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Die Schwierigkeit und Möglichkeit von Toleranz: Unterschiedliche disziplinäre Perspektiven
Get PDFIm Vorwort wird der Band umrissen, der Forschungsergebnisse der von der DFG geförderten Forschungsgruppe ›Toleranz‹ präsentiert. Ausgehend von Bernd Simons ›Ablehnung-Respekt-Modell‹ untersuchen die interdisziplinären Beiträge das Konzept der Toleranz in verschiedenen Bereichen wie Psychologie, Philosophie, Theologie, Geschichte und Literatur sowie Islamwissenschaft und Iranistik.This foreword introduces a volume presenting research from the DFG-funded Research Unit ›Tolerance‹. Drawing on Bernd Simon’s ›disapproval-respect model‹, the interdisciplinary contributions explore the concept of tolerance across fields such as psychology, philosophy, theology, history, and literaturetheology, history, and literature as well as Islamic and Iranian Studies
Unsichtbare Frontlinien: Religiöse Minderheiten und das Streben nach Toleranz im Iran-Irak-Krieg
Get PDFDieser Beitrag untersucht die Frage der Toleranz in Iran anhand des theoretischen Modells von Bernd Simon und konzentriert sich auf die Situation religiöser Minderheiten während des Iran-Irak-Krieges (1980–1988). Er analysiert, wie die Islamische Republik vorübergehend eine übergeordnete Eigengruppe – die iranische Nation – konstruierte, die scheinbar auch nicht-muslimische Minderheiten einschloss. Doch diese Inklusion führte nicht zu echter Toleranz. Nach Simons Modell erfordert Toleranz, dass Ablehnung durch Respekt im Sinne der Gleichheitsanerkennung innerhalb einer übergeordneten Kategorie überwunden wird. Auf der Grundlage von Pressematerialien, Dokumenten aus ministeriellen Archiven und schriftlichen Quellen der Minderheiten selbst, zeigt dieser Beitrag, wie eine starke Eigengruppen-Projektion der schiitischen Mehrheit – kombiniert mit der von den Minderheiten akzeptierten höheren Prototypikalität dieser Mehrheit – eben diese Gleichheitsanerkennung blockierte. Mimikry und Konformität wurden zu notwendigen Strategien für Minderheiten, die nach Zugehörigkeit strebten. Zwar traten vereinzelt Fälle zwischenmenschlicher Toleranz auf, doch blieben sie Ausnahmen und vermochten das strukturelle Ungleichgewicht nicht in Frage zu stellen. Der Beitrag reflektiert somit, wie Inklusion ohne Gleichheitsanerkennung die Entfaltung echter Toleranz im politischen und institutionellen Bereich einschränken kann.This article explores the question of tolerance in Iran through the lens of Bernd Simon’s theoretical model, focusing on the situation of religious minorities during the Iran-Iraq War (1980–88). It examines how the Islamic Republic temporarily constructed a superordinate ingroup – the Iranian nation – that appeared to include non-Muslim minorities. Yet this inclusion did not result in genuine tolerance. According to Simon’s model, tolerance requires disapproval to be tempered by respect and equality recognition within a shared category. Drawing on press material, documents from ministerial archives, and minority sources, the article shows how strong ingroup projection by the Shi‘i majority, combined with the minorities’ acceptance of the majority’s higher prototypicality, blocked such equality recognition. Mimicry and conformity became necessary strategies for minorities seeking inclusion. Although isolated cases of interpersonal tolerance did emerge, they remained exceptions and failed to challenge the structural asymmetry. The article thus reflects on how inclusion without equality recognition can limit the emergence of genuine tolerance in political and institutional contexts
Design of the Dual Active Bridge Converter to Minimize RMS Current in Supercapacitor Interface Applications
Get PDFIn applications employing energy storage systems based on supercapacitors (SCs), there are challenges in designing the power converter to interface the SCs due to their inherent terminal voltage variation.Unlike other dc/dc topologies, the dual active bridge (DAB) topology is suitable for SC interfacing. However, to improve efficiency, a design strategy is required to mitigate conduction losses caused by the wide variation in SC terminal voltage.This paper proposes a DAB design methodology that defines an optimal turns ratio to minimize the RMS current over SC charging and discharging cycles.The design formulation aims to reduce the DAB RMS current for a general modulation scheme and is implemented for single phase-shift (SPS) modulation.Circuit simulations and experiments on a laboratory prototype with an output power of 250W demonstrate the reduction in RMS current achieved by the proposed design
Kleine Proteine regulieren Membran-Transport-Proteine in Methanosarcina mazei
No full textThe aim of this work was the characterization and functional investigation of selected verified small proteins. Altogether four small proteins were characterized (sP36, MtrR, MttS and MttQ) and shown to be involved in the regulation of key membrane complexes. The 61 aa protein sP36, identified by mass spectrometry, was shown to be highly upregulated under nitrogen limitation on the transcript and the protein level. After increased ammonium concentration, sP36 facilitates the interaction of GlnK1 and AmtB1. This interaction results in the inactivation of AmtB1 through GlnK1, which decreases energy loss due to futile cycling of ammonium and prevents ammonium toxicity. MtrR is a 49 aa protein, demonstrated that MtrR is localized exclusively at the membrane. Using MtrR in a pulldown experiment targeting the M. mazei membrane fraction, two subunits of the tetrahydrosarcinapterin-S-methyltransferase (Mtr) were copurified. MtrR is required to effectively use H2 for methane production independent of the carbon source through modulation of the Mtr-reaction. Two further small proteins, MttQ (97 aa) and MttS (49 aa), are encoded in very close 3’-proximity of a gene encoding the putative transport protein MttP. Here, the three genes are demonstrated to be organized in one large operon including four other genes, which are all involved in the degradation of TMA and dimethylamine. MttP was proposed to be a TMA transporter, which was experimentally validated for the first time in this study as a complex with the small proteins MttQ and MttS. Further, a chromosomal deletion of mttS results in slower growth and lower maximum cell density in comparison to the wt with TMA as sole carbon source. This demonstrates that the small protein is a crucial subunit for the TMA transport complex
Schleswig-Holstein und der Teppich von Bayeux: Ein Fundstück im Landesarchiv
Get PDFDer Artikel befasst sich mit der Entdeckung eines kleinen Teils des Bayeux-Teppichs im Nachlass des Textilarchäologen Karl Schlabow (1891–1984) und zeigt sowohl die mediale Resonanz als auch den Umgang des Landesarchivs Schleswig-Holstein mit NS-Raubgut.The article deals with the discovery of a small part of the Bayeux tapestry in the estate of textile archaeologist Karl Schlabow (1891–1984) and shows the media resonance as well as the handling of Nazi looted goods by the State Archive of Schleswig-Holstein
The rejuvenating effects of systemic factors from young human serum on human skin: Insights from bone marrow-derived proteins
Get PDFSystemic factors circulating through the bloodstream affecting multiple organs at the same time, hold great potential to be central regulators during the aging process of human tissues. As life expectancy continues to increase, there is a corresponding rise in the prevalence of age-associated diseases, including cancer and various dermatological disorders. The skin, as the largest organ of the human body and the primary barrier protecting internal organs, serves as an ideal model system to investigate rejuvenation processes in general, but is also of relevance for cosmetic science. Rejuvenation through systemic factors was first proven by heterochronic parabiosis experiments, where the blood circulation of two animals of different ages were joined resulting in improved characteristics of the aged individual, including a rejuvenated skin. While these experiments provided valuable insights into rejuvenation mechanisms, they could not be fully translated to human systems yet. In this study, a human skin and bone marrow model, cultured in a microphysiological system enabled to emulate heterochronic parabiosis in vitro through the addition of either young or old human serum. Thereby, for the first time, rejuvenation of human skin tissue through increased regeneration capacity and reduced biological age in the presence of BM-derived cells comparing young human serum treatment to old human serum treatment, was achieved. Subsequent proteomics analysis of the bone marrow model revealed age-related proteins in response to old versus young human serum, being secreted to the blood circulation, thereby potentially affecting other tissues, such as the skin. Their rejuvenation potential was validated holistically on old skin cells, by measuring the epigenetic age and seven hallmarks of skin aging. Promising central systemic factors were identified, holding the potential to reverse skin aging
The Support of Bin Packing is Exponential
Get PDFConsider the classical Bin Packing problem with d different item sizes s_i and amounts of items a_i. The support of a Bin Packing solution is the number of differently filled bins. In this work, we show that the lower bound on the support of this problem is 2 to the power of Omega of d. Our lower bound matches the upper bound of 2 to the power of d given by Eisenbrand and Shmonin [Oper.Research Letters '06] up to a constant factor. This result has direct implications for the time complexity of several Bin Packing algorithms, such as Goemans and Rothvoss [SODA '14], Jansen and Klein [SODA '17] and Jansen and Solis-Oba [IPCO '10]. To achieve our main result, we develop a technique to aggregate equality constrained ILPs with many constraints into an equivalent ILP with one constraint. Our technique contrasts existing aggregation techniques as we manage to integrate upper bounds on variables into the resulting constraint. We believe this technique can be useful for solving general ILPs or the d-dimensional knapsack problem
A Previously Unknown Building Structure in Ancient Olympia (Western Peloponnese, Greece) Revealed by Geoarchaeological Investigations and Its Interpretation as a Possible Harbor
Get PDFThe ancient site of Olympia is located on the northern fringe of the Basin of Makrisia at the confluence of the Kladeos and Alpheios rivers (western Peloponnese, Greece) and was used as a venue for the Panhellenic Games from Archaic times until the 4th century AD. Geophysical prospection (frequency domain electromagnetic induction and electrical resistivity tomography) was carried out as a basis for detailed geoarchaeological investigations. In doing so, we identified a previously unknown building structure adjacent to the Altis, the inner part of the sanctuary at Olympia. Situated south of the Southwest Thermae, this structure measures at least 100 m (WSW-ENE) by 80 m (NNW-SSE). Its external orientation is in line with the orientation of the Southwest Thermae and the Leonidaion. We retrieved sediment cores from 17 different locations in combination with high-resolution direct push sensing from inside the newly found structure. All cores revealed distinct units of organic-rich limnic sediments dominated by clay and fine silt. Geochemical and micropaleontological analyses of selected sediment samples indicate highly eutrophic conditions, as evidenced by elevated phosphorous concentrations and the dominance of the ostracod species Cyprideis torosa, which is able to live under low-oxygen conditions. Moreover, molecular biomarker analyses show a significant input of lipid fecal markers, implying strong anthropogenic pollution. Further, the limnic sediments include numerous charcoal remains and abundant diagnostic artifacts such as ceramic fragments and building material. Radiocarbon dating documents that these limnic conditions persisted within the building structure from at least the 5th century BC to the 6th century AD. The identified building structure lies in the immediate proximity to the Lake of Olympia, which was recently found to have existed from the mid-Holocene to the Medieval period. Its characteristic filling with fine-grained sediments and multiple indications for a strongly polluted and heavily used standing water environment let us hypothesize that it was possibly used as a harbor installation. A harbor at ancient Olympia could have been used to reach the sanctuary by boat and to transport goods of all kinds
Corynebacterium glutamicum: Modellorganismus der bakteriellen Zellbiologie
Get PDFCorynebacterium glutamicum is used in biotechnology for the industrial-scale production of amino acids, particularly glutamate and lysine. Beyond its role in production, Corynebacterium glutamicum has become a new model organism for microbial cell biology in recent years. Its well-characterized genetics, robust metabolism, and non-pathogenicity allow exploration of bacterial cell processes, such as cell wall synthesis, division, and response to environmental stress, positioning it as a new model for studying fundamental biological mechanisms in prokaryotes
A computational framework to study the etiology of grandiose narcissism
Get PDFGrandiose narcissism is characterized by ambivalent interaction behavior (i.e., grandiose self-presentation and rivalrous devaluation of others) and strong oscillations in self-esteem over time. In the light of emotional and social problems associated with these self-esteem regulation patterns and the increasing prevalence of narcissistic tendencies, causal and formalized models for prevention and intervention are needed. Here, we present a computational model of narcissistic self-esteem regulation implementing established, verbal theories of narcissism to identify key etiological and disorder-maintaining mechanisms. Across four studies, we show that parental praise and overvaluation lead to typical grandiose-narcissistic behavioral patterns (i.e., entitled self-presentation and rivalry) and strong self-esteem oscillations. Underlying these phenomena, we identify two maintaining mechanisms that offer targets for intervention and empirical falsification: tolerance development, characterized by an ever-increasing desire for social recognition, and a vicious cycle of rivalry, characterized by the frequent use of other-devaluing behavior and massive drops in self-esteem