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Lexical richness viewed through lexical diversity, density, and sophistication
No full textRecognizing vocabulary as the essential language foundation and determining its richness continues to be a challenge in quantitative linguistics. This issue has also been widely applied in various practical contexts, including language acquisition, language change, psychology, and cognitive science. However, vocabulary is complex, and lexical richness has been typically measured using three distinct indicators: lexical diversity, density, and sophistication. Among them, lexical diversity has been widely studied, yet reliable metrics independent of text length remain lacking. The characteristics of lexical density and sophistication have not been dealt with in depth, and studies focusing on the Japanese language are limited. This study aimed to delineate the distinctive features of lexical diversity, density, and sophistication, and to explore their interrelationships within Japanese. A corpus of formal policy speeches delivered by Japanese prime ministers was utilized. Numerical experiments were conducted in two stages: first, lexical diversity, density, and sophistication were analyzed separately; subsequently, the impact of text length on these indicators was examined. The findings indicated that text length did not affect lexical density and sophistication, and no consistent relationship was observed among the three indicators.Online Published: 17 March 2025journal articl
Unsteady flow field behind levitated short-finite circular cylinder with angle of attack
Get PDFFlow field in the near wake of a short-finite circular cylinder at L/D=1.0 with an angle of attack between 0∘–15∘, where the transition from the non-reattaching flow to the reattaching flow appears, is investigated in wind tunnel tests with a supportless condition. Stereo particle image velocimetry measurements were applied to the experiments at the Reynolds number of 3.46×10^4, and velocity fields in the near wake were obtained. The data was mainly analysed using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition. Characteristic large-scale wake structures of recirculation bubble pumping and large-scale vortex shedding were identified in the near wake of the cylinder regardless of the angle of attack. The phase difference of expansion and contraction of the recirculation flow appears in the recirculation bubble pumping at α≠0∘. On the other hand, the eigenfunctions of velocity fluctuations at the vortex shedding frequency show a similar spatial pattern regardless of α. Frequency analyses of wake position calculated from the reconstructed velocity field clarified that peak frequency is different between two in-plane directions when α≠0∘. In addition, three vortex shedding patterns (anticlockwise/clockwise circular and flapping) are identified not only at α=0∘ but also α≠0∘. The feature of wake position in the radial direction for each pattern is observed regardless of the angle of attack. The relationship between the recirculation bubble pumping and the wake position in the radial direction is apparent in the non-reattaching flow but is weaker with α in the reattaching flow.journal articl
Long non-coding RNA taurine upregulated 1 regulates the progression of head and neck cancer
Get PDFTaurine upregulated 1 (TUG1), whose function is associated with tumor development, is a relatively new long non-coding RNA. TUG1 is overexpressed in multiple types of cancers. However, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), the behavior of TUG1 has not yet been completely elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the function of TUG1 in HNSCC and develop a novel therapeutic target. We analyzed the expression levels of TUG1 in patients with HNSCC using The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset and human oral keratinocytes, and five HNSCC cell lines (HSC-4, Sa3, HSQ-89, SAS, and Ca9-22) through quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The biological role of TUG1 in HNSCC was investigated using cell growth and migration assays with antisense oligonucleotides in Ca9-22 and SAS cell lines. TUG1 target genes were identified via microarray analysis. The TUG1 expression level was considerably higher in tumor than in normal tissues, and the same result was observed in human oral keratinocytes and all HNSCC cell lines. TUG1 knockdown dramatically inhibited cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, we identified nemo-like kinase, which may change in tandem with TUG1 expression. Our findings indicate the possibility for targeting the TUG1-nemo-like kinase axis as a novel approach for the treatment of HNSCC.departmental bulletin pape
High-dose-rate surface mold with tumor translucency brachytherapy for a 103-year-old patient with skin cancer, dementia, tremor, and kyphosis: a case report
Get PDFCancer treatment for centenarians can be challenging. High-dose-rate surface mold brachytherapy is a non-invasive, radical treatment modality for surface cancer. Further, it is used for patients who cannot remain at rest or have poor posture. We performed this treatment on a 103-year-old female patient with forehead skin cancer, dementia, tremors, and kyphosis since radical surgery and external beam radiotherapy were not feasible. A custom-made surface mold with tube applicators was developed with vinyl sheet and silicone. The vinyl sheet was utilized to enable tumor visualization through the mold and to confirm the tumor position relative to the mold. The mold with tumor translucency was fixed to the tumor surface, and the radioisotope (Ir-193) was sent remotely through tube applicators for irradiation. The planning-aim doses were 48 Gy in eight fractions. The positional relationship between the mold and the tumor was confirmed similarly during irradiation by checking them through the vinyl sheet before and after irradiation. We treated the patient, although she was in constant motion during irradiation. The local tumor was well-controlled without any metastatic disease evidence. The tumor disappeared before her eventual death 11 months post-treatment. No serious adverse events were reported during the follow-up period. Our results indicate that high-dose-rate surface mold with tumor translucency brachytherapy is an effective cancer treatment for centenarians with dementia, tremors, and kyphosis.departmental bulletin pape
XXYLT1 inhibits NOTCH1 activation in Jurkat cells while promoting cell proliferation
Get PDFdoctoral thesi
多様な学生が主体的に学び合う場としての大学教育を目指して
Get PDFAIやテクノロジーの進化は教育に大きな影響を与え、効率化を進めつつも、人間としての成長を支える学びを妨げない工夫が求められる。大学は学生の主体性や社会課題への関心を喚起する教育を構築すべきだ。東京大学は、学術長期構想に基づく学士課程教育改革やCollege of Designの設置によって、多分野融合型の教育を目指している。日本の教育は専門分野を短期間で効率的に学ぶ「煙突型」の構造が特徴だが、学生の主体的な思考や行動力が弱いと指摘される。一方、アメリカはリベラルアーツを重視し、学生が多様な視点で物事を思考する人格形成に注力する。また、専門分野を超えた学問選択が自然に行われており、日本との大きな違いが見られる。現代の大学教育では、客観的知識と主観的知識の融合、多様性を尊重する協働型学習が重要だと考える。知識の相対性や拡張性を認識し、多様な人々が共に学ぶ風土を醸成する必要がある。また、社会課題に取り組む教育は、課題発見・解決能力や分野横断的な視点を育むとともに、多様性や包摂性を重視し、より公正な社会の実現を目指す。The evolution of AI and technology has significantly impacted education by driving efficiency and requiring innovative approaches aimed at supporting human growth that do not hinder learning. Universities should build educational frameworks that inspire students to be independent and interested in social issues. The University of Tokyo is striving for multidisciplinary education through reforming undergraduate education based on its “Academic Long-Term Vision” and establishing the College of Design. Japanese education is characterized by a “siloed” structure that focuses on the efficient mastery of specialized fields in a short period. However, it has been criticized for not fostering independent thinking and initiative in students. By contrast, the United States emphasizes liberal arts education, which focuses on the formation of well-rounded individuals who think from diverse perspectives. Moreover, the natural integration of disciplines beyond specific areas of expertise is another major difference compared with Japan. In modern university education, the integration of objective and subjective knowledge, as well as collaborative learning that respects diversity, is essential. It is necessary to cultivate an environment where the relativity and expansiveness of knowledge are recognized, and where diverse individuals can learn together. Additionally, education that addresses social issues should nurture students’ ability to identify and solve problems, adopt interdisciplinary perspectives, and place importance on diversity and inclusivity. This approach ultimately aims to create a fairer society.departmental bulletin pape
近代化論の失効による理論構築の消極性と主流理論の不在 : 機能理論の受容とパラダイム転換論に着目して
Get PDFThe theories in Japan’s sociology of education have drastically formed, just as the academic identity has. From the beginning of the late 1960s until recently, these theories have varied from Human Capital Theory and Structural Functionalism based on methodological positivism to Correspondence Theory, Critical Theory, and Interpretive Approach, to deconstructionism under the influence of postmodern thoughts. This vicissitude of the theories sparked multiple controversies among many sociologists of education in Japan. Irrespective of this, little is known about why over several decades, there are still two issues pertinent to the theories, the passivity of theory construction to grasp the entire society and the absence of the main theory in this academic realm. Revealing the factor that results in these two can contribute to further studies of Japan's sociology of education attempting to invoke Western theories. The purpose of this study, thus, is to elucidate a factor that appears to engender these two issues, from the perspective of the lapse of the “Modernization Theory” which is later defined as the “Post Modernization Theory”, to view the notional distinction between Structural Functionalism and Functional Theory. The lapse of the Modernization Theory is adopted in this study, as both Functional Theory and Structural Functionalism percolated over the then sociologists of education behind the view of Japan’s modern society. Subsequently, given that functional theory is known to partly entrench the academic identity of Japan’s sociology of education, considering how the acceptance and transition from functionalism to functional theory occurred in Japan is meaningful. After this work, this study explores the relationship between Functional Theory and Paradigm Shift Controversy, a phenomenon of influx of Western theories that made the orthodox of the traditional theories dubious, from the perspective of the “Post Modernization Theory”. All of the above processes will suggest that the lapse of the “Modernization Theory”, in other words, the failure to position "Post-Modernization Theory" in Japanese sociology of education, is the factor leading to the passivity of theory construction and absence of mainstream theory today.departmental bulletin pape
