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Fertility Traits in Japanese Black Cows in Farms Classified by Calving Intervals Using Epidemiological Methods
No full textThe calving interval (CI) is an important determinant of reproductive performance in Japanese Black cattle. The present study aimed to compare individual fertility traits among farms classified by CI. In total, 49,780 artificial insemination (AI) records for 7327 cows from 2011 to 2014 were obtained from 622 farms located in Miyazaki, Japan. The farms were classified into three groups (referred to as farm CI groups) using the lower and upper 25 percentiles of farm CI as thresholds. The mean CI of individual cows was 403.5 ± 70.9 days. The interquartile ranges of CI for individual cows were 49 days for short CI farms and 114 days for long CI farms. The interval between calving and the first AI was associated with farm CI group and parity (p < 0.05) but not with calving season and gestation length. The conception rate (CR) at the first AI in cows on long CI farms decreased as the interval from calving to the first AI decreased (p < 0.05). Additionally, no differences in CR among farm CI groups were observed for AI number ≥ 4. In long CI farms, cows with two AI treatments had longer interservice intervals than those for AI values of 3 and ≥ 4 (p < 0.05). In summary, fertility characteristics for long CI farms differed from those of farms with short or middle CI, and standard operating procedures need to be improved to decrease the CI.journal articl
Release of potentially harmful elements from excavated rocks with surface alteration under dry–wet cycles
No full textIn construction projects, rocks containing potentially harmful elements (PHEs) may be excavated and treated for reuse. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of PHE release from excavated rocks that are to be reused is crucial. Embankments constructed using excavated rocks are primarily affected by exposure to dry–wet cycles. Herein, we aimed to 1) understand the causal relation between the surface alteration of excavated rocks caused by processes such as pyrite oxidation, fine granulation, and calcite and gypsum formation and changes in the PHE release from excavated rocks exposed to dry–wet cycles and 2) identify the changes causing variations in the amounts of different PHE species released from the involved excavated rocks. In the first month of the dry–wet cycles, pyrite oxidation, fine granulation, and gypsum formation were maximal. Progressive fine granulation with continuing dry–wet cycles led to further pyrite oxidation; however, no gypsum was formed after the first month. Fine granulation and gypsum formation did not change the amounts of PHE released. Arsenic, selenium, and cadmium were released from the excavated rocks as pyrite oxidation and fine granulation continued during dry–wet cycles. The amounts of arsenic and lead released during pyrite oxidation were minimized by iron-(hydr) oxides that precipitated, whereas the amounts of released selenium and cadmium, present in soluble forms, were not reduced.The continuous pyrite oxidation and fine granulation mainly controlled the phases of PHE and their release. Overall, the findings suggest that the changes in the amount of PHEs released due to surface alteration after the reuse of excavated rocks must be considered when evaluating their environmental risks.journal articl
Pitigliano 1546-1547 -Famiglia Orsini di conte di Pitigliano e Cosimo I Duca di Firenze-
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Henry Faulds，NINE YEARS IN NIPON -SKETCHES OF JAPANESE LIFE AND MANNERS［Chs.20-21］
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Development of Level-Specific Learning Objectives for Japanese Language Courses through Teacher Collaboration
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