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Educational significance of presentation of the rules in classroom : Social construction of a class and practice of categorization
Get PDF学校においては、教師によってある規則が提示された後に、児童たちの活動が開始される場面をわれわれは目にする。しかしながら、日常生活場面を思い起こしてみたとき、規則の提示は規則違反が問題とされる場面で行われることがほとんどである。その場の適切な規則があらかじめ明示され、続いて人びとの活動が開始されるという実践が、教育場面で顕著に観察されるならば、そこになんらかの教育的な営みをみることができるのではないか。本稿の課題は、小学校においてしばしば観察されるこうした規則の提示という教師の実践が、授業の統制という役割とともに、児童の学校経験において重要な教育的意義をもつことを、実際の教室場面での教師と児童のやりとりをもとに明らかにすることにある。本稿は、教室の参与観察において得られたデータのうち、教師の規則の提示によって開始された授業内での児童の規則違反に注目する。結果として、教師と児童が「児童が規則違反をした」という現実を会話のやりとりのなかで明らかにしていく中で、「規則違反」の事実を協働的に組織すると同時に、自分たちの会話を「教師」と「児童」として行なっていることを伝え合うような、カテゴリー化の実践にも関与していることが明らかとなった。教師と児童は、ある具体的な規則を単に問題にすることができるだけでなく、学校という文脈においては、それを「教師」と「児童」というカテゴリー化のなかで問題にできなければならない。教師による規則の提示は、その場面で「教師」と「児童」の活動が行われていることを自分たち自身のあいだで確認するための資源を提供する。児童は、こうした教育的な実践を通じて、学校的なカテゴリーの運用を学ぶのではないだろうか。The scene where the students start their activity after the teacher presents a rule is often observed in the classroom. However, in the everyday life except educational scene, the presentation of rule in many cases occurs after a breach of rule. If the practice where the appropriate rule is stated before the activity starts is remarkably observed in educational scene, you might see an educative performance to it. The purpose of this paper is to clarify an educative effect of the practice where the teacher presents the rule before the students start their activity. The investigation is based on actual interaction between the teacher and the students in classroom, which I recorded through some participant observations. The third section presents a preliminary consideration in line with the purpose of this paper. Over the past few years, several studies on the rules of classroom have been made from a view of a qualitative research. These studies share understanding of the rule; the rule does not prescribe a participants’ behavior and does not lead it to a definite direction but is used by them in order to accountably organize their practice in their practice. This paper also shares this consideration about the rule. However, most of studies set interview or document analysis as their research method, but very few attempts have been made on interaction analysis of classroom about the rule through the participant observation. This paper is concerned with interaction between the teacher and the students who use the rule to organize their reality. The fourth and fifth sections present some data and analysis for the purpose of this paper. In the video data, a student secretly draws a picture on his notebook while a teacher is explaining to her students about watering of a bulbous plant in the science class. The teacher calls his name and makes sure of his breach of rule with him. In the final part, the teacher asks to him, “How will you do?” and then he answers to her, “I’m sorry”. This interaction between the teacher and the student is collaboratively achieved by them. In addition to that, the interaction is based on a practice where they categorize them as “a teacher” and “a student”. They work hard to organize their activity by using the categories “teacher” and “student”. The sixth and final section consider about the result of analysis and present an issue for the future. The foregoing section describes that it is important that the problem of rule in classroom is collaboratively resolved in the effective use of categories “teacher” and “student”. That is, the teacher and students must be able to treat the problem of rule in the use of categories to organize their reality of classroom. This is a practical and empirical issue for them. Therefore, the presentation of rule at the beginning of activity by teacher provides the teacher and students with an opportunity to confirm to treat the rule as the problem of teacher-student relationship in the activity
An Analysis of Five-Year-Old Children’s Ability to Sing Japanese Children’s Songs from Short-Term Memory
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to elucidate some of the characteristics of young children’s vocal reproductions of Japanese children’s songs (warabe-uta) which had just been taught to them. The subjects were 38 five-year-old children, attending 4 different kindergartens. Their vocalizations were
compared to the correct fundamental frequencies, with special attention paid to overall pitch and the tone intervals reproduced.
The following general observations could be made from the study results:
１ ．The children tended to diminish rising tone intervals, resulting in the songs generally being sung
at an incorrectly-low pitch overall,
２ ．After finishing one word cluster and beginning a second word cluster, the first note of this second
cluster was often pitched too low, and too close to the last ntoe of the previous cluster,
３ ．The natural intonation of the way words in the lyrics would be spoken in everyday speech tended
to affect the way the children sang them within the context of hte melodic line,
４ ．At the ends of melodic phrases where there was first a falling whole tone, then a rising whole tone,
the first (falling) tone interval was usually sung correctly as a whole tone, but the second (rising) whole-tone interval tended to be incorrectly diminished.幼児のわらべうたの歌唱の特性を明らかにするために、４園の５歳児３８名について、わらべうたの短期記憶再生音声より基本周波数を確定した。その上で、５歳児のわらべうたの歌唱の特徴について、音高や音程の観点より考察した。その結果、次の４点があげられた。
①全体的に音程の幅を狭く取るために、原曲より低く歌うこと。②５歳児は言葉のまとまりごとに、その前の音の音高に近い適宜な高さから歌い始めること。③言葉の抑揚が旋律の動きに影響を及ぼすこと。④２度音程の終止の場合、長２度下がってから、長２度上行して終止音となる場合が多いが、下降する音程に比べて、終止音に向けて上行する音程がはっきりしない傾向があること
中小企業経営者の企業家機能と企業家精神
Get PDF中小企業を経済活力の源泉とする見解が強まるとともに、経営の革新などに取り組む中小企業を個々に支援する政策が国や自治体によって展開されている。本稿は、このような政策の妥当性を考えるため、製造業の中小企業が資本主義における市場経済のなかでの企業家機能を果たしているのか否かの説明を試みた。また、企業家機能の原動力となる中小企業経営者の企業家精神の形成要因を、観察を続けてきた中小企業経営者の内面を解釈する質的研究によって探った。本稿は、このなかから2 社を事例として示し、事業経験を通して形成した事業に対する価値観と規範が自立自尊の信念となり、これが企業家機能を果たす行動へと駆り立てる要因になっているのを提示した
A comparison of communication skills between instructors and players in soccer coaching : By focusing on the competition history of junior high school students
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運動課題における筋の収縮強度，収縮様式，運動時間が運動後抑制の程度に与える影響
Get PDFFrontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2016, 10, Article159博士(保健学)新潟医療福祉大
小脳への経頭蓋直流電流刺激が立位姿勢制御に与える影響
Get PDFFrontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2016, 10, Article325博士(保健学)新潟医療福祉大