Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
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十勝におけるクラフトビール向け二条大麦生産の現況
Get PDFapplication/pdf2012年頃からクラフトビールは再び注目を集めるようになってきているが、主原料である二条大麦は、その多くを輸入しているため国内における原料生産段階の議論が不十分である。本研究では、十勝産ビール用二条大麦を使用しているローカルブランドのクラフトビールに焦点を当て、二条大麦の生産と取引状況を整理することにより現状の把握と今後の展望を議論することを目的とした。S生産グループおよびT生産グループ、さらにそれぞれのグループと取引しているN社およびO社への対面調査の結果、二条大麦の生産は秋まき小麦の作業時期と重ならないこと、機械の兼用が可能なことから利点がある一方で、採種農家では大手ビール会社との契約栽培が主流となっており、一般の生産農家が種子を安定的に確保することは困難であることが明らかとなった。また、最適な栽培技術が一般化されていないことから、収量確保や発芽率の維持に影響が出ていることが指摘された。これらの課題に対しては、生産グループとしての機能を高め、公的機関や他地域の生産農家と連携を図ることが求められる。さらに、原料生産地に精麦施設がないことで、クラフトビール製造費用が増大し、結果的に二条大麦の取引価格が低設定にならざるを得ないことが推察された。精麦施設の建設は、ビールの付加価値の向上につながり、費用低減や差別化されたクラフトビールの魅力によって、作付けの需要も喚起されると考える。Craft beer production in Japan has gained renewed attention since 2012. One of the main raw materials is tworowed barley; however, most of it is imported. Therefore, there has not been much discussion on production of tworowed barley in Japan. The purpose of this study was to discuss the present and future situations concerning production and trade of two-rowed barley in the Tokachi region of Hokkaido, Japan, focusing on local brands of craft beer. Face-to-face surveys were conducted with one farmer in each of the two contract farming production groups (S and T), as well as two companies (N and O) that contracted with them, respectively. We found that barley production would not overlap the work period for winter wheat, and it allows for combined use of farming equipment. However, farmers in this study who want to grow two-rowed barley for craft beer companies had difficulty getting seeds, because most seed farmers had contracts with major brewers. Additionally, because optimum production techniques were not standardized for S and T group farmers, yield and germination rate were adversely affected. These factors necessitate functional improvement of production groups,
as well as cooperation with public institutions (agricultural cooperatives and research organizations) and production farmers of other areas. Moreover, without a barley processing facility in the Tokachi area, processing costs are high, thereby forcing O company to pay a low trading price to T group. Construction of a local barley facility will decrease processing costs and increase the value of craft beer, and demand for more farm acreage for craft beer makers will be stimulated.departmental bulletin pape
ばんえい競走馬における獲得賞金の遺伝率推定値に対する分散補正の影響
Get PDFapplication/pdfばんえい競走馬の2 歳年度獲得賞金記録に対し，未変換および分散補正したデータによる遺伝率推定値を比較し，分散補正の影響を調査した. データは，2005 年から2014 年の間に生まれ，競走馬登録された重種馬3,125 頭のうち，2 歳年度のレースに出走した2,302 個体の性別，誕生年月，能力検査実施日，獲得賞金，および27,215 個体を含む血縁個体である．獲得賞金の分散補正について，2 歳年度における獲得賞金（未変換），対数変換および階層別獲得賞金クラス（3，5 または7 区分）のデータセットを作成した．遺伝分析には，性別，誕生年，月齢を母数効果として含むアニマルモデルを使用した．月齢は，能力検定合格回次の検定実施月と誕生月の記録から推定した．獲得賞金の遺伝率推定値は，未変換（0.16）と比較し，分散補正後の対数変換（0.29）および獲得賞金クラス（0.32 から0.36）で高い遺伝率が推定された．journal articl
都市公園「帯広の森」で植栽後35年が経過した落葉広葉樹林・常緑針葉樹林の林床環境が木本実生の侵入定着過程に与える影響
Get PDFapplication/pdf都市人工林の更新過程を把握するため，植栽後35 年が経過し林冠部が閉鎖した落葉広葉樹林，常緑針葉樹林ごとの林床環境が7 年生以下の木本実生の侵入定着過程に与える影響を検討した。広葉樹区の林床はミヤコザサが優占し，針葉樹区では特定の種の優占はなかった。両林分で実生が生育する林床の光量はササの有無によらず低く差はなかったものの，広葉樹区は開葉期にやや明るい値だった。広葉樹区で林床植物の生存に有効な春季の光量があるにもかかわらず，実生は針葉樹区で生存個体数が維持され，広葉樹区では生存個体数は少なかった。ミヤコザサが優占する落葉広葉樹林の林床では，実生の定着に光以外の阻害要因が関与していることが把握された。journal articl
Molecular detection of Anaplasma ovis in small ruminants and ixodid ticks from Mongolia
Get PDFapplication/pdfAnaplasma ovis is a tick-borne obligate intracellular rickettsial bacterium that causes anaplasmosis in domestic and wild small ruminants. Sheep and goats, whose combined population is approximately 48.5-million in Mongolia, play a vital role in the country's economy. In this study, we conducted an epidemiological survey of A. ovis in sheep and goats from 19 of 21 provinces in Mongolia. Additionally, DNA samples extracted from unfed ticks collected in 11 Mongolian provinces were also screened for A. ovis. Of 1179 and 871 blood DNA samples from sheep and goats, 813 (69.0%) and 621 (71.3%), respectively, were positive for A. ovis when screened by a PCR assay based on major surface protein 4 gene (msp4). On a per province basis, A. ovis infection rates ranged from 7.4%–93.3% and 13.3%–100% in sheep and goats, respectively. Subsequently, DNA samples prepared from 721 unfed ticks, including Dermacentor nuttalli (n = 378), Ixodes persulcatus (n = 95), Haemaphysalis pospelovashtromae (n = 120), and Hyalomma asiaticum (n = 128), were screened for A. ovis using the same PCR assay. Although nine D. nuttalli were A. ovis-positive, all other tick DNA samples were negative. In addition to reporting A. ovis in sheep and goats from all over Mongolia, this study identified D. nuttalli as a potential transmission vector of A. ovis in Mongolia. The present data highlight the importance of monitoring Mongolian sheep and goats for possible episodes of clinical anaplasmosis and controlling D. nuttalli throughout the country. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.journal articl
Neospora GRA6 possesses immune-stimulating activity and confers efficient protection against Neospora caninum infection in mice
Get PDFapplication/pdfVaccination has the potential to be the most cost-effective control measure for reducing the economic burden of neosporosis in cattle. In this study, the immune-stimulatory effect of recombinant Neospora caninum dense granule protein 6 (NcGRA6) was confirmed via its triggering of IL-12p40 production in murine macrophages. BALB/c mice were immunized with recombinant NcGRA6 fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST) protein with or without oligomannose-coated-liposomes (OMLs) as the potential adjuvant. Specific IgG1 antibody production was observed from 21 and 35 days after the first immunization in NcGRA6+GST- and NcGRA6+GST-OML-immunized mice, respectively. However, specific IgG2a was detected 1 week after the infection, and IgG2a levels of the NcGRA6+GST- group were higher than those of the NcGRA6+GST-OML-group. Moreover, spleen cell proliferation with concomitant interferon-gamma production was detected in mice immunized with NcGRA6+GST, indicating that a significant cellular immune response was induced. Mouse survival rates against N. caninum challenge infection were 91.7% for NcGRA6+GST and 83.3% for NcGRA6+GST-OML, which were significantly higher than those of control groups (GST-OML: 25%, phosphate-buffered saline: 16.7%). This indicates that naked NcGRA6+GST induced protective immunity. Thus, our findings highlight the immune-stimulating potential of NcGRA6 and the ability to induce protective immunity against N. caninum infection in mice. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.journal articl
Probucol induces the generation of lipid peroxidation products in erythrocytes and plasma of male cynomolgus macaques
Get PDFapplication/pdfWe previously reported that probucol, a lipid lowering agent, protected mice from malaria infection via depletion in plasma α tocopherol. The antioxidant αtocopherol in host circulation is necessary for the malaria parasites to protect themselves from oxidative stress in erythrocytes where high amounts of reactive oxygen species are generated. To assess the potential for the clinical application of probucol as an antimalarial therapy, it was necessary to determine the effects of probucol by using primate experiments. Here we verified that probucol induces an α tocopherol decrement in cynomolgus macaque erythrocytes and plasma. After 2 weeks of probucol administration at doses of 200 or 400 mg/kg/day, the αtocopherol contents in erythrocytes tended to decrease. The contents of hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids and 7βhydroxycholesterol, peroxidation products derived from linoleic acid and cholesterol, respectively, increased in erythrocytes. On the other hand, plasma αtocopherol concentration showed a marginal decrement. Plasma lipid peroxidation products were transiently increased in the early stages of probucol administration. No adverse effects were observed throughout the experiment, although the dosage of probucol was higher than the clinical maximum dosage. Considering that malaria proliferates in erythrocytes, probucolinduced disruption of redox homeostasis in erythrocytes could be effective in the inhibition of parasite proliferation. © 2019 JCBN.journal articl
Improvement of an in vitro drug selection method for generating transgenic Plasmodium berghei parasites
Get PDFapplication/pdfBackground: Reverse genetics approaches have become powerful tools to dissect the biology of malaria parasites. In a previous study, development of an in vitro drug selection method for generating transgenic parasite of Plasmodium berghei was reported. Using this method, two novel and independent selection markers using the P. berghei heat shock protein 70 promoter was previously established. While the approach permits the easy and flexible genetic manipulation of P. berghei, shortcomings include a low variety in promoter options to drive marker gene expression and increased complexity of the selection procedure. In this study, addressing these issues was attempted. Methods: To secure a variety of promoters, the use of a P. berghei elongation factor-1α promoter for marker gene expression was attempted. To simplify the procedure of in vitro selection, the establishment of a two cell-cycle culture method and its application for drug selection were attempted. Results: The P. berghei elongation factor-1α (pbef-1α) promoter, which is commonly used to drive marker gene expression, was successfully applied as an alternative promoter model for marker gene expression, using the parasite's codon-optimized marker sequence. To simplify the in vitro selection method, a two cell-cycle culture method in which the merozoite was released by filtration of the culture containing matured schizont-infected erythrocytes was also developed and successfully applied for drug selection. Conclusion: The pbef-1α promoter was successfully applied in an in vitro selection system. The in vitro selection procedure also could be simplified for practical use using a two cell-cycle culture method. These improvements provide a more versatile platform for the genetic manipulation of P. berghei. © 2019 The Author(s).journal articl