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Expectations and Obstacles of Smart Services:: The Role of Transparency, Privacy and Trust for the Acceptance and Adoption of Smart Services
Get PDFOver the last decades the use of technology has drastically increased and its influence on services has been rising constantly (Meuter et al., 2005; Bitner et al., 2010; Rust and Huang, 2014). The digital revolution has paved the way for new predictive service concepts that are linked to the contents of this dissertation. Despite the many studies that have been conducted (e.g., Allmendinger and Lombreglia, 2005; Hubert et al., 2019; Kabadayi et al., 2019; Kashef et al.,2021; Klein et al., 2018; Timeus et al., 2020) and the amount of literature on this subject (e.g., Rehse et al., 2016; Pena-Rios et al., 2018; Paschou et al., 2018), there are still many gaps in the current status of its research. The industry is constantly introducing new phraseology to create unique selling propositions, such as service 4.0 in the automotive sector, which has not yet been scientifically defined. Against this backdrop, the first step of this dissertation was to define the wording “service 4.0” in the automotive context and to compare it with the fairly more common wording of “smart service”. By analysing interviews with knowledgeable respondents, the first out of four research papers describe the characterising components of service 4.0 and demands a unification of the wordings service 4.0 and smart services. Therefore, the further studies and associated papers use the expression 'smart services'. Additionally, the first study gives an overview of what practitioners expect of this kind of service in the automotive context.
However, the development and implementation of new services require knowledge about customers’ needs and expectations to establish the services successfully. This leads to the question, what do customers actually expect of a predictive service in the automotive sector or a car workshop? Research paper II followed these thoughts and analysed interviews and a group discussion with consumers of different ages, genders, levels of education and origins in Germany. Based on the expectations, it introduced five categories of consumers’ and provides an overview of obstacles to the acceptance of smart services. The results of the qualitative studies reveal that many of the obstacles and expectations are concerned with data safety and trust. Furthermore, the results show that perceived transparency seems to influence trust.
While the results of research paper II show the different influencing factors of trust in connection with the acceptance of smart services, research paper III tries to develop a new framework that reflects these relations. To do so, a quantitative study was conducted based on a sample of more than 1,000 consumers’ who answered the questionnaire. Based on the Technology Acceptance Model, the developed framework explains the connection between perceived transparency, privacy risks, perceived security, perceived control and initial trust. Furthermore, the results help to better understand the variance of perceived usefulness by employing the construct of initial trust. Moreover, the construct of perceived firm transparency has a strong influence on initial trust.
The final research paper employed a qualitative research design to describe in detail the obstacles to the acceptance of smart services. It explored two main obstacle categories and one subcategory that describe why customers reject smart services and what their concerns are. Finally, research paper IV used an experiment to explore whether video clips can be used to increase the perceived firm transparency and control. The results of the empirical study show, that video clips seem to increase the perceived firm transparency and control. Therefore, the combined results of research papers III and IV could be a powerful tool for practitioners enabling them to increase initial trust and acceptance of smart services through the use of video clips. This article presents an overview the conducted studies and summarizes the results. Furthermore, it summarizes the underlying theories and builds a theoretical framework.
All in all, this dissertation deepens the understanding of the acceptance of smart services using the example of the automotive sector, and the results should be valuable from a theoretical as well as from a practical point of view.:Summary I
Overview of Research Papers III
Table of Contents IV
Table of Figures VI
Table of Tables VII
Acronyms and Abbreviations VIII
Preface of the Author IX
PART A: Introductory Overview of Dissertation 1
1. Introduction 2
2. Relevance of the Research Topic and Identification of Research Deficits 4
3. Theoretical and Conceptual Background 6
3.1 Future Services 6
3.2 Smart Service Research 9
3.3 Diffusion of Innovations Theory 10
3.4 Theory of Reasoned Action 12
3.5 Technology Acceptance Model 13
3.6 Theoretical Framework and Literature Overview of Initial Trust 20
4. Research Design 23
4.1 Qualitative Sample 23
4.1.1 Data Collection 23
4.1.2 Sample Details 24
4.1.3 Data Validation 26
4.2 Quantitative Sample 26
4.2.1 Data Collection 26
4.2.2 Sample Details 29
4.2.3 Data Validation 31
5 Summary of Research Papers 33
5.1 Summary of Research Paper I 34
5.2 Summary of Research Paper II 36
5.3 Summary of Research Paper III 38
5.4 Summary of Research Paper IV 42
6 Amalgamation of Studies and Results 44
7 Implications for Research and Practice 48
7.1 Theoretical Implications 48
7.2 Recommendations for Further Research 49
7.3 Practical Implications 50
8 Conclusion 52
9 References 54
PART B: Research Papers XI
Research Paper I XII
Research Paper II XXI
Research Paper III XXXIII
Research Paper IV LXI
PART C: Annexe
Engineering microrobots for targeted cancer therapies from a medical perspective
No full textSystemic chemotherapy remains the backbone of many cancer treatments. Due to its untargeted nature and the severe side effects it can cause, numerous nanomedicine approaches have been developed to overcome these issues. However, targeted delivery of therapeutics remains challenging. Engineering microrobots is increasingly receiving attention in this regard. Their functionalities, particularly their motility, allow microrobots to penetrate tissues and reach cancers more efficiently. Here, we highlight how different microrobots, ranging from tailor-made motile bacteria and tiny bubble-propelled microengines to hybrid spermbots, can be engineered to integrate sophisticated features optimised for precision-targeting of a wide range of cancers. Towards this, we highlight the importance of integrating clinicians, the public and cancer patients early on in the development of these novel technologies
Human spermbots for patient-representative 3D ovarian cancer cell treatment
No full textCellular micromotors are attractive for locally delivering high concentrations of drug, and targeting hard-to-reach disease sites such as cervical cancer and early ovarian cancer lesions by non-invasive means. Spermatozoa are highly efficient micromotors perfectly adapted to traveling up the female reproductive system. Indeed, bovine sperm-based micromotors have shown potential to carry drugs toward gynecological cancers. However, due to major differences in the molecular make-up of bovine and human sperm, a key translational bottleneck for bringing this technology closer to the clinic is to transfer this concept to human material. Here, we successfully load human sperm with Doxorubicin (DOX) and perform treatment of 3D cervical cancer and patient-representative ovarian cancer cell cultures, resulting in strong anticancer cell effects. Additionally, we define the subcellular localization of the chemotherapeutic drug within human sperm, using high-resolution optical microscopy. We also assess drug effects on sperm motility and viability over time, employing sperm samples from healthy donors as well as assisted reproduction patients. Finally, we demonstrate guidance and release of human drug-loaded sperm onto cancer tissues using magnetic microcaps, and show the sperm microcap loaded with a second anticancer drug, camptothecin (CPT), which unlike DOX is not suitable for directly loading into sperm due to its hydrophobic nature. This co-drug delivery approach opens up novel targeted combinatorial drug therapies for future applications
Sicherheitstechnische Betrachtung zur Strahlenbelastung durch Mobilfunk/WLAN in Schulen
Get PDFUm laut BfS gesundheitliche Wirkungen bei der Handynutzung auszuschließen, sollte die SAR eines Handys 2 W/kg nicht überschreiten. Dieser Höchstwert wurde von der ICNIRP seit 1998 empfohlen. Die deutsche Strahlenschutzkommission und die EU-Kommission schlossen sich dem 1998 bzw. 1999 an und es wurden Normen entworfen, um die Einhaltung des Grenzwertes zu prüfen.
Laut Herstellerangaben unterschreiten alle Handys, die im Handel erhältlich sind, den von der ICNRP empfohlenen Grenzwert von 2 W/kg.
Nationale und internationale Forschungen haben gezeigt, dass durch elektromagnetische Strahlung keine gesundheitlichen Beeinträchtigungen zu erwarten sind. Explizit für die Nutzung von Mobiltelefonen zeigen jüngste Ergebnisse, dass die Häufigkeit von Hirntumoren nicht erhöht ist.
Wer trotzdem seine individuelle Strahlenexposition verringern möchte, kann dies durch die aufgezeigten Beispiele im Alltag leicht realisieren.:Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnis
1 Aufgabe
2 Elektromagnetische Felder
2.1 Überblick
2.2 Hochfrequente elektromagnetische Felder
3 Funktionsweisen von Mobilfunk, WLAN und LAN
3.1 Mobilfunk
3.2 WLAN und LAN
4 SAR-Werte und Gefahren für den menschlichen Organismus
5 Bestimmungen zum Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz
6 Maßnahmen, um individuelle Strahlenexposition zu senken
7 Das Wichtigste im Überblick
LiteraturverzeichnisAccording to the BfS, in order to rule out health effects when using a mobile phone, the SAR of a mobile phone should not exceed 2 W/kg. This maximum level has been recommended by ICNIRP since 1998. The German Radiation Protection Commission and the EU Commission followed suit in 1998 and 1999 respectively and standards were drafted to check compliance with the limit value. According to the manufacturer, all mobile phones that are commercially available fall below the limit of 2 W/kg recommended by the ICNRP. National and international research has shown that no health impairments are to be expected from electromagnetic radiation. Explicitly for the use of mobile phones, recent results show that the incidence of brain tumors is not increased. If you still want to reduce your individual radiation exposure, you can easily do this in everyday life using the examples shown.:Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnis
1 Aufgabe
2 Elektromagnetische Felder
2.1 Überblick
2.2 Hochfrequente elektromagnetische Felder
3 Funktionsweisen von Mobilfunk, WLAN und LAN
3.1 Mobilfunk
3.2 WLAN und LAN
4 SAR-Werte und Gefahren für den menschlichen Organismus
5 Bestimmungen zum Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz
6 Maßnahmen, um individuelle Strahlenexposition zu senken
7 Das Wichtigste im Überblick
Literaturverzeichni
Simultaneous Multiplexer-Free AC-Measurement for Two-Dimensional Impedimetric Sensor Matrices
No full textResistances in two-dimensional matrices can be measured by addressing individual sensors one by one using two multiplexers. Thereby, it is assumed that the injected measurement current flows only through the target sensor. Nevertheless, if no special precautions are taken, a part of the injected current may flow through other sensors and this can significantly affect the measurement accuracy. This so-called cross-talk effect is therefore crucial for the measurement of two-dimensional sensor matrices.
One possible solution to overcome this problem is to use the short-circuiting method, which sets the same potentials on both sides of the non-target sensors and avoids thereby the cross-talk currents leading to an improvement of measurement accuracy. The short-circuiting method is widely used because it requires no addition of further components, like diodes or MOSFETS, into the matrix. Nowadays, most of the short-circuiting methods are designed for the measurement of purely resistive (e.g., the zero potential circuit driving by DC signals) or capacitive sensor matrices. Thereby, capacitive matrix measurement methods are mainly designed to realize a high scanning speed and do not focus on reducing measurement deviations as they are more conceived for touch screens.
In this thesis, the development of accurate measurement methods is focused, to reduce the cross-talk effects in two-dimensional impedimetric sensor matrices, where both the real part and imaginary part of the impedance need to be accurately measured. A multi-row excitation strategy using AC signals having different frequencies is proposed to avoid DC deviations due to the non-ideal behavior of electronic components and to enable simultaneous impedance measurement of all sensors.
First, a novel method is proposed, to enable a multiplexer-free simultaneous measurement of resistive sensors in the two-dimensional matrix. This method is named the AC - Zero Potential Circuit (AC-ZPC Type 0), and it is extended for the measurement of impedimetric sensors. Then, based on analytical investigations, two advanced methods are proposed to realize higher measurement accuracy. The first advanced method (AC-ZPC Type 1) corrects the deviations caused by the row interface impedance by introducing a column with reference elements and dispenses with the measurement of the row side excitation signals. The second advanced method (AC-ZPC Type 2) extends the basic AC-ZPC method further. It uses a voltage follower on the row input side to reduce the row interface impedance and introduces a row and a column with reference elements. This method reduces the deviations related to the non-ideal features of the column side amplifier circuits, including their input/output impedance, open-loop gain factor, leakage current, and load impedance.
The evaluation of the three proposed methods is carried out first by simulations and then on a specially developed experimental platform. In the simulations, the measurement deviations achieved by the proposed methods are less than 0.005% for the impedimetric targets composed of parallel RC pairs in the range from 2 kΩ||362 pF to 100 kΩ || 7 pF. Die Durchführbarkeit der vorgeschlagenen Methoden wurde durch die experimentellen Untersuchungen bestätigt. Dabei hat die AC-ZPC Typ 2 Methode eine bessere Genauigkeit als die AC-ZPC Typ 1 Methode gezeigt. Für rein resistive Ziele im Bereich von 2 kΩ bis 100 kΩ wird mit der AC-ZPC Typ 2-Methode eine gemittelte absolute Abweichung von 0.087% erreicht, was 20% weniger ist als bei den DC-ZPC-Methoden.:1 Introduction
2 Theoretical background
3 Measurement methods for 2D sensor matrices
4 Novel methods for impedimetric sensor matrices
5 Performance in reducing cross-talk effects
6 Practical validation of the proposed methods
7 Conclusion and outlook
References
Appendix A Operational amplifier model
Appendix B Calculation of the resistive and capacitive parts of a time constant unit
Appendix C Supplements to performance investigatio
Polymerelektrolytbrennstoffzelle – von der Fertigung bis zur Wiederverwendung
No full textFür Brennstoffzellen wird in den kommenden Jahren ein erhebliches Marktwachstum prognostiziert. Aktuell besteht die Notwendigkeit die technischen und wirtschaftlichen Herausforderungen für einen Markthochlauf zu realisieren. Hierzu müssen neue hochratenfähige Fertigungstechnologien entwickelt werden, um die Produktions- und Stückkosten zu senken. Für das Stapeln von Brennstoffzellen-Stacks sollen zukünftig mehrere entwickelte Konzepte für das „Stacking im Fließverfahren“ betrachtet und hinsichtlich ihrer Machbarkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit überprüft werden. Zusätzlich müssen hochratenfähige Prüfverfahren entwickelt werden, um eine Null-Fehler-Produktion der kostenintensiven Komponenten und Systeme zu gewährleisten. Hierbei sollen u.a. KI-basierte Technologien genutzt werden. Die Abhandlung zeigt den aktuellen Stand der Technik auf dem Gebiet des Stapelns und stellt innovative und zugleich wirtschaftliche technische Lösungsansätze vor, wie die Fertigungsprozesse zukünftig gestaltet werden können und welche technologischen Neuerungen dafür notwendig sein werden. Weiterhin steht die Demontage der Brennstoffzellen unter dem Aspekt einer optimalen Verwertung (Recycling) sowie insbesondere der Nachnutzung (ReUse) im Fokus der Betrachtungen.Considerable market growth is forecast for fuel cells in the coming years. Currently, there is a need to realise the technical and economic challenges for a market ramp-up. To this end, new high-rate manufacturing technologies must be developed in order to reduce production and unit costs. For the stacking of fuel cell stacks, several developed concepts for 'stacking in a flow process' are to be considered in the future and examined with regard to their feasibility and economic efficiency. In addition, high-rate testing methods must be developed to ensure zero-defect production of the cost-intensive components and systems. Among other things, AI-based technologies are to be used here. The paper shows the current state of the art in the field of stacking and presents innovative and at the same time economical technical solution approaches, how the manufacturing processes can be designed in the future and which technological innovations will be necessary for this. Furthermore, the disassembly of the fuel cells under the aspect of optimal utilisation (recycling) as well as re-utilisation (ReUse) is the focus of the considerations
Verwendung von künstlicher Intelligenz und Computer Vision bei der Bewegungsanalyse von Hochleistungskanuten/innen - die nächste Ausbaustufe
No full textIn unserem Vortrag stellen wir die verbesserte Version des vor zwei Jahren präsentierten Kanu KI Analysators vor. Die automatische Paddel- und Paddelwinkelerkennung ist mit einer Trefferquote von über 99% sehr robust geworden. Die Erkennung der Paddelposen des Technikleitbildes hat sich von 37% auf 60% verbessert.In our presentation, we introduce the improved version of the Canoe AI Analyzer presented two years ago. The automatic paddle and paddle angle detection has become very robust with an accuracy rate of over 99%. The paddle pose detection of the technique guide has improved from 37% to 60%
Data Quality Knowledge in Sport Informatics: A Scoping Review
Get PDFAs sport informatics research produces more and more digital data, effective data quality management becomes a necessity. This systematic scoping review investigates how data quality is currently understood in the field. Results show the lack of a common data quality model. Combining data quality approaches from related fields such as Ambient Assisted Living and eHealth could be the first step toward a data quality model for sport informatics.Da in der Sportinformatikforschung immer mehr digitale Daten erzeugt werden, wird ein effektives Datenqualitätsmanagement zu einer Notwendigkeit. In dieser systematischen Übersichtsarbeit wird untersucht, wie Datenqualität derzeit in diesem Bereich verstanden wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen das Fehlen eines gemeinsamen Datenqualitätsmodells. Die Kombination von Datenqualitätsansätzen aus verwandten Bereichen wie Ambient Assisted Living und eHealth könnte der erste Schritt zu einem Datenqualitätsmodell für die Sportinformatik sein
Hierarchisch strukturierte Mikrosiebe
No full textIn dieser Arbeit werden Mikrosiebe mit unterschiedlichen Porendurchmessern im Mikrometer- und Submikrometerbereich mithilfe des float-casting-Verfahrens hergestellt.
Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden die Mikrosiebe mit vier unterschiedlichen Porendurchmessern mithilfe des klassischen float-casting-Verfahrens hergestellt und zu unterschiedlichen hierarchisch strukturierten Mikrosiebverbunden kombiniert. Die Permeanz der hergestellten Mikrosiebe und Mikrosiebverbunde wird theoretisch, experimentell sowie numerisch untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, dass alle Methoden vergleichbare Werte liefern. Die Untersuchung der Filtrationseigenschaften der Mikrosiebverbunde zeigt, dass Mikrosiebe mit Porendurchmessern im Mikrometerbereich durch ihre defektfreie Struktur hervorragende Filtrationseigenschaften besitzen. Mikrosiebe mit Porendurchmessern im Submikrometerbereich weisen hingegen wenige Fehlstellen auf, die jedoch durch eine Grenzflächenpolymerisation behoben werden können.
Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird ein Verfahren entwickelt, mit der es möglich ist, Mikrosiebe durch das Sprühen auf eine mit Partikeln besetzte Wasseroberfläche herzustellen. Dafür wird eine Apparatur für den Sprühvorgang entworfen und gebaut. Als Sprühdüse findet eine Zweistoffdüse mit äußerer Mischung Verwendung. Die verschiedenen Parameter der Sprühapparatur werden näher untersucht und im Anschluss Versuche zur Herstellung von Mikrosieben mit Porendurchmessern im Mikrometerbereich durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die selbst gebaute Apparatur mit der verwendeten Zweistoffdüse zur Herstellung von Mikrosieben eignet
Active Lightweight – End effector (ALE) for the collaborative Robotics
No full textThis thesis provides a systematic guideline for evaluating, integrating and designing the collaborative end effector system associated with commercially available collaborative robots (cobots). On the basis of ISO/TS 15066:2016, customers’ demands are categorised as a macro demand framework and micro demand variables, which are parameterised and hierarchised. By analysing these parameters, the collaborative degree is determined to correlate the hazards with protection measures, which can demonstrate the collaborative safety level transparently. After that, the safety protection measures are specifically proposed corresponding to the potential risks. Finally, an industrial application is evaluated, a novel adapter utilised on the UR5 cobot is illustrated, and its characteristics for the collaborative operation are described.:1 Introduction
2 Robotic end effector in Assembly and Handling
3 Concept and Definition of Collaboration
4 Statement of the academic purpose and methodology
5 Guideline and Methodology for designing the Active Lightweight End-effector (ALE) for collaborative robots
6 Performance demand d4): multiplicity and versatility of end effector
7 A safety monitoring end effector (Adapter) for collaborative operations
8 A practical study of collaborative integration based on collaborative degree
9 Conclusion
AppendixDiese Arbeit liefert einen systematischen Leitfaden für die Bewertung, Integration und Gestaltung des kollaborierenden Endeffektorsystems in Verbindung mit kommerziell verfügbaren kollaborativen Robotern (Kobots). Auf der Grundlage der ISO/TS 15066:2016 werden die Anforderungen der Kunden in einen Makro-Bedarfsrahmen und Mikro-Bedarfsvariablen kategorisiert, die parametrisiert und hierarchisiert werden. Durch die Analyse dieser Parameter wird der Kollaborationsgrad ermittelt, um die Gefährdungen mit Schutzmaßnahmen zu korrelieren, die die kollaborierende Sicherheitsstufe transparent darstellen können. Danach werden die Schutzmaßnahmen entsprechend den potenziellen Risiken vorgeschlagen. Schließlich wird ein industrieller Anwendungsfall bewertet, ein neuartiger Adapter für den Einsatz an einem Roboter UR5 erläutert und dessen Kenndaten für den kollaborierenden Betrieb beschrieben.:1 Introduction
2 Robotic end effector in Assembly and Handling
3 Concept and Definition of Collaboration
4 Statement of the academic purpose and methodology
5 Guideline and Methodology for designing the Active Lightweight End-effector (ALE) for collaborative robots
6 Performance demand d4): multiplicity and versatility of end effector
7 A safety monitoring end effector (Adapter) for collaborative operations
8 A practical study of collaborative integration based on collaborative degree
9 Conclusion
Appendi