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Effects of Amphetamine, Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine on Inhibitory Control: a Systematic Review.
No full textThe attached file contains the PRISMA-P Protocol
Moderators of Relationship between Implicit and Explicit Measures of Evaluation and Identification
No full textThis registration is an update to our previous pre-registration. The abstract for the project is included below:
Previous researchers and theorists have explained variations in the relationship between implicit and explicit measures of social cognition by citing differences in the specific measures employed and/or the cognitive processes tapped by these measures. They have suggested that explicit measures are the outcome of direct measurement (i.e., self-report) and therefore reflect controlled processes, whereas implicit measures are the outcome of indirect measurement (i.e., performance-based tasks) and reflect automatic or associative processes. The proposed research will explore how features of the attributes being measured and individual differences affect the relationship between implicit and explicit measures of evaluation and identification. Participants will be visitors to Project Implicit from 2005 to 2007 who completed relevant measures included in the Attitudes, Identities, and Individual Differences dataset (Hussey, Hughes, & Nosek, 2018). The data will include measures of explicit evaluation and identification (i.e., difference scores between self-report items) and implicit evaluation and identification (i.e., the Implicit Association Test; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) for 95 target pairs. First, we will attempt to conceptually replicate Nosek’s (2005) findings that self-presentation, distinctiveness, elaboration/importance, and complementarity moderate the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluation across individuals irrespective of attribute targets. Second, we will test whether these same moderators affect the relationship between implicit and explicit identification. Finally, we will explore whether apposite individual difference measures moderate the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluations or identifications. Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling with Full Information Maximum Likelihood estimation will be used in all analyses. Results will reveal how features of attributes, individuals, and experiences influence implicit-explicit relations
Not a Pipe: Local Assignments and Mutual Exclusivity
No full textRecently, Brody (2020) argued that infants' behavior towards objects targeted by communication is best analyzed as involving a layer of representation that keeps track of the entities-under-discussion (discourse referents; Karttunen, 1969; Heim, 1982).
Here we investigate whether mutual exclusivity inferences may be driven by local assignments between objects and discourse referents (i.e., this object which I’m pointing to stands for a discourse referent) and from a one-to-one mapping between them (once an object is assigned to a discourse referent, it becomes unavailable for further assignments).
This argument finds support in a recent study (Pomiechowska et al., 2021), where 12-month-olds have been shown to draw mutual exclusivity inferences when facing a display showing a familiar and an unfamiliar object, but only if the familiar object is highlighted by pointing before the test question. Here we explore the possibility that object kind membership is irrelevant for the local assignments that infants are able to make (as in pretense)
Infants’ Social Evaluation of Helpers and Hinderers: A Large-Scale, Multi-Lab, Coordinated Replication Study
No full textEvaluating others’ actions as praiseworthy or blameworthy is a fundamental aspect of human nature. A seminal study published in 2007 suggested that the ability to form social evaluations based on third-party interactions emerges within the first year of life, considerably earlier than previously thought (Hamlin, Wynn, & Bloom, 2007). In this study, infants demonstrated a preference for a character (i.e., a shape with eyes) who helped, over one who hindered, another character who tried but failed to climb a hill. This study sparked a new line of inquiry into infants’ social evaluations; however, numerous attempts to replicate the original findings yielded mixed results, with some reporting effects not reliably different from chance. These failed replications point to at least two possibilities: (1) the original study may have overestimated the true effect size of infants’ preference for helpers, or (2) key methodological or contextual differences from the original study may have compromised the replication attempts. Here we conduct a pre-registered, closely coordinated, multi-laboratory, standardized study aimed at replicating the helping/hindering finding using a well-controlled video version of the hill show. We intended to (1) provide a precise estimate of the true effect size of infants’ preference for helpers over hinderers, and (2) determine the degree to which infants’ preferences are based on social features of the Helper/Hinderer scenarios
EDA Project
No full textThis is a preregistration of the EDA project following a 10-participant pilot and prior to full data collection
Exploration of Asymmetry Between Conditions in the Simon Task
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to present a case for creating a Non-Linear Diffusion Model of Conflict Tasks. The paper aims to find a systematic difference between the mean difference in reaction time between incongruent and neutral trials versus congruent and neutral trials. The experiment we are running is a Simon Task incorporating a ring in an attempt to account for foveal processing. The two types of Simon Tasks, the base Simon Task with colored dots and a verbal based Simon Task, will be used to explore the appearance of this effect
Lazy Bureaucrats? Effects of Negative Stereotyping and Coping on Performance Among Public Sector Workers.
No full textPublic sector workers are regularly portrayed as lazy, incompetent, and even evil. In Western countries, the expression of such negative stereotypes is quite commonly accepted. Building on the body of literature on general stereotypes and their consequences (Spencer et al., 2016), negative public sector worker stereotypes may undermine public sector workers. For instance, age-based stereotypes can be self-fulfilling: older people believe in stereotypes about aging and start behaving in such a way as to further perpetuate these false ideas. In general, people who are stereotyped worry about confirming the stereotype. This leads to increased stress, anxiety and mental workload which subsequently lead to negative effects on performance (Steele, Spencer & Aronson, 1997; Spencer et al., 2016).
If stereotypes impact public sector workers adversely, then it is also imperative to investigate the factors that could mitigate or inadvertently exacerbate these effects. Psychologists have indicated that various strategies can be used to lower detrimental effects of negative stereotypes such as reframing a stereotype as a challenge that public sector workers can overcome and learn from, instead of seeing it as a threat (Richard & Gross, 2000).
Researchers have cast threat and challenge as opposing styles of appraising potentially stressful situations (e.g., Kobasa, 1982, Mendes et al., 2007). Challenges are cast positively, as situations in which people feel capable of conquering stressors, whereas threatening situations seem to demand more resources than the perceiver can muster (Blascovich et al., 1999, White, 2008).Threat appraisal generates stress-related physiological responses and impairs performance in moderately difficult tasks (e.g., Blascovich et al., 1999). Challenge appraisal, conversely, facilitates performance by inducing adaptive stress responses and preparing the perceiver to address the stress (Scheepers, 2009, Vick et al., 2008).
People might interpret the same task as a challenge or a threat, depending on a range of situational factors, like the negative consequences of failure (e.g., Keller & Bless, 2008). Given the divergent consequences of threat and challenge appraisals for performance, reframing a task as a challenge may be a promising coping strategy that reduces the effects of stereotype threat.
An alternative coping strategy is to reframe the stress that is experienced as being beneficial. Stress-mindset is the extent to which individuals hold the mindset that stress has enhancing versus debilitating consequences (Crum, Salovey, & Achor, 2013). It is highly common for individuals to hold a “stress-is-debilitating” mindset (Clark, 2003; Kinman & Jones, 2005), as the mass media tend to highlight stress's contribution to negative outcomes such as morbidity and mortality (e.g., Cohen et al., 2007; Melamed, Shirom, Toker, Berliner, & Shapira, 2006). In fact, the extent to which individuals believe that stress is debilitating has in itself been positively associated with morbidity (Nabi et al., 2013) and mortality rates (Keller et al., 2012).
Recent studies have indicated that stress may also produce favorable outcomes (for reviews see: Podsakoff, LePine, & LePine, 2007; Updegraff & Taylor, 2000), suggesting that a “stress-is-enhancing” mindset is also likely to be viable under certain circumstances. Interestingly, over and above the effects of stress level, induction of a stress-is-enhancing mindset has been shown to improve self-reported health and work performance (Crum et al., 2013), as well as to enhance physiological functioning and performance (e.g., Jamieson, Mendes, Blackstock, & Schmader, 2010; Jamieson, Mendes, & Nock, 2013). Following the above rationale, reframing the experience of stress as being beneficial to an individual may be a promising coping strategy that reduces stereotype threat.
The goal of the proposed study is therefore to experimentally investigate:
Main effects:
1. The effects of negative stereotyping on work performance of public sector workers
2. The effectiveness of a challenge mindset on work performance
3. The effectiveness of a stress-is-beneficial mindset on work performance
Interaction effects:
4. The effectiveness of a challenge mindset in mitigating the negative effects of stereotyping on work performance
5. The effectiveness of a stress-is-beneficial mindset in mitigating the negative effects of stereotyping on work performanc
Partnering with young peoples' care in the community healthcare setting: a scoping review of Global North Countries
No full textThere is a growing evidence base supporting the benefits of working in partnership with patients and their families in evaluating healthcare services. Despite this, children and young people are often overlooked. This is particularly so for those being care for in the community health service setting. An initial review of the literature identified little is known about strategies and approaches being implemented to partner with, and evaluate children’s and young people’s care in the community health setting. The aim of this scoping review is therefore to identify the barriers and enablers to partnering with young people in a community healthcare setting
COGNITIVE FACTORS THAT MODULATE FAKE NEWS CREDIBILITY
No full textPrevious studies with fake news have shown that emotion significantly modulate fake news’ credibility (specifically, negative valenced emotion leads to higher credibility). To build a comprehensive picture of which factors modulate fakes news’ credibility, in the current study, we aim to examine the role of (1) quantities and (2) group bias on perceived emotion and credibility of fake news.
a) Numbers: higher quantities result in higher perceived emotion, and then, in higher credibility of fake news.
b) Group bias: people are more emotionally sensitive to fake news when it affects their own group than when they are related with an external group. This would increase the credibility for the “ingroup” fake news
Epistemic Cooperation: Experiment 3
No full textThis study involves sorting participants into one of two conditions. The first condition, which we refer to as the Political Condition, includes three distinct phases of trivia questions that are played with a partner. The first phase contains easy questions about American culture (e.g. “Mt. Rushmore is in what U.S. state?”). In the second stage, participants answer questions designed to tap into liberals’ and conservatives’ distinctive cultural knowledge bases, generating opportunities for partisans to “rescue” their out-party partners. For example, conservatives (but not liberals) typically know the name of the family on the show Duck Dynasty, while liberals (but not conservatives) typically know the name of the girl on the show Stranger Things. In the final phase, teammates face politically contentious questions. For example, we ask: “What percentage of [US] gun deaths in 2016 were caused by assault-style rifles?” Liberals typically select high answers (35% or 56%), but conservatives typically pick the correct answer: 2%. Other questions (e.g. about climate change) favor liberals over conservatives.
The second condition, which we refer to as Non-Political Condition, includes only the first two phases of the trivia game from the first condition, excluding the third phase. To ensure that both the Political and Non-Political Condition takes the same amount of time and uses the same number of questions, we extend Phase 2 in the Non-Political Condition to match the total number of rounds in the Political Condition.
The primary goal of this study is to examine the following question: To the extent that feelings and attitudes towards members of an out-party are changed as a result of a cooperative game, is it necessary that the cooperative game involve compromise related to the participants’ political identities