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Measurements of body surface area and volume in male japanese white rabbits using a computed tomography scanner: Comparison with male new zealand white rabbits
Get PDFapplication/pdfThe body surface area (BSA) of animals has generally been estimated by multiplying the k value by the measured body weight (BW) raised to the power of 2/3 (Meeh’s formula). In mathematical terms, the assumption that the density and body shape of animals are essentially constant means that the BSA is proportional to BW2/3. In this study, we measured the BSA and volume of 50 male Japanese White rabbits (JW) at 10 to 54 weeks of age using a computed tomography scanner, then calculated the k value, density, and sphericity. The variations in these parameters were then analyzed in relation to growth. The obtained results indicated that the k value was negatively correlated to BW, and that this negative correlation was mainly due to the variation in density. Based on the regression analysis, we propose the following linear regression equation for calculating the k value in male JW at 10–54 weeks of age: the k value = 14.602 − 0.959 × BW [kg]. The calculated values ranged from 10.9 to 12.7 (working BW range: 1.98 to 3.81 kg). The k value of male New Zealand White rabbits (NZW) determined in our previous study and that of male JW in the present study were compared. It was revealed that the k value of male JW was larger than that of male NZW. We concluded that different breeds of rabbits express different k values.journal articl
Epidemiological survey of Anaplasma marginale in cattle and buffalo in Sri Lanka
Get PDFapplication/pdfBovine anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma marginale represents a serious threat to cattle farming worldwide, especially in the tropics and subtropics. In the present study, archived DNA samples from the blood of cattle (n=437) in the Nuwara Eliya, Galle, Ampara, Polonnaruwa, and Jaffna districts and buffalo (n=327) in the Galle, Polonnaruwa, Mannar, and Mullaitivu districts in Sri Lanka, were screened for A. marginale using a major surface protein 5 (msp5) gene-based PCR assay. The findings showed that 32.7 and 57.5% of cattle and buffalo, respectively, were A. marginale-positive. The rate of positivity differed significantly among geographical regions. In conclusion, the high rates of A. marginale infection in cattle and buffalo highlight the importance of effective control measures in Sri Lanka.journal articl
長期間熟成した黒大豆及び金時豆を添加した米味噌の抗酸化活性とメラノイジン
Get PDFapplication/pdf大豆と米麹の発酵食品である米味噌は、日本の伝統的な調味食品で、栄養機能性の高いことが知られている。これまでに黒大豆を添加して長期熟成した米味噌(RM-BS) 及び金時豆を添加して長期熟成した米味噌(RM-KB) は、普通の米味噌(RM) よりも、抗酸化活性とメラノイジン含量が高いことを明らかにした。その原因を探る目的で、ODS カラム分画物の解析を行った。36 ヵ月熟成したRM-BS 及びRM-KBの大きな分子サイズのメラノイジン量は仕込み直後のもの(0 ヵ月熟成) に比べて約250% 高く、小さな分子サイズのメラノイジン量は約40% 低かった。この結果は、RM-BSとRM-KB の抗酸化活性が長期間熟成により増加したのは、大きな分子サイズのメラノイジンが増加したことと関係があることを示唆している。Rice miso is a traditional Japanese seasoning food which is fermented by soybean and rice-koji with high nutritional functionality. Rice miso supplementary with black soybean(RM-BS) and rice miso supplementary with kidney bean(RM-KB) have significantly higher antioxidant activity and melanoidins content than those of rice miso, and they are increased with prolong the fermentation period. In the present study, to investigate the reason of increasing antioxidant activity and melanoidin content, we analyzed the fractions after ODS column. To compared with rice miso of 0 Months fermented, the ratio of large molecular size of melanoidins contained in RM-BS-36M and RM-KB-36M were increased about 250%, and small molecular size of melanoidins were decreased to about 40%. Therefore, it is expected that antioxidant activity of RM-BS and RM-KB was related to large molecular size of melanoidins.departmental bulletin pape
Malaria infections among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Bududa hospital, eastern Uganda
Get PDFapplication/pdfPregnancy-associated malaria is a major health concern in Bududa district. To assess the prevalence of malaria infection in pregnancy in Bududa District; a hospital-based, crosssectional study was carried out. Two hundred fifty two participants were selected using consecutive simple non probability sampling on consenting. Capillary blood samples were collected. Thick and thin smears were made, stained using 3% Giemsa staining technique and examined under the light microscope for malaria parasites and species typing. Data was cleaned and entered using Epi information version 3.5.3, later converted by Microsoft access, excel and word and descriptive data analysed using SPSS. Prevalence of malaria was 8.73 %(22/252) (95% CI 3.8-13.7). Only P. falciparum species was identified and malaria infections were high in primigravid with 16.28% (14/86) than in multigravid (P-value <0.001). Malaria infection still remains a health challenge among pregnant women with a prevalence of 8.73% (22/252); P. falciparum was the only species identified, primigravid pregnant women are most affected. Routine malaria screening in symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria infections in pregnancy for early diagnoses and prevent transmission is vital. It is crucial to intensify and sensitize mothers and communities about malaria control programmes.journal articl
乳牛における分娩前のルーメンフィルスコアの変動と分娩前後の栄養代謝状態および分娩後の疾病発生と繁殖機能回復との関係
Get PDFapplication/pdf乾乳牛において，日間変動の有無を含めたルーメンフィルスコア（RFS）と分娩前後の栄養代謝状態，分娩後の疾病発生や乳量，繁殖機能回復との関係をホルスタイン種経産牛35頭を用いて調査した．分娩前3-4週のRFSが3.5以上で一定（HM, 6頭）と変動あり（HC, 9頭），3.0以下で一定（LM, 5頭）と変動あり（LC, 15頭）の4群に分けた．血中代謝物濃度では，LM群はHM群より分娩後の低グルコース（P＝0.05）や高β-ヒドロキシ酪酸（P<0.05）を示し，LM群の2頭は試験期間中に排卵しなかった．HC群はHM群より分娩後の低アルブミン（P<0.05）を示し，LC群はLM群より分娩後の疾病発症頭数が多く（LM2頭，LC10頭），低乳量だった（P<0.1）．以上より，RFSの低値や日間変動を示す乾乳牛はエネルギー状態が低く，分娩後の疾病発生や乳量低下，卵巣機能の回復遅延につながる可能性が示された．journal articl
Development of CpGP15 recombinant antigen of Cryptosporidium parvum for detection of the specific antibodies in cattle
Get PDFapplication/pdfThe infection of neonatal calves with Cryptosporidium parvum can have a huge economic impact because diarrhea caused by the parasite sometimes results in death. A serodiagnostic system will be helpful in the diagnosis of C. parvum infection. CpP23 is commonly used as an antigen for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); however, some positive sera show low reactivities, as shown in this study. Herein, we focused on three other antigens, CpGP15, CpP2 and CpGP60, in addition to CpP23, to detect C. parvum-specific antibodies in cattle sera. CpP23 and CpGP15 showed substantial ability to discriminate between positive (n = 10) and negative (n = 10) control cattle sera. Unlike our previous report, both the sensitivity and the specificity were 100% when the two antigens were employed for the ELISA. The newly developed ELISA was applied to a total of 344 sera obtained from 9 cattle farms. Two farms among them had suffered from C. parvum infections before, and were regarded as the C. parvum-positive farms. The positive rates of antibodies against CpP23 and CpGP15 in the C. parvum-positive farms were 42.7% and 49.8%, respectively, whereas the positive rate for either of the antigens was 63.0% in the farms. In contrast, 14.3% and 9.8% were positive for CpP23 and CpGP15 in the C. parvum-negative farms, respectively, whereas 18.8% was positive for either of the antigens. This study revealed that the ELISAs employing both of CpP23 and CpGP15 can avoid false-negative results and are useful for monitoring of the C. parvum infection in cattle farms. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.journal articl
Epidemiological survey of hemoprotozoan parasites in cattle from low-country wet zone in Sri Lanka
Get PDFapplication/pdfThe diseases caused by hemoprotozoan parasites in cattle often result in economic losses. In Sri Lanka, previous studies found that the up-country wet zone, which is located in central Sri Lanka, was characterized by a high rate of Theileria orientalis and a low rate of Theileria annulata compared with the dry zone. In this study, DNA samples were prepared from the blood of 121 cattle in Galle, a coastal district located in low-country wet zone in Sri Lanka, and were PCR-screened for Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, T. annulata, T. orientalis, and Trypanosoma theileri. All the parasite species, except B. bovis, were detected among the surveyed cattle. The animals had a high rate of T. orientalis (100%) and a low rate of T. annulata (1.6%), as in the up-country wet zone. Babesia bigemina and Tr. theileri were detected in 19.0% and 20.6% of the animals, respectively, and their infection rates were higher in the animals reared in extensive management systems (32.8% and 27.9%, respectively) than in those managed in intensive/semi-intensive systems (5.0% and 13.3%, respectively). Genotypic analyses found that the T. orientalis mpsp type 5 was predominant similar to up-country wet zone, and that Tr. theileri consisted of seven catl genotypes, including two new genotypes (IL and IM) and four previously detected genotypes (IA, IB, II, and IK). These findings suggest that the hemoprotozoan infection profiles are largely conserved within the wet zone, despite differences in the geography, cattle breeds, and management practices between the up-country and low-country wet zones. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.journal articl
Bread making improvement of mashed potato-supplemented dough by treating with optimal bakery enzymes
Get PDFapplication/pdfBread substituted with mashed potato (MP) instead of wheat flour has been attracting attention because of added components, such as gelatinized starch (GS), dietary fibers (DFs), vitamins, and minerals, etc., that have a beneficial effect on the nutritional value, texture, flavor, and taste of the bread. On the other hand, excess amounts of GS and DFs in MP inhibits gluten network formation in dough and greatly deteriorates the bread making quality (BMQ). In this study, we investigated the optimal addition of two types of bakery enzymes, α-amylase (AM) and hemicellulase (HC), to improve the BMQ of MP-added dough. Optimal amounts of added enzymes were determined using the response surface methodology (RSM) and optimization technique (OT). As the results, BMQ, such as specific loaf volume (SLV), gas retention of dough, and bread staling, of MP dough and bread with optimal concentrations of AM and HC were remarkably improved compared to those without enzymes. These results showed that RSM and OT were effective methods to reasonably and easily derive the optimal concentrations of multiple enzymes, resulting in a good quality MP-supplemented bread with high SLV, desirable texture, flavor, and taste, but not crust color. Copyright © 2019, Japanese Society for Food Science and Technologyjournal articl
A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control
Get PDFapplication/pdfEquine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with T. equi infection, whilst, infection with B. caballi is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.journal articl
Relationship between antimicrobial susceptibility and multilocus sequence type of Mycoplasma bovis isolates and development of a method for rapid detection of point mutations involved in decreased susceptibility to macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, and spectinomycin
Get PDFapplication/pdfMycoplasma bovis isolates belonging to the sequence type 5 (ST5) group, the dominant group in Japan since 1999, were low susceptible to 16-membered macrolides and tetracyclines and were confirmed to have a guanine-to-adenine transition mutation at position 748 in the 23S rRNA gene (rrl) and adenine-to-thymine transversion mutations at positions 965 and 967 in the 16S rRNA gene (rrs) (Escherichia coli numbering). Moreover, isolates of ST93 and ST155, members of the ST5 group, were low susceptible to lincosamides and azithromycin and showed an adenine-to-guanine transition mutation at position 2059 of rrl. Isolates of ST93 were additionally low susceptible to spectinomycin and showed a cytosine-to-adenine transversion mutation at position 1192 of rrs. Strains of the ST5 group seem to spread to Japan and Europe from North America with imported cows, while strains of ST93 and ST155 originated in Japan. Melting curve analysis using hybridization probes revealed the existence of point mutations involved in decreased susceptibility to macrolides, lincosamides, and spectinomycin, as demonstrated by changes in the melting curve shape and/or decreases in the melting peak temperature, so the susceptibility to these antimicrobials can be assessed on the same day. For decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones to exist, nonsynonymous mutations in the DNA gyrase gene (gyrA) and topoisomerase IV gene (parC) had to coexist. The combination of amino acid substitutions of serine at position 83 in gyrA and serine at position 80 in parC resulted in particularly low susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. © 2019 American Society for Microbiology.journal articl