Publikationer från Örebro universitet
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Overdiagnosis of Bipolar Disorder - An analysis of the arguments
No full textBackground: TheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(DSM)isamanualusedinpsychiatrytosetdiagnosesrelatedtomentalhealth.Bipolardisorder,amentaldisorderwithseverecomplications,hasshownpotentialevidenceofoverdiagnosis. Aim: ThisstudyaimstoanalyzeifoverdiagnosisofbipolardisorderIIisoccurringandwhattheeffectofintroducingDSM-IVhadontheprevalenceofbipolardisorderII. Method: Thisstudyadoptsaqualitative,hermeneuticdesign.Themethodistoanalyzeargumentswithinawidercontexttogainathoroughoverviewoftheresearchquestions. Results: Theliteraturerevealeddifferentperspectivesregardingoverdiagnosisofbipolardisorder.Theconceptofoverdiagnosiswasfoundtobehardtodefine.Prevalencenumbersarehardtosubstantiate.Thevalidityofapsychiatricdiagnosisremainsuncertain. Conclusions: Thefindingssuggestmethodologicalandconceptualinconsistenciesintheliterature,makingitdifficulttodiscernwhetherover-orunderdiagnosisofbipolardisorderisoccurring.Thecomplexityofmeasuringthephenomenoncomesfromseveralsources.TheintroductionofDSM-IVappearstohaveshiftedthediagnosticpatternsofbipolardisorder,althoughwhetherthisrepresentsimproveddetectionordiagnosticinflationisunclear.Thefindingssuggestthat,duetothelimitedavailableliterature,itisnotpossibletofullyanswertheresearchquestions.Thisispartlyaresultofmethodologicaldiscrepancies,butalsoduetoambiguitiesinhowtheconceptofmentaldisorderisdefined.Aslongasdiagnosticvalidityremainscontested,establishingeitherover-orunderdiagnosiswillcontinuetobedifficult.2
Friendsrapporten 2025. Trygghet, tillit och tillhörighet : En rapport om våldet i skolan. Och lösningarna som faktiskt fungerar
No full textFriendsrapporten 2025 bygger på en nationellt representativ undersökning som genomfördesav Novus under våren 2025. Totalt deltog 1 026 elever i åldern 9–16 år (årskurs 4–9). Deltagarna rekryterades via Novus föräldrapanel. Vårdnadshavare informerades och gav samtycke och barnet gav därefter sitt eget samtycke till att delta. Eftersom urvalet görs via föräldrar snarare änskolor ingår elever från många olika skolor. Baserat på postnummeruppgifter i materialet uppskattar vi att svaren representerar ungefär 300–500 unika skolor i landet. Det är för få elever per skola för att kunna uttala sig om enskilda skolor, men tillräckligt många för att identifiera nationella mönster och samband i barns skolmiljöer. Undersökningen genomfördes som en webbenkät. Eleverna besvarade frågor om bakgrund (bl.a. kön/könsidentitet, ålder och årskurs) och om tre typer av utsatthet i skolan: kränkningar och mobbning, trakasserier samt grovt våld. Frågorna om mobbning och trakasserier avser de senaste två månaderna, medan frågorna om grovt våld avser de senaste tolv månaderna. Vidare besvarade eleverna frågor om skolklimat, om hur elever och vuxna reagerar när någon blir illa behandlad, samt om tillgång till stöd från vänner och vuxna i skolan. Svaren har viktats för kön och ålder så att resultaten bättre speglar elevpopulationen i Sverige. Små avvikelser mellan totalsummor i tabeller och diagram kan förekomma på grund av viktning och avrundning. Detta är en tvärsnittsstudie (genomförd vid ett tillfälle). Resultaten kan därför inte tolkas som orsakssamband. För tolkning lutar vi oss mot tidigare forskning och en forskningssammanställning via Scopus om skolklimat (Bullying and school climat), elevers och vuxnas reaktioner (Bystander and teacher interventions in bullying), samt socialt stöd (Social support for bullying prevention). När denna forskning visar samma mönster som våra resultat bedömer vi att slutsatserna är giltiga för Sverige 2025. Svaren har hanterats konfidentiellt och analyserats i avidentifierad form
Svenska kommuners hantering av textilavfall -implementering av EU:s avfallsdirektiv : Erfarenheter och utmaningar i lokal kontext
No full textThis thesis examines the challenges that has arisen within the Swedish municipalities in their implementation of the revied EU directive 2008/98/EC, EU waste framework directive, which includes the new regulations that states that the member states of the European Union must establish, by January first, 2025, a separate collection for textiles. This has been very highlighted in the Swedish media, both social media and traditional media. The thesis data consists of a total of 16 interviews with municipal civil servants working in various roles related to waste management and implementation of the EU textile waste directive., and a survey sent to all 290 of the Swedish municipalities, of which 145 responded. The theoretical framework mainly consists of municipal civil servants' willingness, ability and understanding regarding implementation of the waste framework directive. Ideal types of street level bureaucrats are also used to complement the analysis of how official municipals perceive and respond to implementation challenges. The thesis shows that the challenges lie within the upcoming extended producer responsibility, which makes it difficult for the municipalities to work with the directive because they do not want to invest in developed infrastructure since they do not know whether they are the ones responsible for the collection of textile waste in the future. An upcoming challenge is also the limited resources and the costs of infrastructure, which is hard to navigate within. Though the thesis shows that the understanding of the directive is clear
Tänk om jag har fel? : Mentaliseringsförmågans bidrag till intellektuell ödmjukhet
No full textIntellektuell ödmjukhet (IH) beskrivs som tendensen att reflektera över egna begränsningar, öppenhet för andras perspektiv och beredskap att omvärdera sina övertygelser. Konstruktet har fått ökad uppmärksamhet inom socialpsykologisk forskning och har kopplats till fenomen som affektiv polarisering. Vi ville genom denna studie undersöka om mentalisering, förmågan att förstå och tolka sina egna och andras beteenden utifrån mentala tillstånd har ett positivt samband med IH. Vi undersökte även om dess tre delskalor var och en har ett positivt samband med IH. Hypoteserna testades med en tvärsnittsdesign på ett tillgänglighetsurval (N = 173). Mentalisering mättes med MentS och IH med CIHS. Två oberoende regressionsanalyser genomfördes. Hypotesen att deltagare med högre mentaliseringsförmåga var mer intellektuellt ödmjuka kunde bekräftas. Resultatet visade även att enbart självrelaterad mentalisering var relaterat till IH. Varken andrarelaterad mentaliseringsförmåga eller motivation att mentalisera var relaterat till IH. Designen och urvalet utgjorde begränsningar, vilket påverkade slutsatser gällande kausalitet och generaliserbarhet. Samtidigt antyder resultatet att mentalisering och framför allt självrelaterad mentalisering är en bland flera faktorer som har en potentiell positiv påverkan på IH. Insatser som stärker mentaliseringsförmågan har potential att höja nivån av IH i befolkningen, vilket kan leda till positiva samhällseffekter.Intellectual humility (IH) refers to the tendency to reflect over intellectual limitations, being open to others’ perspectives, and willing to reconsider one’s beliefs. The construct has gained increased attention in psychological research and has been linked to phenomena such as affective polarization. In this study we aimed to examine whether mentalization, the ability to understand and interpret behaviors in terms of underlying mental states is positively associated with IH. We also examined if its three subscales are individually positively associated with IH. The hypotheses were tested using a cross-sectional design on a convenience sample (N = 173). Mentalization was measured with MentS and IH was measured CIHS. Two independent regression analyses were conducted. The hypothesis that participants with higher mentalization abilities would be more intellectually humble was confirmed. The results also showed that only self-related mentalization was related to IH. Neither other-related mentalization nor motivation to mentalize was related to IH. The study design and sample posed limitations affecting conclusions regarding causality and generalizability. Nonetheless, the findings suggest that mentalization and especially selfrelated mentalization is one of several factors which potentially positively influences IH. Interventions aimed at enhancing mentalization have the potential to increase the levels of IH in the population, potentially leading to positive societal effect
Kommunal riskkommunikation : Professionella utmaningar ochmöjligheter: DURCOM-insikter
No full textHur kan kommuner, genom sina kommunikatörer, stärka invånarnas förmåga att förstå, förebygga och hantera lokala risker? Detta är kärnfrågan i denna rapport, som sammanfattar ett flertal undersökningar av kommunikatörsprofessionens arbete med riskkommunikation för krisberedskap. Rapporten har tagits fram inom forskningsprojektet DURCOM, finansierat av Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap (MSB). Författaren, Hogne Lerøy Sataøen, är lektor och docent i medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap vid Örebro universitet.DURCO
Particle Detection using computer visions to separate overfill from non overfill for Industrial Grinding Mill
No full textThis thesis addresses the challenge of detecting overfill conditions in industrial grinding mills using computer vision. Overfilling disrupts grinding efficiency and reduces mineral recovery, yet current reliance on manual monitoring leads to conservative operation and underutilization of mill capacity. To automate detection, this work develops and evaluates a vision-based system that analyzes video footage from a camera mounted inside the mill’s trummel screen. The study compares multiple image similarity measurement (ISM) methods—including traditional metrics (MSE, PSNR, SSIM) and deep learning-based features from ResNet101—for quantifying visual deviations from a reference (non-overfill) state. These similarity scores are used to train classifiers such as Logistic Regression and Random Forest. Experiments are conducted on both real industrial footage and laboratory-simulated data. Results show that traditional ISMs perform poorly, often at chance level, while ResNetbased features offer moderate improvement on real-world data. A novel image difference method, incorporating pixel-wise differencing and spatial pooling, achieves near-perfect classification accuracy (AUC ≈ 0.999) on real mill videos, significantly outperforming other approaches. However, this method exceeds the real-time processing requirement of 0.2 seconds per frame, highlighting a trade-off between accuracy and speed. The thesis concludes that task-specific feature engineering is critical for industrial vision applications, and the proposed image difference method provides a highly accurate solution for overfill detection, paving the way for more efficient and automated mill operation
Maintenance treatment and diagnostic course in psychotic depression
No full textAims: The aims of this thesis were to summarize and extend current knowledge on maintenance treatment in psychotic depression and to examine diagnostic conversion rates from psychotic unipolar depression to bipolar disorder and psychotic disorders. Methods: Study I was a systematic review, and Studies II–IV were nationwide observational studies based on Swedish national registers. Results: The systematic review included five controlled studies. Only the comparison between antidepressant–antipsychotic combination therapy and antidepressant monotherapy had been assessed in more than one study, and a meta-analysis of this comparison did not show a significant difference. In Swedish register data, antidepressant monotherapy was associated with a lower risk of rehospitalization or suicide compared with antidepressant–antipsychotic combination therapy. Maintenance treatment with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was not associated with a decreased risk of rehospitalization or suicide in patients overall; however, a significant association in favor of maintenance ECT was found among patients aged over 65 years. In patients with psychotic unipolar depression, 17-year conversion rates were 17.5% to psychotic disorders and 14.7% to bipolar disorder. Conclusions: Evidence for adjunctive antipsychotics in the maintenance phase is limited, and they should be used with caution. Maintenance ECT may lower relapse risk in patients over 65 years. Diagnostic conversion to psychotic and bipolar disorders is common, which may have important implications for treatment and prognosis.The epidemiology and treatment of psychotic depression remain understudied, warranting further research
Evaluating the Impact of Supplier Security Audits on Cybersecurity : Resilience in the Healthcare Sector: Compliance with the NIS2 Directive
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On running a Professional Learning Community for ‘International Educators’ : Lessons from diverse perspectives
No full textThis paper explores the implementation and impact of Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) for international educators, with a particular focus on experiences at Örebro University (ORU) and its collaboration with Ostrava University (OU) and The Hague University of Applied Sciences (THUAS) in their “Triplet PLC”, situated in the context of a larger project on PLC’s. The study is situated within the broader context of internationalization in higher education, highlighting the unique challenges faced by educators working in increasingly diverse and multilingual environments. The first section details the rationale for establishing a PLC at ORU, emphasizing the need for pedagogical support among international educators. The PLC model, defined as a collaborative, reflective, and growth-oriented group, was adopted to address complex issues. The PLC operated through a blend of online cross-institutional sessions and informal local "fika" meetings, fostering both structured and organic professional development. Research on PLCs is reviewed, demonstrating their positive effects on teaching skills, collaborative learning, and trust-building among educators. The continuation of the paper delves into the reflections of the participants and facilitators of the PLC from ORU. The second section shows that the facilitators played a central role in organizing and steering the PLC. Five key aspects—relationship, space, ownership, direction, and result—are identified as critical to effective facilitation, with practical examples illustrating how these were embodied in the Triplet PLC. The third section explores the students’ perspectives on AI integration in higher education based on results from a survey conducted at the three “Triplet PLC” universities. The majority of respondents from all three countries are aware of AI technologies and use them in several ways: supporting writing, supporting research and learning, providing comprehensive explanations, getting inspiration, and improving efficiency. Furthermore, most students believe that AI is useful in higher education. In the fourth section, intercultural supervision is addressed as a distinct challenge. Key strategies include cultural awareness, clear communication, flexibility, empathy, and supportive feedback. The PLC provided a valuable platform for sharing experiences and developing best practices in this area. Exercises and recommendations for effective cross-cultural mentoring are presented. In the final section, the paper discusses the practical integration of PLC-derived materials and methods into a master’s program in Chemistry at ORU. Activities such as the "Value Game" and collaborative environmental discussions were introduced to promote intercultural understanding and inclusive teaching. The PLC experience led to concrete improvements in program design, collaboration, and emotional support among faculty and students. In conclusion, the paper demonstrates that PLCs are a powerful mechanism for professional development, fostering innovation, collaboration, and inclusivity in internationalized higher education settings. The diverse contributions and spin-off projects described reflect the transformative potential of PLCs, encouraging further experimentation and cross-disciplinary engagement