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Assessment of Anaerobic Digestate of Dairy Manure as Biofertilizer: Environmental Risk and Potential in Suppressing Plant Disease
Get PDF帯広畜産大学博士（畜産衛生学）2018application/pdf博士学位論文大学院畜産学研究科畜産衛生学専攻Doctor’s Course of Animal and Food Hygienedoctoral thesi
Olive-Derived Hydroxytyrosol Shows Anti-inflammatory Effect without Gastric Damage in Rats
Get PDFapplication/pdfHydroxytyrosol (HT) is a simple phenol compound present in olive oil. In a previous in vitro study, we showed that HT downregulated lipopolysaccharide-mediated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-1β, resulting in reduced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether HT suppresses COX-2-induced inflammation in a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Additionally, we compared its activity with those of the selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib for a comparative control, and a representative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), indomethacin for a positive control. HT, celecoxib, and indomethacin significantly suppressed swelling in carrageenan-injected rat paws. Although HT was less effective than celecoxib and indomethacin, it had a delayed onset of action. Moreover, we evaluated whether HT aggravates gastric damage, which is a typical adverse effect associated with NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors under low dose aspirin (LDA) treatment, in an aspirin-induced gastric damage rat model. Unlike celecoxib and indomethacin, HT did not cause gastric damage when co-administered with aspirin. Our results indicate that HT exerts a delayed but sustained anti-inflammatory effect against COX-2-mediated inflammation. Finally, the combination of short-acting conventional anti-inflammatory drugs and long-acting HT can be considered a new, safe, and effective anti-inflammatory treatment modality even when continuously administered for a long period under LDA treatment. © 2019 The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan.journal articl
Culture-based analysis of fungi in leaves after the primary and secondary fermentation processes during Ishizuchi-kurocha production and lactate assimilation of P. kudriavzevii
Get PDFapplication/pdfIshizuchi-kurocha is a Japanese traditional fermented tea that is produced by primary aerobic and secondary fermentation steps. The secondary fermentation step of Ishizuchi-kurocha is mainly mediated through lactic acid bacteria. Here, we performed quantitative analyses of the culturable fungal communities at each step and identified several morphologically representative fungal isolates. While filamentous fungi (median, 3.2 × 107 CFU/g sample) and yeasts (median, 3.7 × 107 CFU/g) were both detected after the primary fermentation step, only yeasts (median, 1.6 × 107 CFU/g) were detected in the end of the secondary fermentation step, suggesting that the fungal community in tea leaves are dramatically changed between the two steps. Pichia kudriavzevii and Pichia manshurica, the prevalent fungal species at the end of the secondary fermentation step, grew well in exudate from the secondary fermentation step. P. kudriavzevii also grew well in media containing D- or L-lactate as the sole carbon source. The growth of the disruptant of cyb2A encoding a cytochrome b2 lactate dehydrogenase in P. kudriavzevii was severely impaired on medium supplemented with L-lactate, but not D-lactate, suggesting that Cyb2Ap plays a crucial role in the use of L-lactate, and P. kudriavzevii efficiently uses both L- and D-lactate as carbon sources. Thus, lactate assimilation seems to be a key phenotype to become a prevalent species in the secondary fermentation step, and Cyb2Ap has a pivotal role in L-lactate metabolism in P. kudriavzevii. Further understanding and engineering of P. kudriavzevii and P. manshurica will contribute to the control of lactic acid bacteria fermentation during the fermented tea production and also to other industrial uses. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.journal articl
Impact of differences in land management on natural vegetation in semi-dry areas: The case study of the adi zaboy watershed in the Kilite Awlaelo district, eastern Tigray region, Ethiopia
Get PDFapplication/pdfThe search for a sustainable land management has become a universal issue. It is especially necessary to discuss sustainable land management and to secure a site with enough feed supply to improve the lives of the farmers in the Ethiopian Highlands. This research studied the Adi Zaboy watershed in Tigray in order to reveal the changes in land management, assess how the different forms of land management affected the vegetation through unsupervised classification and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) analysis with geographic information system (GIS) 10.5 using a WorldView-2 satellite image taken in September 2016 and field investigation, and consider how to allow both environmental preservation and sustainable use of feed resources. The land management types at the research site were classified as “seasonally-closed grazing land”, “prohibited grazing and protected forest land”, and “free grazing land”. On comparing the NDVI of each type of land management, it was found that the seasonally-closed grazing land makes it highly possible to secure and supply feed resources by limiting the grazing period. The expansion of the prohibited grazing and protected forest land is likely to tighten the restriction on the use of resources. Therefore, sustainable land management to secure feed resources may be possible by securing and actively using seasonally-closed grazing land, securing feed by a cut-and-carry, and using satellite images and GIS.journal articl
Effects of Raw Potato Starch with High Resistant Starch Levels on Cecal Fermentation Properties in Rats
Get PDFapplication/pdfThe effects of potato starch, isolated from Snowden (SD) and Kitahime (KH) varieties, on cecal fermatation properties in rats were evaluated. In high-amylose cornstarch (HAS), SD and KH groups, cecal acetate and total short-chain fatty acid concentrations were increased and cecal pH was lowered compared to control (CON) group. Further, cecal immunoglobulin A levels were increased and cecal ammonia-nitrogen, p-cresol, skatole and indole concentrations were lowered in HAS, SD and KH groups compared to the CON group. Therefore, potato starch might possess beneficial intestinal fermentation properties.日本ビタミン学会、日本栄養・食糧学会共同編集journal articl
交雑種子牛に発生した小脳皮質変性症の1症例
Get PDFapplication/pdf交雑種（黒毛和種×ホルスタイン種）の雄子牛が，出生後から慢性進行性の歩様異常，起立難渋，起立位での体躯動揺及び揺開脚姿勢を呈した．68日齢時には意識清明であったが，自力起立ができなかった．企図振戦はみられなかったが，臨床症状より小脳の異常を疑った．病理解剖では中枢神経系に明らかな異常は認められなかったが，病理組織学検査において小脳でプルキンエ細胞の変性・脱落，及び軸索腫大が認められ，小脳皮質変性症と診断された．牛の小脳皮質変性症は遺伝的背景が疑われる疾患であるが，今回の症例は交雑種であり，本症が特定品種だけの疾患ではないことが示唆された．journal articl
牛ロース芯への新適応二値化処理を用いた画像解析による BMS の判定
Get PDFapplication/pdf従来の画像解析ではロース芯内の肉色の濃淡により二値化に失敗し脂肪面積割合を過小評価する場合があった．本研究では，より高精度な新手法による画像解析を用いたBMS 判定を目的とした．2017 年1 月から12 月に北海道内の枝肉市場に上場された黒毛和種，乳用種，交雑種2,508 頭の格付BMS および新適応二値化処理（新手法）による画像解析形質を用いた．脂肪面積割合，あらさ指数および新細かさ指数の組み合わせごとに格付BMS の平均値を求め，最大あらさ指数およびロース芯面積によって条件付きの補正を行うことでBMS を判定した．新手法を用いることで，従来法より適切に脂肪交雑を認識でき（58.0→69.0%），推定BMS と格付BMS との差が± 1 以内の割合は96.5％と高い値を示した．黒毛和種，交雑種および乳用種における± 1 以内割合は，それぞれ95.9，99.5 および100％となった．journal articl
Milk culture in Slovenia in the Western Part of the Balkan Peninsula
Get PDFapplication/pdfThe purpose of this paper is to identify the characteristics of the milk culture in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula by clarifying the milk processing system in Slovenia, and comparing and analyzing the milk culture in Slovenia against the milk cultures in Europe and West Asia. The characteristics of the milk processing systems in Slovenia can be summarized as follows: 1) unpasteurized raw milk is left out to make naturally fermented milk, 2) cream is separated from raw milk ˆrst, 3) cream is churned into butter, and butter is heated to make butter oil in some regions, 4) unma-tured cheeses are made by heating, draining, and drying naturally fermented milk, and 5) matured cheeses are made using rennet in the Alps. The milk processing system in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula shows that the milk processing technique transformed from the fermentation processes to the cream separation processes as milk processing technique spread from West Asia to the cool climate of Europe. In terms of cheesemaking, the western part of the Balkan Peninsula can be said to be the exact region where the European and West Asian cultures blended, because unmatured cheeses by draining and drying fermented milk which developed in West Asia and matured cheese with rennet developed in European Alps were both processed here. The western part of the Balkan Peninsula appears to be the intersection where the fermentation processes from West Asia crossed with the cheesemaking processes developed in Europe.搾乳と乳加工は西アジアに誕生した。乳文化が西アジアからヨーロッパに伝わり，乳文化が発達する過程を再構築するにおいて，バルカン半島西部の乳文化は有益な情報を提供するものと考えられる。本稿の目的は，1）スロベニアにおける乳加工体系を明らかにすること，2）スロベニアの乳文化をヨーロッパと西アジアの乳文化と比較分析することにより，スロベニアの乳文化の特徴を把握することにある。バルカン半島西部のスロベニアの乳加工体系の特徴は，1）非加熱殺菌の生乳を静置して自然発酵乳を加工すること，2）生乳から最初にクリームを分離すること，3）クリームはチャーニングしてバターにし，地域によってはバターを加熱してバターオイルまで加工すること，4）自然発酵乳を加熱・脱水・乾燥させて非熟成チーズを加工していること，5）アルプス地域ではレンネットを用いた熟成型チーズを加工していることであった。バルカン半島西部の乳加工の事例は，西アジアからヨーロッパに乳文化が伝播するに従って，発酵乳系列群からクリーム分離系列群へと変遷していったことを指し示していた。さらに，バルカン半島西部は，自然発酵乳と酸乳の両方を加工しており，ユーラシア大陸北方域と西アジアの乳加工技術に特徴的な技術が混在する乳文化となっていた。チーズ加工においても，発酵乳を脱水・乾燥させて加工する非熟成チーズとアルプス山脈で発達するレンネットを用いた熟成チーズを加工しており，バルカン半島西部はヨーロッパと西アジアの文化が混在している。バルカン半島西部は，西アジアに由来する発酵乳技術とヨーロッパで発達するチーズ加工とが正に交差した地点であると言える。journal articl