Publikationer från Högskolan i Gävle
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Från aktivering till lojalitet: En kvantitativ studie av Red Bull i Sverige
No full textABSTRACT Title: From Activation to Loyalty: Brand Activations as Stimuli for Brand Experience, Consumer Engagement, and Loyalty - A Quantitative Study of Red Bull in Sweden. Level: Bachelor’s thesis in Business AdministrationAuthor: Sayuringe Ubhayasekera och Klara Dahlin Supervisor: Aihie Osarenkhoe Date: 2026 - January Aim: This study aims to examine, based on the S-O-R model, how brand activations through a chain effect contribute to brand experiences, consumer engagement, and loyalty among Red Bull consumers. Method: The study adopts a deductive and quantitative research approach, in which established theories are examined within the study’s context through a survey. Collected data was analysed using the SPSS software, where correlation, reliability, and regression analyses were carried out. The study investigates how brand activations contribute to shaping brand experiences, consumer engagement, and loyalty. Results and conclusions: The results indicate that brand activations contribute both directly and indirectly to brand experiences and consumer engagement, which in turn shape brand loyalty. Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes to the empirical testing of the established S-O-R model and further demonstrates and examines the chain effect that arises because of exposure to brand activations. Suggestions for future research: Future research could focus on analysing other brands to further strengthen the understanding of brand activations within an S-O-R framework, as well as prioritizing a larger and more randomly selected population. Key words: Brand activations, brand experience, consumer engagement, brand loyalty, S-O-R model
Teachers’ opportunities to provide guidance, stimulation, and support to students in large classes : A case study in Grades 5 and 6
No full textStudien undersöker hur klasstorlek kan bidra till att forma lärares möjligheter att ge elever ledning, stimulans och stöd när en elevgrupp ökar från 17 elever i årskurs 5 till 28 elever i årskurs 6, samt hur dessa möjligheter formas i skärningspunkten mellan lärarnas undervisningspraktik och de nationella och lokala styrdokument som ramar in deras arbete. Syftet är att belysa vilka pedagogiska och organisatoriska villkor som främjar respektive begränsar undervisningen i en större undervisningsgrupp. Studien genomförs som en kvalitativ fallstudie baserad på två fokusgruppsintervjuer med undervisande lärare samt en dokumentanalys av nationella och lokala styrdokument. Analysen utgår från ramfaktorteori. Resultaten visar att de främjande faktorer som präglade årskurs 5, såsom extra personal, flexibel lokalanvändning och hög grad av rörlighet, till stor del saknades i årskurs 6. Elevökningen samverkade med rumsliga, tidsmässiga och resursmässiga begränsningar och utlöste en kedjeeffekt där undervisningen försköts från metodvariation och dialog till en mer monologisk och lärarstyrd helklasspraktik. Lokalförutsättningar i kombination med gruppstorlek begränsade lärarnas didaktiska handlingsutrymme och minskade möjligheten till dialogiska moment. Samtidigt förändrades kommunikationsklimatet från arbetsro till en tystnad präglad av hämning, vilket reducerade elevinteraktionen och försköt bedömningsunderlaget mot i huvudsak skriftliga prestationer. Ökade administrativa krav bidrog dessutom till att planering i högre grad förlades till fritiden och att kollegial samplanering försvagades. Dokumentanalysen visar hur nationella och lokala styrdokument formulerar höga krav på individualisering, systematik och stöd inom ramen för den ordinarie undervisningen, samtidigt som centrala organisatoriska villkor såsom klasstorlek, tid per elev, tillgång till stödresurser och samverkansstrukturer i stor utsträckning lämnas oreglerade. När dessa formuleringar relateras till lärarnas arbetsvillkor i den större klassen uppstår ett tydligt spänningsfält mellan uppdragets intentioner och dess praktiska genomförbarhet. Detta bidrar till att ett betydande ansvar i praktiken förskjuts till den undervisande läraren, utan att de yttre ramarna anpassas i relation till uppdragets omfattning. Sammantaget visar studien att lärarnas handlingsutrymme krymper när elevantalet ökar utan motsvarande organisatorisk anpassning, vilket riskerar att få negativa konsekvenser för likvärdigheten i elevers tillgång till ledning, stimulans och stöd. Studien pekar på tre centrala organisatoriska behov för att upprätthålla en differentierad undervisning i större grupper: (1) schematekniska och rumsliga justeringar som återställer rörlighet, (2) förstärkta personella resurser i undervisningssituationen och (3) schemalagd kollegial och tvärprofessionell samplanering.
"You can’t push yourself to the point of breaking" : A Narrative Interview Study on Preschool Teachers’ Responsibility in Collegial Learning
No full textKollegialt lärande i förskolan handlar om att reflektera, diskutera och utveckla verksamheten. Styrdokument och tidigare forskning lyfter fram förskollärarens ansvar att samarbeta, reflektera och främja både undervisningens kvalitet och verksamhetens utveckling. Samtidigt visar tidigare forskning att kollegialt lärande kan präglas av otydligheter kring ansvar, ansvarstagande och yrkesroller, vilket skapar tolkningsutrymmen i praktiken. Mot bakgrund av detta syftar denna studie till att undersöka förskollärarens upplevelser av i arbetet med kollegialt lärande och hur ansvarstagande konstrueras i det lärandet. Studien är en kvalitativ narrativ intervjustudie och genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta verksamma förskollärare. Det empiriska materialet analyserades med hjälp av narrativ teori, där små berättelser identifierades och analyserades genom positioneringsanalys. Syftet med positioneringsanalysen var att synliggöra hur förskollärarna genom sitt berättande positionerar sig själva och andra, samt vilka identitetsanspråk som synliggörs i berättelserna. Resultatet visar att ansvar i kollegialt lärande förstås som både individuellt och kollektivt samt som situerat och förhandlingsbart. Förskollärarna beskriver hur ansvar formas i relation till yrkesroller, organisatoriska förutsättningar och kollegiala relationer. Vidare framkommer att otydliga strukturer, brist på tid och maktobalanser mellan yrkesgrupper kan försvåra ett gemensamt ansvarstagande. Studiens slutsats är att kollegialt lärande i förskolan rymmer både möjligheter och utmaningar. För att kollegialt lärande ska bidra till verksamhetens kvalitetsutveckling krävs tydliga organisatoriska förutsättningar samt ett medvetet och inkluderande ansvarstagande i arbetslaget
Experimental Investigation on Using Lead–Zinc Tailings as Low-Carbon Partial Replacement of Cement in Mortar for Sustainable Construction
No full textDecarbonization of the concrete industry has arisen as one of the main priorities for the construction sector in order to mitigate the negative climate impact associated with construction. The carbon emissions of concrete mainly originate from the production of cement, and it is essential to find supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to achieve eco-friendly construction materials. The use of tailings as SCMs could reduce the carbon footprint of concrete, as well as improve the environmental impact of waste management within the mining sector. To investigate the effects of using lead–zinc tailings as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC), an experimental study was conducted. Two types of lead–zinc tailings were utilized in the experiments to replace 10% and 20% of OPC. A mechanical activation method was adopted using a vibratory cup mill. The effects of activation on the tailings’ particle size distributions and mineralogy were evaluated. The results indicated that the activation was insufficient to promote the pozzolanic activity in T1 and only partially promoted it in T2. A total of 18 different tailing-based mortar (TBM) specimens were produced from the raw and activated tailings, and their flowability, setting time, and compressive strengths after 7, 28, and 90 days were evaluated. The microstructures of the specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. No alteration of mineralogy was observed in T1 after activation; however, a reduction in muscovite was observed in T2. The TBM specimens with 10% activated tailings exhibited comparable 28-day compressive strengths to the control specimen. For the replacement level above 10%, there was a loss of compressive strength at 28 days, both for the activated and raw tailings and for both T1 and T2. Evaluation of the microstructure showed that the use of tailings caused regions in the cement matrix with high metal concentrations. Microcracks could be observed in or around such grains in several cases. The study demonstrated that 10% of OPC can be replaced by lead–zinc tailings while retaining the compressive strength of the specimens
From Silos to Systems : Integrating Public Health, Criminology, and Criminal Justice for Crime Prevention
No full textCrime prevention is a complex, multidimensional challenge that requires contributions from multiple disciplines. Traditionally, criminology and criminal justice have led these efforts by focusing on theories of criminal behavior and systems of enforcement, while public health perspectives highlight the social, environmental, and structural determinants of crime. This paper explores how each discipline understands crime, identifies contributing factors, and proposes an integrated approach to interventions aligned with primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies. At the primary prevention level, public health offers strategies that reduce the likelihood of crime before it occurs, including early childhood support, school-based programs, and community development initiatives. Secondary prevention draws on criminological research to identify emerging risks and intervene early through targeted measures such as situational crime prevention, predictive policing, and mentoring programs for at-risk youth. Tertiary prevention, often emphasized in criminal justice, focuses on reducing harm and recidivism among individuals already involved in crime, through enforcement, rehabilitation, and restorative justice approaches. By integrating these prevention levels into a shared framework, the model leverages the strengths of each discipline to address both immediate crime problems and their structural root causes, fostering more effective, sustainable, and equitable strategies for crime prevention
Correlates of pregnant women’s active and passive mobility: A smartphone-based tracking study in Barcelona, Spain
No full textUnderstanding the factors that shape daily mobility during pregnancy is essential for inclusive transportation planning that promotes active travel for all. Using smartphone-based Global Positioning System data from 860 pregnant women in Barcelona, Spain, we evaluated the correlates of active and passive travel in early and late pregnancy. We identified 33 correlates from 48 candidate variables including personal characteristics, the residential physical environment, the social environment, and temporal factors. The most important correlate across pregnancy was non-European ethnic origin, being associated with 10–15 min less daily active travel. In early pregnancy, commuting distance was the most important correlate, being positively associated with passive travel, while the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with less passive travel. In late pregnancy, residential walkability and having a university degree were positively associated with active travel. The neighbourhood education level was associated with more active travel, particularly during weekends. We discuss key priorities for supporting active travel during pregnancy
Unpacking flexibility in innovative learning environments - teachers’ experiences in practice
No full textThis study aims to develop a theoretical framework for flexibility in Innovative Learning Environments (ILEs) based on teachers’ experiences in two newly built Swedish schools. Flexibility is examined across time, space, use, and movement through semi-structured interviews. Findings highlight how these categories interact to create both opportunities and challenges. Extending Woodman’s (2016) framework with curriculum theory, the study reveals that while ILEs support varied teaching methods and groupings, practical barriers like rigid schedules and shared spaces impede flexibility. These insights deepen understanding of the complex nature of teaching in flexible spaces. The research contributes to the theoretical discourse by highlighting the practical challenges teachers face and informing ILE design and professional development. The findings indicate that fostering adaptability requires attention not just to spatial elements, but also to structural and organizational dimensions. These considerations have implications for creating and sustaining truly flexible learning environments
Economic Evaluation of a Problem-Solving Intervention With Workplace Involvement Among Employees With Common Mental Disorder in Swedish Primary Care: Results From a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
No full textObjectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a problem-solving intervention with workplace involvement (PSI-WPI) compared with care as usual (CAU) among employees on sick leave due to common mental disorders in Swedish primary healthcare centers. Methods Employees aged 18 to 59 years on sick leave for common mental disorders (n = 197) were included in a controlled cluster-randomized trial by coordinators (n = 19) recruited at primary care centers in Region Västra Götaland, Sweden. The study was conducted between February 2018 and August 2021, with 18 months of follow-up per participant. The economic evaluation included a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing changes in sick leave with direct costs from a healthcare perspective, calculated from register data, and intervention costs; a cost-utility analysis based on EQ-5D questionnaires and a societal perspective included indirect costs calculated from registered sick leave. Sensitivity analyses explored robustness to alternative missingness assumptions. Results The PSI-WPI resulted in more sickness absence (average 40 extra days; 95% confidence interval, 3-77 days) compared with CAU and higher healthcare costs (SEK 21 650, SEK 4962-48 262) over 18 months. At 12 months, the cost of care was SEK 23 734 (SEK 537-46 931) higher in the PSI-WPI group. The difference in quality-adjusted life-years between the groups was negligible. The sensitivity analysis indicated robust results, and diagnoses not targeted by the study were important cost drivers. Conclusions The PSI-WPI was not cost-effective for employees on sick leave due to common mental disorders compared with CAU only
Närståendes upplevelse vid avslutande av livsuppehållande behandling på intensivvårdsavdelning : En scoping review
No full textBakgrund: När beslut fattas om att avsluta livsuppehållande behandling på intensivvårdsavdelning påverkas närstående påtagligt, och deras upplevelser utgör en viktig grund för att förstå vilket stöd de behöver. Trots detta är kunskapen om deras upplevelser begränsad. Syfte: Att kartlägga och sammanställa forskning om närståendes upplevelser vid avslutande av livsuppehållande behandling på intensivvårdsavdelning. Metod: En scoping review genomfördes enligt Arksey & O’Malley, Levac och JBI:s riktlinjer. Databassökningar gjordes i PubMed och CINAHL, totalt inkluderades fjorton artiklar som kvalitetsgranskades med JBI:s checklistor. Resultat: De inkluderade studierna, publicerade under det senaste decenniet och genomförda i olika länder och vårdkontexter, beskrev både kulturella variationer och återkommande mönster i närståendes upplevelser. Fyra huvudkategorier identifierades: kommunikation, motstridiga känslor, stöd och delaktighet samt andlighet, kultur, tillit och värdighet. Slutsats: Intensivvårdssjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i att skapa trygghet och mening för närstående genom empati, tydlig kommunikation och kulturell lyhördhet. Utifrån Travelbees teori framstår de mellanmänskliga relationerna som avgörande för att främja tillit och värdighet. Resultaten relaterar till omvårdnadens fyra bärande begrepp: människan, hälsa, miljö och vårdande. Kartläggningen pekar även på behov av fortsatt forskning, exempelvis om hur den teknologiska vårdmiljön och riktade utbildnings‑ och stödinsatser kan minska känslor av maktlöshet och ensamhet hos närstående.Background: When decisions are made to withdraw life‑sustaining treatment in the intensive care unit, family members are affected to a considerable degree, and their experiences are essential for understanding the support they need. Despite this, knowledge about their experiences remains limited. Aim: To map and summarize research on family members’ experiences of withdrawal of life‑sustaining treatment in intensive care units. Method: A scoping review was conducted following the frameworks of Arksey & O’Malley, Levac, Tricco and the JBI guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed and CINAHL. Fourteen articles were included and appraised using JBI critical appraisal tools. Results: The included studies, published within the past decade and conducted across countries and care contexts, described both cultural variations and recurring patterns in family members’ experiences. Four main categories were identified: communication; conflicting emotions; support and involvement; and spirituality, culture, trust, and dignity. Conclusion: Intensive care nurses have an essential role in creating safety and meaning for family members through empathy, clear communication and cultural sensitivity. Based on Travelbee’s theory, interpersonal relationships appear crucial for fostering trust and dignity. The findings relate to the four core concepts of nursing: the person, health, environment and caring. The review highlights the need for further research on how the technological intensive care unit environment and targeted educational and support interventions may reduce feelings of powerlessness and loneliness among family members
Vad går förlorat när samtalen vid kaffemaskinen flyttar till digitala plattformar? : En studie om ledarskap, tillit och kommunikation i hybrida arbetsmiljöer
No full textSyfte: Syftet med arbetet är att identifiera och öka förståelsen för hur tillit och kommunikation påverkas ur ett medarbetarperspektiv av att de delvis arbetar på distans. Metod: Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metodansats med tio semistrukturerade djupintervjuer med medarbetare som besitter erfarenhet av distansarbete. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet visar att medarbetarna inte upplever ökad kontroll i den utsträckning som väntat. Dessutom framkom vikten av att ledaren är tillgänglig även i digitala miljöer. Fysiska träffar ansågs däremot vara en viktig aspekt för tilliten, även om nivån av tillit kan påverkas av beteenden och storleken på arbetsgruppen. Etablerade relationer sedan tidigare framkom också som en faktor för tillit och kommunikation på distans. Arbetsformen ökade generellt risken för missförstånd och upplevelsen av utsatthet i virtuella miljöer. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar teoretiskt genom att belysa ett socialt tryck i digitala miljöer som kan påverka balansen mellan arbete och privatliv. Den visar även hur teorier om digital kommunikation behöver ta större hänsyn till hur själva uttryckssättet påverkar förståelsen av budskap samt hur gruppstorlek och fysiska träffar påverkar tillit. Förslag på framtida forskning: Framtida studier bör undersöka huruvida missförstånd vid kommunikation enklare uppstår mellan personer från olika generationer eller kulturer. Vidare vore det intressant att studera betydelsen av utbildning i ny teknik och digitala verktyg samt hur större team kan etablera lika starka relationer som mindre team kan. Dessutom finns det ett behov av att undersöka hur organisationer kan skapa tydligare riktlinjer som minskar tillgänglighetsstress.Purpose: The purpose of the work is to identify and increase understanding of how trust and communication are affected from an employee perspective by the fact that they partially work remotely. Method: This study applies a qualitative research approach using ten semi-structured in-depth interviews with employees who have experience of remote work. The material was analyzed using a thematic analysis. Result and conclusion: The results show that employees do not experience increased control to the extent expected. In addition, the importance of the leader being available also in digital environments emerged. Physical meetings, on the other hand, were considered an important aspect of trust, although the level of trust can be affected by behaviors and the size of the group. Previously established relationships also emerged as a factor for trust and communication at a distance. The working method generally increased the risk of misunderstanding and the experience of vulnerability in virtual environments. Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes theoretically by highlighting social pressures in digital environments that can affect work-life balance. It also shows how theories of digital communication need to take greater account of how the mode of expression itself affects the understanding of messages, and how group size and physical meetings affect trust. Suggestions for future research: Future studies should investigate whether communication misunderstandings arise more easily between people from different generations or cultures. Furthermore, it would be interesting to study the importance of training in new technologies and digital tools and how larger teams can establish relationships as strong as smaller teams. In addition, there is a need to investigate how organizations can create clearer guidelines that reduce social pressures in digital environments