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Screening of a library of traditional Chinese medicines to identify anti-malarial compounds and extracts
Get PDFapplication/pdfBackground: Malaria is a major infectious disease in the world. In 2015, approximately 212 million people were infected and 429,000 people were killed by this disease. Plasmodium falciparum, which causes falciparum malaria, is becoming resistant to artemisinin (ART) in Southeast Asia; therefore, new anti-malarial drugs are urgently needed. Some excellent anti-malarial drugs, such as quinine or ART, were originally obtained from natural plants. Hence, the authors screened a natural product library comprising traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) to identify compounds/extracts with anti-malarial effects. Methods: The authors performed three assays: a malaria growth inhibition assay (GIA), a cytotoxicity assay, and a malaria stage-specific GIA. The malaria GIA revealed the anti-malarial ability and half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the natural products, whereas the malaria stage-specific GIA revealed the point in the malaria life cycle where the products exerted their anti-malarial effects. The toxicity of the products to the host cells was evaluated with the cytotoxicity assay. Results: Four natural compounds (berberine chloride, coptisine chloride, palmatine chloride, and dehydrocorydaline nitrate) showed strong anti-malarial effects (IC50 < 50 nM), and low cytotoxicity (cell viability > 90%) using P. falciparum 3D7 strain. Two natural extracts (Phellodendri cortex and Coptidis rhizoma) also showed strong antiplasmodial effects (IC50 < 1 μg/ml), and low cytotoxicity (cell viability > 80%). These natural products also demonstrated anti-malarial capability during the trophozoite and schizont stages of the malaria life cycle. Conclusions: The authors identified four compounds (berberine chloride, coptisine chloride, palmatine chloride, and dehydrocorydaline nitrate) and two extracts (Phellodendri cortex and Coptidis rhizoma) with anti-malarial activity, neither of which had previously been described. The IC50 values of the compounds were comparable to that of chloroquine and better than that of pyrimethamine. These compounds and extracts derived from TCMs thus show promise as potential future anti-malarial drugs. © 2018 The Author(s).journal articl
Effects of Solanum demissum chromosomes on crossability in the backcross progeny to Solanum tuberosum
Get PDFapplication/pdfA balance of maternal and paternal genetic factors, conceptually named the endosperm balance number (EBN), is required for normal endosperm development in interspecific crosses in potato. We previously found that Solanum demissum (D), a hexaploid wild species widely used in potato breeding, has a slightly lower EBN than S. tuberosum (T). To explore the genetic nature of the EBN, the berry-setting rate, seed number/berry, and seed weight were evaluated in BC1 [(D × T) × T] plants, each possessing different portions of the S. demissum chromosomes, by reciprocal crosses with D and T, and a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed. At least 99 S. demissum-derived QTLs were detected, of which 29 were associated with differential responses to D and T. Three QTLs were possibly co-localized on chromosomes 7A and 10D1, while the remaining 23 QTLs were independently located. The QTLs in the three S. demissum homoeologous chromosomes exhibited three types of interaction: (1) positive, (2) negative, and (3) one positive and one negative effect on the same trait. We found that several major genes, one of which was localized in the S. demissum chromosome 9A, and many minor genes controlled the crossability of BC1 plants. The QTLs responsible for the differential responses to D and T were different between the BC1 plants used as male and female parents, indicating that different genes control the male and female EBNs. Consequently, we conclude that the EBN is represented by the sum of various genetic effects controlled by a large number of genes. © 2018, Springer Nature B.V.journal articl
Effects of low-dose diminazene aceturate injection followed by clindamycin administration for treating canine babesia gibsoni infection
Get PDFapplication/pdfA total of 242 dogs diagnosed with acute Babesia gibsoni infection were administered three subcutaneous injections of low-dose diminazene aceturate (DA). After the initial DA treatment, 20 dogs in grave condition were excluded, and the remaining 222 were divided into 2 groups for the evaluation of clindamycin treatment from days 8 to 29: the clindamycin group, which received oral clindamycin and the control group, which received no drugs. Between days 8 and 29, relapse was observed in 13 of 80 dogs in the clindamycin-group, as compared to 42 of 142 dogs in the control. The relapse rate in the clindamycin-group was significantly lower compared to the control. Low-dose DA injection followed by oral clindamycin administration could effectively prevent relapse. © 2018, Hokkaido University. All rights reserved.journal articl
奄美大島で捕獲された種不明のコウモリ類
Get PDFapplication/pdf鹿児島県奄美大島の学校校舎内においてコウモリ類の目撃情報があったことから，2017年10月に捕獲調査を行ない，雄2個体のコウモリ類を捕獲した．外部形態の特徴から，奄美大島においてこれまで記録がない種であると判断した．捕獲個体の外部形態は日本国内に生息する種のうち，クロオオアブラコウモリに類似していたものの，種を同定することはできなかった．放獣した個体の音声はFM-QCF型を示し，ピーク周波数は平均35.35 kHzであった．奄美大島南西部の海岸で飛翔する種不明のコウモリ類が発する音声も同様のピーク周波数であったため，捕獲個体と飛翔個体が同一種であることが示唆された．journal articl
十勝若牛®の官能評価における生産履歴および画像解析形質との関係性
Get PDFapplication/pdf十勝若牛（ホルスタイン種若齢肥育牛）の官能評価における生産履歴，枝肉格付記録および画像解析形質との関連性を調査した．2,711頭の十勝若牛を用いて消費者型官能評価試験を行い，味，香り，やわらかさ，ジューシーさ，脂の味を評価した．官能評価項目6項目を従属変数，枝肉格付形質（5形質），生産履歴（4形質）および画像解析形質（9形質）を母数効果として分散分析を実施した．肉の締まり及びきめの等級が1と評価された場合，すべての官能評価項目が有意に低い値となった．ロース芯脂肪面積割合が低くなるにつれ，すべての官能評価項目において有意に低下した．iBCSの数値が高くなるにつれ合計評価点が低下する傾向が認められた.これらの形質を用いることで，十勝若牛の官能特性を枝肉の段階で予測できる可能性が示唆された.journal articl
ガレクチンの基礎および応用研究のための基本的ツールとしてのヒトミルクオリゴ糖
Get PDFapplication/pdfヒトミルクオリゴ糖（HMO）は、母乳栄養児においてプレバイオティクス，感染防御，免疫調整，腸管成熟
などの生物機能を担っている。感染防御や抗炎症などの機能性にはガレクチン，セレクチン，シグレックなどのレ
クチンと多種類のHMOとの相互作用が関わっていると予想される。一方100 種類以上含まれるHMOはHタイプ1，
ルイスa，ルイスb，ルイスx，シアリルルイスa，シアリルルイスx などの構造単位を有しているので、各種内在性
レクチンやモノクローナル抗体、ウィルスカプシドタンパク質、細菌毒素などの糖結合特異性研究用やレクチン阻
害剤の開発のためのツールとしての活用が期待できる。このミニレビューは、最近の構造解析結果も含む網羅的な
HMOの構造データセットをガレクチンの糖結合特異性などの研究のための情報ソースとして提示している。またミ
ルクオリゴ糖の機能や利用についての最近のin vivoならびにヒト臨床研究例の紹介も行った。journal articl
Relationship of a special acidified milk protein drink with cognitive performance: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy young adults
Get PDFapplication/pdfA previous in vivo study with rats suggested that a special milk protein drink manufactured using an acidification procedure to suppress the aggregation of milk proteins was absorbed quickly after feeding. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measure crossover study to investigate the short-term effects on cognitive performance in 29 healthy young adult men after they consumed this drink in the morning. After an overnight fast, subjects were tested for performance in the Uchida–Kraepelin serial arithmetic test and the Stroop test as well as for subjective feeling, body temperature, and heart rate variability before and after consumption of either the acidified milk protein drink or an isoenergetic placebo drink. Subjects showed a significant improvement in performance in the Uchida–Kraepelin test, the primary outcome measured, when they consumed the acidified milk protein drink compared with the placebo control condition. In addition, consumption of the acidified milk protein drink, compared with the placebo control, was associated with increases in vagally-mediated heart rate variability indices which, from recent theoretical perspectives, may reflect a higher ability to modulate cognitive and behavioral processes. There was no significant difference in subjective feelings and body temperature between the test drink conditions. These data suggest that consumption of the acidified milk protein drink may improve cognitive performance, with possible involvement of physiological systems that regulate cognition and behavior. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.journal articl
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against H5N1 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and their use for analysis of viral antigenicity and diagnosis
Get PDF帯広畜産大学博士（畜産衛生学）2017application/pdf博士学位論文大学院畜産学研究科畜産衛生学専攻Doctoral Program in Animal and Food Hygienedoctoral thesi
Development and evaluation of the first immunochromatographic test that can detect specific antibodies against Cryptosporidium parvum
Get PDFapplication/pdfCryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of diarrhea among human and calves, resulting in severe health hazards and drastic economic losses, respectively. Although C. parvum infection leads to high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients and bovine calves, this infection remains a neglected disease. Currently available diagnostic tests for C. parvum are primarily based on detection of oocysts, DNA, or secreted antigens in fecal specimens. Demonstration of specific antibodies with a rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT) will be advantageous not only in providing a simple, rapid, accurate, and affordable tool but also in surveillance because of the ability to recognize recent and past infections. Herein, we developed two ICTs using the diagnostic antigen CpP23 and immunodominant antigen CpGP15 to detect C. parvum-specific antibodies in cattle sera. Because of unavailability of a reference test for antibody detection, evaluation and validation of our developed ICTs were conducted using reference cattle samples and unknown field cattle sera. Serum samples were simultaneously tested by a previously validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the same antigens (CpGP15 and CpP23). ICTs showed substantial ability to discriminate between positive and negative control cattle sera for both CpGP15 and CpP23. Even against field sera, high sensitivity, specificity, and agreement rates were recorded for ICTs compared with the previously validated ELISA with the same antigens (CpGP15 = 78.78%, 100%, and 85.11%; CpP23 = 80%, 100%, and 80.56%, respectively). Moreover, a high correlation was observed between the test band intensity of ICTs and optical density of ELISA, particularly in the case of CpP23-specific IgM. To our knowledge, this study represents the first development of ICTs that can detect C. parvum-specific antibodies. Our tests will contribute greatly to C. parvum infection control in cattle by providing a method for on-site diagnosis of early and latent infections. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.journal articl