Otago University Research Archive
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New Zealand Deprivation Index 2018 - TA41: Tararua District
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
New Zealand Deprivation Index 2018 - TA53: Marlborough District
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
New Zealand Deprivation Index 2018 - TA59: Waimakariri District
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
New Zealand Deprivation Index 2018 - TA42: Horowhenua District
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
New Zealand Deprivation Index 2018 - TA60: Christchurch City
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
New Zealand Deprivation Index 2018 - TA72: Clutha District
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
New Zealand Deprivation Index 2018 - TA47: Wellington City
No full textFor further information about data sources, interpretation of the graphs, and cautions, please see the separate Introduction Chapter
All data relating to the 2018 census is provided by Stats NZ, https://www.stats.govt.nz/
Sexual Dignity in Rape Law
No full textForthcoming, to be published in the Yale Journal of Law & Feminism.Dignity is a famously contested concept, suggesting its deployment as a legal principle should be closely scrutinized. This Article sets out a functional and contextual analysis of dignity as an organizing principle underpinning rape law, which I term “sexual dignity”. Based on sexual violence theory, I trace the “democratization” of sexual dignity over time, as dignity and attendant rights of autonomy and equality have gradually extended from man to the (qualified) woman to women as a group, and identify an emerging contemporary feminist consensus on the meaning of sexual dignity. This framework is then applied to a critical review of how judges across common law jurisdictions understand and use dignity in decisions on rape. The caselaw of sexual dignity illustrates that dignity is a usefully capacious concept for exploring and condemning the multiplicity of rape’s harms and wrongs. However, uncritical engagement with sexual dignity can be harmful, with implications both for rape law and for the regulation of sexual behaviour generally. As such, I argue that robust and reflective engagement with sexual dignity is both necessary and productive.Peer Reviewe
The role of D2 and CP43 proteins in the bicarbonate-binding environment of Photosystem II
No full textIn Photosystem II (PS II), absorbed light energy is used to transfer electrons from water to a primary plastoquinone electron acceptor (QA) and then to the secondary plastoquinone acceptor (QB). A non-heme iron (NHI) is located between QA and QB and ligated by His residues from the D1 and D2 reaction centre protein; in addition, a bicarbonate ion forms a bidentate ligand to the NHI. Stabilisation of bicarbonate is provided by D2-Tyr244, D1-Tyr246 and the two water molecules, W622 and W582, through hydrogen bonds (PDB 4UB6). These two water molecules and amino acid residues around the bicarbonate-binding environment have been hypothesised to participate in stabilisation of a hydrogen-bond network for delivering protons via the bound HCO3- to the QB2-(H+) form of the secondary plastoquinone electron acceptor of PS II. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of D2 and CP43 amino acid residues in maintaining the hydrogen-bond network to provide the stabilisation of bicarbonate and their roles in the structure, electron transfer and protonation steps in the QA-NHI-QB complex of PS II. Mutations targeting four amino acid residues from D2 protein (D2-Glu242, D2-Thr243, D2-Tyr244 and D2-Lys264) and one amino acid residue from CP43 protein (CP43-Arg448) were selected. Nearly all mutants showed impaired oxygen evolution and were highly susceptible to photodamage in the presence of PS II-specific electron acceptors; however, they were able to acclimate to high light when HCO3– was added. In addition, acceptor side electron transfer was altered in these strains, with a decrease in the forward electron transfer between QA and QB, as well as the back reaction from QA, in the presence of the PS II-specific inhibitor 3,4-dichloro-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU). Furthermore, all mutants except the D2-Glu242 mutant exhibited the accumulation of unassembled complexes containing the CP43 subunit and an ineffective repair mechanism was also observed in these mutants that showed delayed protein synthesis following the high-light treatment based on 35S-Met protein labelling experiments. This study indicated that the disruption of the hydrogen-bond network associated with the bicarbonate-binding environment impairs PS II assembly, electron transfer and also the repair mechanism of the photosystem following high-light-induced damage
Protein intakes and contributing food sources among New Zealand male adolescents
No full textBackground: It is well established that protein is an important macronutrient required by the body to support a variety of biological functions. In particular, adequate protein intakes play a significant role in pubertal growth. However, recent data on protein intake and its food sources is scarce and in New Zealand is limited to a national survey that was conducted more than a decade ago.
Objective: This thesis aims to investigate protein intake, determine the dietary sources of protein, as well as evaluating the adequacy of protein intake among New Zealand male adolescents.
Design: The Survey of Nutrition Dietary Assessment and Lifestyle (SuNDiAL) project is a cross-sectional study involving 135 male adolescents aged 15-17 years from six high schools across New Zealand. Participants completed a self-administered online questionnaire on demographics and dietary habits. An interviewer assisted 24-hour dietary recall (24-HDR) was carried out during in-school visits, where anthropometric measurements were also taken. Body mass index (BMI) z-scores were calculated to assess body weight status. A second 24-HDR was carried out a week later through phone/ video call to account for intra-individual variation. FoodWorks software (FOODfiles 2016- Version 01) was used for nutrient analysis and the multiple source method was applied to adjust data for mean intake. Prevalence of inadequate protein intakes were determined by calculating the percentage of participants with intakes below the estimated average protein requirement of 49 g/d and 0.76 g/kg/d as per National Health and Medical Research Council recommendations.
Results: Mean protein intake was 110 g/d (95%CI 104, 115); 1.63 g/kg/d (95%CI 1.54, 1.72). All participants had intakes that met the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of 0.76 g/kg/d recommended by the National Health and Medical Council. Participants with a healthy weight had significantly higher protein intakes of 1.73 g/kg/d (95%CI 1.63, 1.84) compared to obese participants 1.11 g/kg/d (95%CI 0.88, 1.34); however, only 3 respondents were obese. The average protein contribution to total energy (TE) was 18.6%. The majority of participants (86.7%) had intakes within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range of 15-25%, with 13.7% below the range and 1% exceeding the range. The five main protein food sources were poultry (16.4%), grains and pasta (11.3%), milk (8.3%), bread (8.2%) and bread-based dishes (7.4%). Based on the dietary habits questionnaire, one-fifth of participants (22.1%) reported consuming sports supplement with 77.7% of those reporting using a supplement containing whey protein.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that protein intake is adequate among 15-17 year old New Zealand male adolescents. Further research using a larger, more representative sample is required to determine the association between protein intake and demographic characteristic