Publikationer från Högskolan i Gävle
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Health, social, and civic society professionals' and volunteers' view on the health among young people in unstable housing situations in the south of Sweden: a qualitative interview study
No full textBackground: Stable housing is important for overall health and well-being among young people, and poor-quality housing can trigger multiple diseases, including infections, injuries, chronic diseases, and psychological problems. However, many young people in Sweden struggle with an unstable housing situation. It is therefore important to illuminate how health, social, and civic society professionals and volunteers see the overall health situation for young people (16-27 years) in unstable housing situations. Method: Sixteen health, social, and civic society professionals and volunteers, from both municipal and governmental organizations and civic society, were interviewed during 2024 and were reached through convenience and purposive sampling. The data was analyzed with content analysis. Results: The results showed that the professionals and volunteers considered that there is a lack of basic necessities, such as food and clothes and often also a place to sleep, among young people in unstable housing situations. They also recounted that the bodies of those young people are weakened as a result of the unstable situation, with its stress and lack of proper care. There are, however, challenges with regard to accessing healthcare and the young people in question are often hesitant to seek care, and inclined to avoid it. Furthermore, the participants mentioned psychosocial challenges, due to loneliness and lack of close contacts with family and friends, and said that people struggling with homelessness tend to suffer from mental illness. Conclusion: Young people in unstable housing situations need support to stabilize them for the future, and in order to work toward a more stable housing situation for these people in the county of Scania, a holistic approach is necessary. This is crucial in view of their overall health, as well as their well-being and life satisfaction
Collaborations and Conflicts : A Social Network Analysis of Victims and Perpetrators within Criminal Networks
No full textStudiens syfte var att genom social nätverksanalys studera mönster av samarbete i brott, samt kopplingen mellan offer och förövare. Utöver detta syftade studien till att beskriva hur det studerade nätverket återspeglade konflikter mellan kriminella nätverk. Analysen utgick från stämningsansökan för ett specifikt rättsfall, där förövarna tillhörde Foxtrotnätverket. Därefter inhämtades tidigare domar kopplade till förövarna från sju tingsrätter i Stockholms län. Resultatet visade att samarbete i brott främst skedde inom små täta grupperingar, där vissa förövare fungerade som brobyggare mellan olika grupperingar. Vidare visade resultatet att samarbete i brott främst skedde mellan Foxtrotmedlemmar, och att offren ofta hade koppling till rivaliserande nätverk. Förövarna begick även brott mot medlemmar inom det egna nätverket, samt mot personer utan identifierad gängtillhörighet. Studiens viktigaste slutsatser var att kriminella nätverk präglas av instabilitet och att konflikter förekommer både inom- och mellan nätverken.The purpose of the study was to investigate co-offending and connections between victims and perpetrators through the method of social network analysis. In addition, this study's purpose was to describe how the network reflected conflicts between criminal networks. The analysis was based on a court case, where the perpetrators belonged to the Foxtrot network. Thereafter, cases connected to the perpetrators were collected from seven district courts in Stockholm County. The result showed that co-offending principally occurred in small groupings, where some perpetrators acted as liaisons between different groupings. Furthermore, the results showed that co-offending mainly occurred between Foxtrot members, and that the victims often had connections to rivaling networks. The perpetrators committed crimes against members of their own network, and against individuals with no known gang affiliation. The study's main conclusions were that criminal networks are tinged by instability and that conflicts occurred both within and between the networks
Visualisering och registrering av 3D-fastigheter i Sverige : Hur kan 3D-modeller påverka förrättningsprocessen från lantmäterimyndighetens perspektiv?
No full textDetta arbete har utförts i samarbete med Smart Built Environments projekt Förbättrad registrering och visualisering av 3D-fastigheter, som syftar till att utreda såväl möjligheter som hinder för en ökad digitalisering av förrättningsprocessen och Sveriges fastighetsregister. Projektet främjar hållbar utveckling genom bland annat en kartläggning av dagens processer, juridiska hinder, samt en utformning av framtida digitaliserade processer inom samhällsbyggnadssektorn.3D-fastigheter infördes i Sverige 2004 som ett komplement till traditionella 2D-fastigheter, i syfte att stärka rättssäkerheten för nyttjande av 3D-utrymmen inom byggnader med blandad användning, och även för att och möjliggöra för en mer ändamålsenlig förvaltning. Redan 2007 gjorde Lantmäteriet en utvärdering av 3D-fastighetsbildning, där en bristfällig redovisning av 3D-fastigheter i den digitala registerkartan identifierades. Vidare så har även senare studier påpekat svårigheterna med att visualisera 3D-volymer med stöd av verbala beskrivningar och 2D-ritningar. Resultaten av dessa tidigare studier indikerar att 3D-modeller kan medföra en positiv effekt på förrättningsprocessen.Detta arbete syftar till att undersöka hur 3D-modeller påverkar förrättningsprocessen ur förrättningslantmätarens perspektiv. Genom intervjuer med förrättningslantmätare från Lantmäteriet, samt fem kommunala lantmäterimyndigheter, har 3D-modellers eventuella påverkan på förrättningsprocessen vid 3D-fastighetsbildning från förrättningslantmätarens perspektiv redogjorts för. I diskussionsavsnittet presenteras även skillnader och likheter från resultatet av intervjustudien, och resultatet av tidigare forskning som har redovisats i den teoretiska bakgrunden.Resultatet visar att 3D-modeller kan vara ett användbart verktyg vid tolkning av ansökningar och yrkanden, vid förståelse av byggnadsprojekt, och vid tolkning av äldre förrättningsakter. Det framgår att erfarenheten och kunskapen kring 3D-modeller och användningen av sådana varierar hos förrättningslantmätare och sakägare, samt att 3D-modeller sällan är anpassade för fastighetsbildningsändamål. Studien identifierar behovet av utredning i frågor som hantering och lagring av 3D-modeller, samt standardisering och riktlinjer för hur visualisering ska ske, och hur detaljerade 3D-modeller behöver vara.This paper has been carried out in collaboration with Smart Built Environments' project Improved Registration and Visualisation of 3D Properties, which aims to investigate both the opportunities and obstacles to increased digitisation of the cadastral process and Sweden's property register. The project promotes sustainable development by, among other things, mapping current processes and legal obstacles, and designing future digitised processes in the urban development sector.3D properties were introduced in Sweden in 2004 as a complement to traditional 2D properties, with the aim of strengthening legal certainty for the use of 3D spaces in mixed-use buildings, and to enable more effective management. As early as 2007, the Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority conducted an evaluation of 3D property formation, which identified inadequate reporting of 3D properties in the digital register map. Furthermore, later studies have also pointed out the difficulties of visualising 3D volumes with the aid of verbal descriptions and 2D drawings. The results of these previous studies indicate that 3D models can have a positive effect on the cadastral survey process.This study aims to investigate how 3D models affect the cadastral survey process from the perspective of the cadastral surveyor. Through interviews with land surveyors from the Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority, as well as five municipal land surveying authorities, the possible impact of 3D models on the cadastral survey process in 3D property formation from the perspective of the cadastral surveyor has been reported. The discussion section also presents differences and similarities between the results of the interview study and the results of previous research reported in the theoretical background.The results show that 3D models can be a useful tool in interpreting applications and claims, in understanding construction projects, and in interpreting older cadastral documents. It is clear that the experience and knowledge of 3D models and their use varies among land surveyors and interested parties, and that 3D models are rarely adapted for property formation purposes. The study identifies the need for investigation into issues such as the handling and storage of 3D models, as well as standardisation and guidelines for how visualisation should take place and how detailed 3D models need to be
Enhancing leaf disease classification using GAT-GCN hybrid model
No full textAgriculture plays a critical role in the global economy, providing livelihoods and ensuring food security for billions. Progress in agricultural techniques has helped boost crop yield, along with a growing need for precise disease monitoring solutions. This requires accurate, efficient, and timely disease detection methods. The research presented in this paper addresses this need by analyzing a hybrid model built using Graph Attention Network (GAT) and Graph Convolution Network (GCN) models. The integration of these models has witnessed a notable improvement in the accuracy of leaf disease classification. GCN has been widely used for learning from graph-structured data, and GAT enhances this by incorporating attention mechanisms to focus on the most important neighbors. The methodology incorporates superpixel segmentation for efficient feature extraction, partitioning images into meaningful, homogeneous regions that better capture localized features. The robustness of the model is further enhanced by the edge augmentation technique. The edge augmentation technique in the context of graph has introduced a significant degree of generalization in the detection capabilities of the model as analyzed on apple, potato, and sugarcane leaves. To further optimize training, weight initialization techniques are applied. The hybrid model is evaluated against the individual performance of the GCN and GAT models and the hybrid model achieved a precision of 0.9822, recall of 0.9818, and F1-score of 0.9818 in apple leaf disease classification, a precision of 0.9746, recall of 0.9744, and F1-score of 0.9743 in potato leaf disease classification, and a precision of 0.8801, recall of 0.8801, and F1-score of 0.8799 in sugarcane leaf disease classification. The results indicate that the model is effective and consistent in identifying leaf diseases in plants
Municipal and Housing Perspectives on Waste Sorting Awareness Among Newly Arrived Residents in Fagersta
No full textThis thesis investigates municipal and housing company perspectives on waste sorting awareness among newly arrived residents in Fagersta. A qualitative research design was applied, combining semi-structured interviews with representatives from Fagersta municipality and ADR Fastigheter, as well as observations of residential waste sorting practices. The results show that while information is available, communication barriers, cultural differences, and lack of prior experience with recycling systems present significant challenges. The results show the importance of tailored information campaigns, collaboration between municipalities and housing companies, and community-based initiatives to improve awareness and participation in sustainable waste management
The hovering pontoon trap: The tougher, younger sibling in the pontoon trap family
No full textTrap nets are a large, stationary, and fixed type of passive fishing gear that has traditionally been used for catching fish in shallow coastal environments. Despite their large size, catches are often retrieved using small boats, making them less energy demanding compared to active gear types. This, along with the stationary nature of the trap, allows for fishing with relatively low environmental impact due to minimal disturbance of the benthic community. The combination of minimal benthic impact, live catch, low fuel, and selectivity offers great potential for the development of sustainable coastal fisheries. Here, we describe the development of the hovering pontoon trap, a fishing gear with a robust design to resist strong waves and currents, and usable in both shallow and deep waters to catch both pelagic and benthic species. We present results from early case studies targeting benthic Baltic Sea species, including perch (Percha fluventaliis), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and vendace (Coregonus albula), showing similar or improved catches in relation to earlier studies. Further, we show that the hovering pontoon trap was able to withstand harsher conditions than previous bottom-set models, making it a possible solution for the targeting of benthic fish communities in coastal environments.
A simulation analysis on the internal and external application of new silica-aerogel-based (Quartzene) coatings effects on energy use in a typical building in two different climates
No full textThe study investigates the impact of improved synthetic amorphous silica, specifically developed aerogel-based insulating coatings, Quartzene (Qz), on energy efficiency in buildings across cold and warm climate zones. Simulations were conducted on various coatings and thicknesses for exterior and interior wall surfaces, as well as roofs. These were evaluated using a prototype residential building under dynamic thermal conditions. Wall coatings were analyzed, including a base plaster and a mixture with 10%Wt aerogel-based Quartzene. Additionally, three roof coating samples were tested: Qz 12.5%Wt, TiO2 3.3%Wt, and a blend of aerogel-based mixtures and TiO2. Mixtures containing Qz exhibited the lowest thermal conductivity (0.05 W/(m·K)) and high short-wave reflectance (up to 0.93 μm), impacting transmission loads, time lag, and decrement factor. Energy savings of up to 11% were observed in warm climates when implementing the coatings (unaged performance). Overall, the coated surfaces increased time lag and reduced decrement factor compared to uncoated surfaces. Aerogel-based coatings showed enhanced effectiveness in lowering transmission loads
Hur makroekonomiska effekter påverkar redovisningsval för börsnoterade företag i USA och EU
No full textSyfte: Att undersöka hur lågkonjunktur och skillnader mellan regelverk påverkar nedskrivningar av forskning och utveckling (FoU) för börsnoterade företag i USA och EU. Motivet bakom studien bygger på en brist av forskning inom ämnet. Metod: En kvantitativ ansats där tre regressionsanalyser har gjorts för att testa de uppsatta hypoteserna. Urvalet är börsnoterade företag från USA och EU som överstiger ett börsvärde på över fem miljarder USD. Studien omfattar 9 156 observationer från åren 2005 till 2023. Resultat och slutsats: Resultaten visar att lågkonjunktur inte har någon signifikant påverkan på företag som följer IFRS eller US GAAP vad det gäller nedskrivningar av FoU. Studien visar att det fortfarande finns stora skillnader i redovisningspraxis mellan IFRS och US GAAP. Den visar även att nedskrivningar av FoU behandlas på ett annorlunda sätt jämfört med andra immateriella tillgångar, som exempelvis goodwill, efter lågkonjunktur. Examensarbetets bidrag: Fyller ett forskningsgap angående FoU-nedskrivningar efter lågkonjunktur och skillnader mellan regelverk. Studien kan ses som ett bidrag för redovisningsreglerare som försöker få redovisningspraxis jämförbar mellan olika regelverk. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Djupare undersöka motiv bakom nedskrivningar av FoU. Göra jämförelser med mindre bolag. Undersöka andra marknader och regelverk.
Charting the Unknown : A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis of the decision to fund Columbus’ 1492 Voyage
No full textThis project adopts the role of a time traveller consultant to structure Queen Isabella’s decision to finance Christopher Columbus’ 1492 voyage. Rather than recounting historical events, it directly engages with the decision-making process as if advising the Queen in her court. Using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), the study identifies key factors—including financial prospects, strategic benefits, religious motivations, and associated risks—and the uncertainties faced by the Spanish crown at the time and clarifies their role in the analysis. This study applies MCDA to explore how Queen Isabella’s decision-making process could have been structured amidst the uncertainties of her era. By modelling criterion levels and contextualizing priorities of the time, the analysis provides a systematic approach to understanding the factors that shaped the choice to fund Columbus’ expedition, often depicted as an improbable endeavour. The study also demonstrates how the fundamental structure of the decision problem can be visualized using tools such as decision trees, aggregation trees, and Hasse diagrams. This serves as an example of how methods and tools from decision analysis, in particular MCDA, could enrich historical research. Detailed calculations supporting the MCDA framework are provided as a supplementary file, allowing readers to interact directly with the analysis and explore different perspectives. This interdisciplinary approach demonstrates the value of MCDA as a structured framework for systematically assessing complex decisions through historical priorities and uncertainties. The study highlights the potential application of MCDA in many different contexts requiring consideration of often contradictory and multifaceted factors, including modern challenges like sustainable development and public health policy, where diverse priorities must also be balanced effectively.
Secure attachment in preschool : - A qualitative study on how secure attachment is created and its effects, according to preschool teachers
No full textDenna studie är framtagen med syfte att undersöka hur förskollärare arbetar för att skapa trygg anknytning i förskolan och hur detta påverkar barns utveckling och välmående. Studien utgår från John Bowlbys (1907–1990) anknytningsteori som analyserar barns anknytning med begrepp som trygg bas, trygg anknytning och otrygg anknytning. För att samla in data genomfördes kvalitativa intervjuer med fem förskollärare. Resultaten visar att förskollärarna ser anknytning som en central del av sitt arbete och att den är en viktig grund för barns utveckling och välbefinnande i förskolan. De betonar vikten av att arbetslaget är överens om hur de ska arbeta med barnens anknytning. Förskollärarna arbetar aktivt med att skapa nära relationer, använda tydliga rutiner och organisera mindre grupper för att stödja barn som känner sig osäkra. De lägger också stor vikt vid att ha en öppen och tydlig dialog med barnens vårdnadshavare. Förskollärarna ser att brister i trygg anknytning kan påverka barns sociala och kognitiva utveckling negativt. Denna studie ger viktig kunskap om anknytningens betydelse för barns trygghet och utveckling. Det visar också hur förskollärare arbetar praktiskt med anknytning i förskolan för att stödja barnens lärande