and experience, as well as mental health issues. To improve the quality of care, various interventions were needed. At the same time, addressing caregivers' mental health was key to maintaining a good caregiving relationship and enhancing care quality
The coping strategies of stress in nursing students : A descriptive literature review
No full textBackground: Nursing students faced more and more stress, and the prevalence of stress increased year by year. Long-term exposure to stress and the failure to effectively implement positive responses brought a series of negative effects to nursing students. Although there are a lot of surveys on nursing students' coping strategies for stress, the research results are usually limited to only one region and seldom comprehensively consider the strategies of students in different countries to cope with stress. Against this background, it is important to summarize these surveys.Aim:The literature review aimed to describe coping strategies for stress in nursing students.Methods:It was a descriptive literature review.Primary studies on coping strategies and stress of nursing students , in full text,in English and published in 2014or later were included through databases PubMed and Cinahl.After screening according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, the similarities and differences of 8articles were compared and summarized.Results：A total of 7 quantitative articles and 1 qualitative article were included describing the coping strategies of nursing students in the face of stress, which were divided into three categories: (1) Active coping (2) Emotional and Mental Adjustment (3) Avoidance.Conclusion：In this review, nursing students have made different coping strategies in the face of stress. Clinical teachers can develop interventions for nursing students according to their specific conditions to reduce their stress and improve their coping ability
Marriage in Pride and Prejudice: Reflection or Critique? : A Study of Austen’s Intentions in Portraying Marriage
No full textMarriage is a recurring theme in Pride and Prejudice. It is portrayed from various perspectives, and related to concepts such as social class, gender, financial security, and love. This essay explores whether Jane Austen criticizes the societal norms surrounding marriage and the limited choices available to women in nineteenth-century England. Taking historical context into account, it also applies a feminist perspective to explore whether Austen’s portrayal of marriage in Pride and Prejudice contains a critique or merely mirrors the conventions of her time without criticizing them. The essay concludes that Pride and Prejudice challenges prevailing societal norms and presents a critical perspective on the expectations placed on women, emphasizing their limited choices and advocating for female agency and independence
Etisk stress hos primärvårdsarbetsterapeuten : -En kvalitativ studie
No full textBakgrund: Etisk stress innebär att man vet vad som är rätt att göra men hindras från att göra det. Den har ökat bland vårdpersonal och kan leda till utmattning. Nästan all forskning handlar om sjuksköterskor i Nordamerika, medan svenska primärvårdsarbetsterapeuter knappt har studerats. Problemformulering: Många arbetsterapeuter i primärvården arbetar ensamma, hanterar många patienter och möter krockande etiska krav – något som ofta leder till etisk stress. Det kan bidra till utmattning och viljan att byta jobb. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utforska och beskriva svenska primärvårdsarbetsterapeuters olika erfarenheter av etisk stress på arbetet. Metod: Tio primärvårdsarbetsterapeuter från fem svenska regioner, med en genomsnittlig yrkeserfarenhet på 19 år, intervjuades. Deras berättelser analyserades för att utforska och beskriva olika erfarenheter av etisk stress. Huvudresultat: Etisk stress uppstår när arbetsterapeuter i primärvården hindras från att ge individanpassad vård, vid bristande resurser, begräsningar i yrkesrollen och bristande samsyn. Reaktionerna varierar från reflektion till en stark vilja att ”fly” arbetsplatsen. Erfarenhet, strategier och stöd kan hjälpa till att minska stressen. Slutsats: Arbetsterapeuternas erfarenheter av etisk stress varierar beroende på situation och person. Studien kan bidra till bättre stöd, strategier och organisationsförändringar vid stark etisk stress, vilket kan stärka medarbetarnas hälsa och förbättra patientvårdenPurpose: The purpose of this study is to explore and describe Swedish primary care occupational therapist’s different experiences of ethical stress at work. Method: A qualitative method with a phenomenographic design has been used. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with ten occupational therapists who work at health centers in rural or urban areas in Sweden in five different regions. The average professional experience was 19 years. The material was analyzed using phenomenography to explore and describe the occupational therapist´s different experience of ethical stress. Main results: Occupational therapists describe experiences of ethical stress when there are external obstacles to individual-centered care where the health center´s lack of resources hinders, there is lack of consensus, or the professional role is limited by the system. The occupational therapist´s various internal conflicts vary from milder reflection to “desire to escape”. Longer work experience, the use of strategies and support are described to mitigating ethical stress. Conclusion: Primary care occupational therapists have different experience of ethical stress depending on context, individual factors and workplace resources. The study can generate increased understanding and possible solutions where support functions, strategies are utilized, and organizational updates can help organization retain employees and benefit staff´-s occupational health.
Augmented Reality for PCB Component Identification and Localization
No full textThis study evaluates the effectiveness of augmented reality (AR), using the Microsoft™ HoloLens™ 2, for identifying and localizing PCB components compared to traditional PDF-based methods. Two experiments examined the influence of user expertise, viewing angles, and component sizes on accuracy and usability. The results indicate that AR improved identification accuracy and user experience for non-experts, although it was slower than traditional methods for experienced users. Optimal performance was achieved at 90° viewing angles, while accuracy declined significantly at oblique angles. Medium-sized components received the highest confidence scores, suggesting favorable visibility and recognition characteristics within this group, though further evaluation with a broader component distribution is warranted. Participant feedback highlighted the system’s intuitive interface and effective guidance but also noted challenges with marker stability, visual discomfort, and ergonomic limitations. These findings suggest that AR can enhance training and reduce errors in electronics manufacturing, although refinements in marker rendering and user onboarding are necessary to support broader adoption. This research provides empirical evidence on the role of AR in supporting user-centered design and improving task performance in industrial electronics workflows
Kvinnor, teknik och AI: En studie av könsbias i chattbotar : Kan artificiell intelligens påverka jämnställdheten i teknikbranschen?
No full textIdag är AI och algoritmer något som används på flera olika sätt i människors vardag, oavsett om vi är medvetna om det eller inte. De senaste åren har även AI-drivna chattbotar blivit populära både privat och professionellt. Eftersom modellerna bakom dessa chattbotar ofta tränas på stora mängder data tillgängliga på internet, finns det en risk att de förstärker orättvisor som existerar i samhället idag. Denna studie undersöker om två av de största chattbotarna just nu, ChatGPT och Gemini, uppvisar någon könsbias när de ger yrkesförslag till manliga och kvinnliga användare, samt när de skapar bilder på personer som utövar tekniska yrken. Två experiment utfördes, ett där en prompt skickades till de två chattbotarna som ombads föreslå fem yrken till användaren, och ett där chattbotarna skapade bilder på personer som utövar olika tekniska yrken. I det första experimentet användes ett Mann-Whitney U-test för att undersöka hur många av de fem yrkesförslagen som var teknikrelaterade, samt om det fanns någon skillnad i frekvenserna för manliga och kvinnliga användare. I det andra experimentet undersöktes andelen kvinnor som porträtterades i de bilder som chattbotarna skapade, vilket sedan jämfördes med hur könsfördelningen ser ut i teknikbranschen i Sverige idag. Resultaten visade att ChatGPT inte uppvisade någon signifikant skillnad i antal teknikyrken som föreslogs till män respektive kvinnor, medan Gemini föreslog signifikant fler teknikrelaterade yrken till män än till kvinnor. I bildanalysen visade båda modellerna en underrepresentation av kvinnor, men Gemini genererade något fler kvinnliga personer i bilderna än ChatGPT. Båda modellerna låg dock under den faktiska könsfördelningen i branschen i Sverige. Slutsatsen är att könsbias förekommer i både den text och de bilder som genererades av de två chattbotarna, men i olika grad. Det tyder på att insamling och bearbetning av träningsdata, samt efterbearbetning och utvärdering av modellerna är steg i utvecklingen av modellerna där bias har stor risk att inkorporeras i modellen. Studien betonar vikten av att systematiskt granska AI-system ur ett jämställdhetsperspektiv och att utvecklare tar ansvar för att minska snedvridningar i både träning och användning av AI-modeller.Today, AI and algorithms are used for many different tasks in people’s everyday lives, whether we are aware of it or not. In recent years, AI-driven chatbots have also become popular both privately and professionally. Since the models behind these chatbots are often trained on large amounts of data available on the internet, there is a risk that they reinforce injustices that exist in society today. This study examines whether two of the largest chatbots on the market at the time of the study, ChatGPT and Gemini, exhibit any gender bias when suggesting professions to male and female users, as well as when generating images of people working in technical professions. Two experiments were conducted, one where a prompt was sent to the two chatbots asking them to suggest five professions to the user, and one where the chatbots generated images of people performing various technical jobs. In the first experiment, a Mann-Whitney U-test was used to analyze how many of the five suggested professions were tech-related, and whether there was any difference in the frequency of such suggestions between male and female users. In the second experiment, the proportions of women generated in the chatbot-created images were examined and compared to the actual gender distribution in the tech industry in Sweden. The results showed that ChatGPT did not display a significant difference in the number of tech-related professions suggested to men versus women, whereas Gemini suggested significantly more tech-related jobs to men than to women. In the image analysis, both models underrepresented women, although Gemini generated slightly more female figures than ChatGPT. However, both models fell below the actual gender distribution in the Swedish tech industry. The conclusion is that gender bias is present in both the text and images generated by the two chatbots, albeit to different extents. This suggests that the collection and processing of training data, as well as the post-processing and evaluation of the models, are stages in model development where bias is likely to be introduces. The study emphasizes the importance of systematically reviewing AI systems from a gender equality perspective and stresses the responsibility of developers to mitigate distortions in both the training and use of AI models