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How Does the Covid-19 Pandemic Affect Young Children's Screen Time? the Role of Bioecological Factors
No full textDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, young children faced a shift to online education due to social isolation rules, resulting in increased time spent in front of digital screens. Even before the pandemic, the World Health Organization had recommended limiting screen time for young children as extended screen exposure was becoming more common with the increased prevalence of digital tools. This study aimed to examine the status of young children's screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic and explore the factors influencing it, encompassing child, parent, and environmental dynamics. Through a large-scale online survey, 1,346 parents with children aged 2 to 6 from all 81 provinces of T ; uuml;rkiye participated in the research. Hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed that age, digital device ownership, parental screen time, and mediation strategies were positively associated with children's screen time, while higher parental income, education, and engagement in dramatic play were negatively correlated. These findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions to achieve a healthier degree of screen usage among young children. Policymakers can play a role in raising awareness about limiting both parent and child screen time and promoting screen-free activities within the home environment, thereby contributing to improving the balance between screen usage and other activities among young children as society moves beyond the pandemic
Histological Structure and Functional Properties of the Tunica Albuginea of the Ovary
No full textJust below the surface epithelium of the ovary is the tunica albuginea, which is a tight irregular connective tissue structure that gives the tissue its white color and contains fibroblast cells. Tunica albuginea, which is more resistant to environmental factors, contains fewer cells and is rich in collagen fibers, is observed as the niche of preantral follicles. It has been observed that fibroblasts forming collagen fibers provide the development of follicles with the paracrine factors and cytokines they secrete and function as a nourishing cell layer. After the graaf follicle forms the corpus luteum, fibroblasts in the adjacent tunica albuginea proliferate and the thickness of this structure increases. The tunica albuginea undergoes frequent renewal due to the corpus luteum structures formed in rats. When the corpus luteum is formed, new capillaries and venules are formed in the adjacent tunica albuginea. This structure may be a suitable model for investigating the migration of cells from the bone marrow to the ovary via vessels. It can be suggested that mesenchymal cells and very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs), which show pluripotent stem cell characteristics, may migrate from the bone marrow to the tunica albuginea through vascular structures and that the bone marrow may be the source of these cells, which have been previously shown to be present in the ovary. The aim of this review is to examine the effects of the tunica albuginea on the development of follicles and the dynamic structure of the ovary. © 2025, Pamukkale University. All rights reserved
A Novel Model for U-Tube Steam Generators for Pressurized Water Reactors
No full textA novel model was proposed for U-Tube Steam Generators in Pressurized Water Reactors to be utilized in dynamics and control studies. The steam generator was divided into 14 nodes and investigated by applying mass and energy conservation equations in differential form. A system of nonlinear differential equations was obtained. This equation system was numerically simulated using the Julia programming language through a fourth order Runge-Kutta method. Accurate values for thermodynamic properties were taken from the Coolprop library, eliminating the need to take constant values or linear interpolations. A three-element proportional and integral control was applied as the control system in the model. Changes in feedwater flow rate, steam outlet flow rate, primary inlet flow rate, feedwater inlet temperature and primary inlet temperature were investigated, and the response of the steam generator was simulated using the developed model. It was observed that the proposed model gives results for U-Tube Steam Generators comparable to those in the literature and that it can be used in dynamic model and control simulations
Characterization of Lncrnas Contributing To Drug Resistance in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
No full textDemiray, Aydin/0000-0002-3343-0184Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the second leading cause of death among women with gynecological cancers, particularly in high-income countries. Despite significant advancements in molecular oncology and an initially positive response to primary chemotherapy, the development of drug resistance remains a major challenge in the effective management of EOC. Consequently, there is an urgent need for innovative biological markers that can enable early diagnosis and provide more accurate predictions of recurrence risk in ovarian cancer patients. This study investigated the expression profiles of seven specific long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)-SNHG7, TUG1, XIST1, PRLB, TLR8-AS1, ZFAS1, and PVT1-associated with epithelial ovarian cancer and their relationship with drug resistance. To achieve this, drug-resistant subtypes of aggressive EOC cell lines, including carboplatin/paclitaxel-resistant OVCAR3 and SKOV3 lines, were developed. The expression profiles of the selected lncRNAs were quantitatively analyzed using RT-qPCR across various ovarian cancer cell lines and in serum samples from 25 patients before chemotherapy, six months after treatment, and 23 healthy controls. The findings revealed that the target lncRNAs were significantly upregulated under drug-resistant conditions and in post-chemotherapy serum samples, suggesting their involvement in a complex regulatory network. These results highlight the critical roles of lncRNAs in the progression and treatment response of EOC, positioning them as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment stratification. Identifying reliable lncRNA biomarkers could enable the early detection of patients at risk for developing drug resistance, thereby facilitating personalized treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes and survival rates.Pamukkale University [2022SABE003]; Pamukkale University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (PAUBAP), TurkeyThis work was supported by a grant (no. 2022SABE003) from the Pamukkale University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (PAUBAP), Turkey
Investigation of Tl1a,il-17,il Levels at Serum and Tissue in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Patients
No full textInvestigation of Serum and Tissue Levels of TL1A, IL-17, IL-22, IL-13, IL-4, IL-11, IL-34, IL-9, and TGF-β in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Patients Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a multifactorial disease characterized by deep- seated, painful nodules, draining abscesses, and sinus tracts affecting the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It predominantly occurs in young individuals aged 18-34 years. The most commonly affected sites include the gluteal region, groin, axillae, anogenital area, and scalp. The pathogenesis of HS is complex, with follicular occlusion being considered the initial trigger, leading to inflammation and cytokine release. The role of cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-17 has been demonstrated in multiple studies. TL1A (TNFSF15) is known to play a role in various inflammatory processes and has been reported to be elevated in inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease and psoriasis, which share pathogenetic similarities with HS. Inspired by these findings, our study aimed to evaluate the serum levels and tissue expression (lesional and perilesional) of TL1A, IL-17, IL-22, IL-13, IL-4, IL-11, IL-34, IL-9, and TGF-β in HS patients and their correlation with disease severity and inflammatory parameters. Our study included 25 HS patients and 25 healthy volunteers. Serum cytokine levels were measured using ELISA, and expression analysis was performed on tissue samples. Body mass index, waist circumference, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), routine biochemistry, and lipid parameters were recorded in both groups. No significant difference was found in serum TL1A levels between HS patients and healthy controls. However, TL1A expression was higher in perilesional tissue than in lesional tissue. Increased serum TL1A levels were associated with higher IL-17, IL- 22, IL-13, and IL-9 expression in lesional skin. Serum IL-17, IL-22, and TGF-β levels were significantly elevated in HS patients, whereas IL-9, IL-11, IL-13, and IL-34 showed no significant difference between groups. Serum IL-4 levels were significantly lower in HS patients. In lesional tissue, the expression of IL-11, IL-13, IL-17, IL-22, IL-34, IL-4, IL-9, and TL1A was lower than in perilesional tissue, whereas TGF-β expression was higher. Serum IL-22 showed a negative correlation with lesional TL1A, IL-17, IL-22, and IL-11, and a significant correlation with neutrophil-to- lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Additionally, IL-22 negatively correlated with TL1A, and 82 only IL-22 was significantly correlated with Hurley staging. Serum CRP correlated with IHS4, while serum TGF-β correlated significantly with disease severity. Our findings contribute to the understanding of HS pathogenesis, suggesting that further research may clarify the role of these cytokines and their potential therapeutic implications in HS treatment. Key Words: TL1A, Hidradenitis Suppurativa, IL-4, IL-13, IL-34Hidradenitis Süpürativa Hastalarında Serum Ve Doku Düzeyinde Tl1a, Il-17, Il-22, Il- 13, Il-4, Il-11, Il-34, Il-9, Tgf-Beta Seviyelerinin Araştırılması Hidradenitis süpürativa(HS), derin yerleşimli, deri ve deri altı dokuları etkileyen, ağrılı nodüller, drene olan apseler ve sinüslerle karakterize multifaktöriyel bir hastalıktır; genellikle 18-34 yaş arasındaki genç bireylerde görülür. Gluteal bölge, kasıklar, koltuk altı, anogenital bölge ve saçlı deri en sık etkilenen bölgelerdir. HS patogenezi karmaşık olup genel görüş olarak foliküler oklüzyonun süreci başlattığı ve inflamasyon sürecini ve ilişkili sitokinlerin salınımını yol açtığı düşünülmektedir. TNF-alfa ve IL-17 gibi sitokinlerin rolü çok fazla çalışmada gösterilmiş. TL1A da birçok inflamatuar süreçte rol aldığı ve çeşitli inflamatuar hastalıklarda yükseldiği gösterilmiş. HS ile patogenez açısından benzer olan CH'da ve psöriazisde yüksek saptanması ilham kaynağı oldu. Çalışmamızda başta TL1A olmak üzere IL-17, IL-22, IL-13, IL4, IL-11, IL-34, IL-9, TGF-BETA sitokinlerinin hasta ve kontrol grubunda serum seviyelerini ve hasta grubunda lezyonel ve perilezyonel sağlam dokudaki ekspresyonlarını değerlendirip hastalık şiddeti ve inflamatuar parametrelerle korelasyonu incelemek amaçlandı. Çalışmamıza 25 HS hastası ve 25 sağlıklı gönüllü dahil edildi. Serum sitokin seviyeleri ELISA yöntemi ile çalışıldı. Tüm sitokinlerin doku örneklerinde ekspresyon analizi yapıldı. Hasta ve kontrol gruplarında vücut kitle indeksi, bel çevresi, C-RP, ESR, rutin biyokimya ve lipid parametreleri kaydedildi. Serum TL1A seviyeleri hasta ve kontrol grubunda anlamlı farklılık saptanmadı. Perilezyonel dokuda lezyonel dokuya göre daha fazla oranda TL1A ekspresyonu saptandı. ). Serum TL1A seviyeleri yükseldikçe lezyonel deride IL-17-22-13-9 expresyonlarının da arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Serum IL-17-22 ve TGF-beta seviyeleri hasta grubunda anlamlı derecede yüksek saptandı. Serum IL-9-11-13-34 seviyeleri hasta ve kontrol grubu arasında anlamlı farklılık saptanmadı. Serum IL-4 düzeyi hasta grubunda anlamlı derecede daha düşük bulundu. Lezyonel dokuda perilezyonel gruba göre IL-11 (-6.74), IL-13 (-3.78), IL-17 (-2.16), IL-22 (-1.83), IL-34 (-3.73), IL-4 (-5.13),IL-9 (-1.83),TL1A (-2.29) daha az eksprese edildi ,yalnızca TGF-β (+1.28) lezyonel dokuda daha fazla ekspresyonu saptandı. . Serum IL-22 ile lezyonel TL1A,IL17-22-11 arasında negatif korelayon saptandı 80 Bunun yanında serum IL-22 ile NLR düzeyi arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. IL-22 ile TL1A arasında negatif korelasyon bulunmuştur. yalnızca IL-22 ile Hurley evrelemesi arasında anlamlı korelasyon saptandı.Serum crp değerleri ile IHS4 ve serum TGF-β ile anlamlı korelasyon saptandı. Çalışmamızdaki sonuçlar HS patogenezine ışık tutacağını ve ileri çalışmalar ile bu sitokinlerin patogenezdeki yerini netleşeceğini , hastalığın tedavisinin geliştirilmesinde de önemli rol oynayacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler :TL1A,Hidradenitis Süpürativa,IL-4,IL-13,IL-3
Recent Advances in Freshwater Zooplankton in a Conservation Hotspot: Türkiye Case
No full textFreshwater ecosystems are vital for providing essential services such as water supply and food production. However, increasing human demands have led to significant environmental degradation in these ecosystems. T ; uuml;rkiye, recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot, faces numerous threats from altered flow regimes, land-use changes, pollution, and invasive species. Despite these challenges, T ; uuml;rkiye's diverse environments support a rich assemblage of zooplankton, with over 662 identified taxa spanning rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of zooplankton research at both global and national (T ; uuml;rkiye) levels to understand research trends, identify knowledge gaps, and highlight key areas of focus. Globally, stress factors and climate change dominate the research agenda, whereas, in T ; uuml;rkiye, topics such as abundance, diversity, water quality, and bioindicators have gained attention, albeit with relatively low frequency. Since 2013, these themes have shaped the direction of Turkish zooplankton research. The findings of this study emphasize the need for targeted research to better understand the impacts of environmental stressors on zooplankton communities in T ; uuml;rkiye, while also contributing to the global discourse on ecosystem functionality. By using zooplankton as key biotic indicators, this research offers insights into ecosystem health, providing critical information for future conservation and management efforts.Cankimath;rimath; Karatekin UniversityWe would like to express our sincere gratitude to the Editor and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable contributions to this manuscript
Büyük azı keser hipomineralizasyonu kaynaklı kesici diş opasitelerinin iki farklı minimal invaziv yaklaşımla maskelenmesinin çocukların ve ebeveynlerinin estetik algıları üzerindeki etkisinin değerlendirilmesi
No full textBu çalışma Pamukkale Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. (Proje No: 2024DİŞF001)Amaç: Bu çalışmada, büyük azı keser hipomineralizasyonu (BAKH) kaynaklı kesici diş opasitelerinin iki farklı minimal invaziv tedavi yaklaşımı ile maskelenmesinin çocuklar ve ebeveynlerin estetik algıları üzerindeki etkisi ile kesici diş opasitelerindeki renk maskeleme etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya, daimi kesici dişlerinde BAKH kaynaklı beyaz-krem ve/veya sarı-kahverengi sınırlı opasiteleri bulunan, 8-10 yaş aralığında 50 çocuk hasta dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcılar rastgele iki gruba ayrılmış; bir gruba rezin infiltrasyon (Grup I: Icon®), diğer gruba etch-bleach-seal (Grup II: EBS) minimal invaziv tedavi yaklaşımı uygulanmıştır. Estetik algının değerlendirilmesinde "Dişlerin Görünüşü ile İlgili Çocuk ve Ebeveyn Anketi" uygulanmış, renk maskeleme etkinliği ise spektrofotometrik renk analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. İstatistiksel anlamlılık p0,05 olarak belirlenmiştir.
Bulgular: İşlemden sonraki 3. ayda her iki grupta istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmamakla birlikte (p>0,05), anketin fiziksel ve psikolojik alanlarına ilişkin çocuk ve ebeveyn bakış açılarında gözlenen iyileşmeler ile anketin ikinci bölümünde yer alan diş hoşluğu ve diş rengi algısına dair çocuklardaki memnuniyet artışı (p0,05), uygulanan minimal invaziv tedavi yaklaşımlarının çocuk ve ebeveynlerin estetik algıları üzerinde olumlu bir etki yarattığı görülmüştür. Grup I (Icon®)’deki BAKH opasitelerine uygulanan rezin infiltrasyon minimal invaziv tedavi yaklaşımından sonra 1. ayda (ΔE1) meydana gelen renk değişiminin, grup II (EBS)’deki etch-bleach-seal minimal invaziv tedavi yaklaşımından sonra meydana gelen renk değişiminden istatistiksel olarak daha fazla olduğu görülmüştür (p0,05).
Sonuç: Her iki grupta uygulanan minimal invaziv tedavi yaklaşımlarının çocuk ve ebeveynlerin estetik algılarında olumlu yönde bir etkisinin olduğu görülse de, BAKH opasitelerinin maskelenmesinde tam anlamıyla başarı sağlanamamıştır. BAKH opasitelerinin derinliği ve rengine bağlı olarak kombine tedavi protokollerinin değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of masking incisor opacities caused by molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) using two different minimally invasive treatment approaches on the aesthetic perceptions of children and their parents and the color masking effectiveness of incisor opacities.
Method: A total of 50 children, 8-10 years-old, presenting demarcated white-cream and/or yellow-brown opacities on their permanent incisors due to MIH were included in the study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: one received resin infiltration (Group I: Icon®), while the other received etch-bleach-seal (Group II: EBS) minimally invasive treatment approach. The "Child’s and Parent’s Questionnaire about Teeth Appearance" was used to assess aesthetic perception, and the effectiveness of color masking was evaluated by spectrophotometric color analysis. Statistical significance was set as p0.05.
Results: Although there was no statistically significant difference in both groups at 3 months after the procedure, the improvements observed in the children and parents perspectives regarding the physical and psychological domains, as well as the increase in children’s satisfaction regarding tooth pleasantness and tooth color perception in the second part of questionnaire (p0.05) showed that the applied minimally invasive treatment approaches had a positive impact on aesthetic perceptions of children and parents. It was observed that the color change at the first month (ΔE1) following the minimally invasive treatment approach with resin infiltration applied to MIH opacities in Group I (Icon®) was statistically greater than the color change that occured after the etch-bleach-seal minimally invasive treatment approach applied in Group II (EBS).
Conclusion: Although it was observed that the minimally invasive treatment approaches applied in both groups had a positive effect on the aesthetic perceptions of children and parents, full success was not achieved in masking MIH opacities. Combined treatment protocols should be evaluated depending on the depth and color of MIH opacities
Validity and Reliability Study of the Turkish Version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale in Elderly Adults
No full textBackground: The World Health Organization's disability and health model implicates activity limitation based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) was developed in the framework of the ICF to define the functional status of the lower extremities as an important indicator of the health, activity, and participation of the elderly. Objective: To analyze the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of LEFS (LEFS-T) in older individuals. Methods: A total of 214 older individuals were included in the study and the LEFS-T, Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSTS), and Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) were administered. Reliability and validity were evaluated according to Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficients (ICC), spearman correlation analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: LEFS-T was feasible, had good internal consistency (0.93), good reliability (ICC = 0.98), good construct, and discriminant validity, and showed no floor or ceiling effects. The results of CFA are at excellent levels (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.004, Goodness of Fit = 0.974, Comparative Fit Index = 0.991, Non-Normed Fit Index = 0.990). For construct validity, LEFS-T showed a better correlation with FTSTS (r = -0.555, p 0.001) and FES-I (r = -0.756, p 0.001). Conclusion: The Turkish version of LEFS has good psychometric properties to evaluate functional capacity in older adults without lower extremity musculoskeletal disorders. LEFS-T can be used in future studies to evaluate and follow changes in lower extremity functional capacity as well as strength problems and fall prevention interventions, as it is a valid, reliable, and easily applicable scale with self-report
Impact of Metallothioneins on Dna Damage and Apoptosis in Multiple Sclerosis: a Comparative Study Using Comet Assay
No full textScientific Research Projects Unit of Inonu University [TDK-2022-3012]This study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Inonu University (Project No: TDK-2022-3012)
Obez Hastalarda Vücut Yağ Dağılımı ile Clock, Bmal1, Mc4r Gen Polimorfizmleri, Melatonin Düzeyleri ve Metabolik Parametreler Arasındaki İlişki
No full textMelatonin levels are found to be low in obese patients, but the exact mechanism through which it plays a role in the pathogenesis of obesity has not yet been clarified. In our study, we aimed to determine the mechanism of melatonin in the pathogenesis of obesity by investigating body fat distribution, GLP-1, ghrelin levels, CLOCK, BMAL1, MC4R genetic polymorphisms, and their relationships with each other. A total of 161 participants, including 81 obese individuals and 80 controls, aged 18 to 65 years, were included in the study. After an overnight fast, venous blood samples were collected from participants in the morning for fasting blood glucose, insulin, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, ghrelin, GLP-1, melatonin levels, and genetic analysis. Serum ghrelin, GLP-1, and melatonin levels were assessed using the ELISA method. Body mass index was calculated, and ultrasound analysis was performed to determine body fat distribution. DNA isolation from blood samples and RT-PCR were used for the analysis of genetic polymorphisms. Additionally, a morning/evening questionnaire was administered to assess the participants' chronotype. As a result, the obese group had significantly higher subcutaneous, preperitoneal, and visceral fat distribution compared to the control group (p0.05). Melatonin and GLP-1 levels were significantly lower (p0.05) in the obese group compared to the control group, while ghrelin levels were significantly higher (p0.05). Furthermore, we found that the TA variant of the MC4R RS 17782313 polymorphism was more frequent in the obese group compared to the control group. No significant differences were found between the groups for CLOCK T/C RS1801260, MC4R RS12970134, and BMAL1 RS6486121 genetic polymorphisms. We could not find a significant relationship between melatonin levels, genetic polymorphisms, GLP-1, ghrelin, body fat distribution, and questionnaire results. These findings suggest that the MC4R RS 17782313 polymorphism and melatonin are associated with obesity, but their mechanisms are not interrelated.' Keywords: obesity, melatonin, GLP-1, ghrelin, body fat distribution, genetic polymorphismsObez hastalarda melatonin düzeyi düşük bulunmaktadır ancak hangi mekanizma ile obezite patogenezinde rol oynadığı netleştirilememiştir. Çalışmamızda melatoninin obezite patogenezindeki mekanizmasını belirlemek için vücut yağ dağılımı, GLP-1, ghrelin düzeylerini, CLOCK, BMAL1, MC4R genetik polimorfizmlerini ve bunların birbiri ile ilişkisini inceledik. Çalışmamıza 81 obez ve 80 kontrol olmak üzere 18-65 yaş arası toplam 161 hasta katıldı. Katılımcılardan bir gecelik açlık sonrası sabah açlık kan şekeri, insülin, düşük yoğunluklu lipoprotein, yüksek yoğunluklu lipoprotein, trigliserit, total kolesterol, ghrelin, GLP-1 ve melatonin düzeyleri ve genetik incelemeler için venöz kan örnekleri alındı. Serum ghrelin, GLP-1 ve melatonin düzeyleri elisa yöntemiyle değerlendirildi. Vücut kitle indeksi hesaplandı ve vücut yağ dağılımını belirlemek için USG analizi yapıldı. Genetik polimorfizmlerinin belirlenmesi için kandan DNA izolasyonu ve RT-PCR yöntemi ile polimorfizm analizi yapıldı. Ayrıca katılımcıların sabahçılık-akşamcılık durumunu belirlemek için morning/evening questionnare anketi yapıldı. Sonuçta obez grubunda kontrol grubuna göre subkutan, preperiton, visseral yağ dağılımları anlamlı oranda daha yüksek bulundu (p0,05). Obez grupta melatonin ve GLP-1 düzeyleri kontrol grubuna oranla anlamlı derecede düşük (p0,05), ghrelin düzeyi ise anlamlı derecede yüksek bulunmuştur (p0,05). Ayrıca MC4R RS 17782313 polimorfizminin TA varyantını obez grubunda kontrol grubuna oranla daha sık bulduk. CLOCK T/C RS1801260, MC4R RS12970134 ve BMAL1 RS6486121 gen polimorfizmleri arasında obez ve kontrol grubunda anlamlı farklılık bulamadık. Melatonin düzeyi ile genetik polimorfizmler ile GLP-1, ghrelin, vücut yağ dağılımı ve anket sonuçları arasında anlamlı ilişki bulamadık. Bu veriler bize MC4R RS 17782313 polimorfizminin ve melatoninin obezite ile ilişkili olduğunu ancak mekanizmasının birbirleriyle ilişkili olmadığını düşündürdü. Anahtar kelime:obezite, melatonin, GLP-1, ghrelin, vücut yağ dağılımı, genetik polimorfiz