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Possibilities of personal carbon trading to tackle greenhouse gas emissions in the passenger mobility sector
Get PDFThe Paris Agreement signed in 2015 aims to limit average temperature rise to 1.5 ℃. Still, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transport keep rising despite ongoing policies and passenger mobility rates keep increasing. A potential but mostly theoretically studied policy called personal carbon trading (PCT) could be one solution to help achieve the 1.5-degree climate target in the passenger mobility sector. Thus, the overall aim of this dissertation is to increase our knowledge on PCT in the passenger mobility sector. The first objective of this dissertation is to show the need for new policies in the passenger mobility sector. The second objective is to present the results of a PCT pilot related to passenger mobility combining novel technologies. The third objective is to analyse the potential distributional effects of PCT in the passenger mobility sector.
This dissertation uses mainly quantitative methods to achieve the objectives. The studied PCT pilot was implemented using a mobile phone application, which was also used to gather mobility data. In addition, a survey was used to gather mobility data. Quantitative methods were also used for data analysis. In addition, life cycle mobility GHG emissions were calculated based on the gathered mobility data and statistical data.
The results of this dissertation indicate that both behavioural change and technology development are needed in the passenger mobility sector to achieve the 1.5-degree climate target. Although GHG emissions from passenger mobility decreased substantially during the Covid-19 pandemic due to the strict mobility restrictions, a similar long-term reduction would not be sufficient to meet the 1.5-degree target for 2030. In addition, GHG emissions from passenger mobility were predicted to decrease significantly due only to society-level actions and technology development, but this development alone will not be sufficient. The studied PCT pilot gave novel insights into a real-time PCT scheme in the passenger mobility sector utilising information and communication technologies. A framework for a PCT scheme was created and its strengths and weaknesses were recognised. The economic impact of PCT in the passenger mobility sector using different carbon allowance allocation methods showed that PCT could be a progressive policy tool. The knowledge gained from the PCT pilot can be used to further improve PCT as a policy.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Towards sustainable digital maintenance services
Get PDFEvery asset or piece of equipment needs maintenance to operate smoothly during its lifespan. Maintenance services have evolved from repairing faults, planning, and managing assets to representing a vital strategic business element. Digitalization, data, and tools are reshaping the service industry to be more effective and easier to serve. The impact of digitalization is immense. It tends to simplify maintenance complexities and empower activities for practical implications over traditional approaches. Sustainability is currently trending in the service industry, and there is immense concern about ensuring that maintenance practices are sustainable. Maintenance services should impact all sustainability dimensions positively.
This study aims to explore diverse maintenance types and their possible effects on different sustainability dimensions; develop a sustainable digital maintenance (SDM) service model to understand how digitalization enhances sustainable maintenance practices and explore its benefits, challenges, and key functionalities; understand users’ perceptions of the adoption of SDM services in maintenance industries; and explore the implications of SDM to understand how it handles maintenance complexities and enhances the effectiveness and feasibility of the applied maintenance service.
This research has four phases. Phase I is conceptual-analytical research, namely a systematic literature review that develops a conceptual background on sustainability, digitalization, and maintenance services. It provides a foundation for the SDM model. Phase II is artifact-building research that develops the SDM service model. Phase III is artifact-evaluating research, where the developed SDM model is evaluated through case studies. Through a survey, the research tries to understand maintenance users’ perspectives on adoption and usage. Finally, phase IV is theory-creating research where maintenance complexities are studied with an implication of SDM in overcoming those complexities to facilitate 24/7 maintenance support. It validates the SDM implication with brief case studies on the topic.
Sustainability, digitalization, and maintenance service together form an effective maintenance practice that completely shifts traditional maintenance. There is a genuine need for sustainable and digital maintenance, as well as for its enormous benefits. Digitalization enhances maintenance service with technological advances. On the other hand, the sustainability focus makes the maintenance practice humane, beneficial in the right way, and viable for the environment and for long-term use. Even though maintenance users are not yet ready for complete transformation towards SDM, they believe SDM is the way forward. Like its benefits, the implications of SDM are immense. It positively impacts all sustainability dimensions, focusing on economic, environmental, and social sustainability. The guidance to enterprises adopting SDM aids the industry in addressing important steps before implementing the SDM service and avoids common mistakes. The guidelines for addressing maintenance complexities help understand ways to overcome bottlenecks disabling maintenance service delivery.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Exergames and physical inactivity : a study on the role of game mechanics, core features and technologies
No full textVideopelaamisen ja liikunnan yhdistävät exergamesit ovat tapa alentaa liikunnan aloittamisen kynnystä tekemällä siitä mielekkäämpää tavalliseen kuntoiluun verrattuna. Tässä työssä tutkitaan exergamejen keskeisiä pelimekaniikkoja ja ydinominaisuuksia sekä niiden vaikutuksia pelikokemukselle. Työssä tutkitaan myös teknologisen kehityksen vaikutusta exergamesien kehitykselle ja käyttäjäkokemukselle.
Työssä hyödynnettiin systemaattista kirjallisuuskatsausta, jonka avulla etsittiin ja analysoitiin olemassa olevaa tutkimusta aiheesta. Julkaisujen tutkimustuloksista löydettiin toistuvia laajempia teemoja exergameissa käytetyistä pelikokemusta parantavista alueista, jotka ovat motivointi ja sitouttaminen, sosiaalinen vuorovaikutus sekä teknologioiden ja pelimekaniikoiden rooli.
Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että exergamesien keskeiset pelimekaniikat ja ydinominaisuudet liittyen pelikokemuksen parantamiseen ovat liikunnan ja pelaamisen tasapaino, pelaajan autonomia, tasapainoinen palautteenanto, matala aloituskynnys sekä sosiaalisten ja kilpailullisten elementtien hyödyntäminen. Lisäksi virtuaalitodellisuuden hyödyntäminen osoittautui merkittäväksi tekijäksi niin fyysisen kuormituksen lisäämisessä kuin pelaajan pelikokemuksen parantamisessa.Exergames, which combine video gaming with physical activity, are a way to lower the threshold to exercise by making it more engaging in comparison to traditional exercise. This study examines the core game mechanics and features used in exergames and also how they impact the user experience. This study also examines how technological progress has influenced the development of exergames and their user experience.
This study employed a systematic literature review for searching and analyzing existing re-search on the topic. From the publications found in the review, recurring larger themes were identified. These themes are motivation and engagement, social interaction, and the role of technologies and game mechanics.
The results of this study indicate that the core game mechanics and features that enhance the user experience include the balance of exercise and gameplay, player autonomy, balanced feedback, low threshold for starting, and the incorporation of social and competitive elements. In addition, the use of virtual reality was shown to be a significant factor in enhancing physical exertion as well as the user experience of a player
The use of transformative and extended responses in conducting sales work in product demonstration workshops
Get PDFThe article investigates sales interaction in the work of a photographic artist who provides art-based training services for workplaces. The data come from a product demonstration workshop where the artist presents a photographic method to prospective customers to raise their interest in the service product. By employing conversation analysis, the article analyzes how the artist conducts sales work while responding to the workshop participants’ questions. The results show how the artist uses transformative and extended responses to adjust the question posed to her and resist the terms it creates, highlighting the customizability of her service product and drawing attention to its merits. The article contributes to previous research on sales interaction by shedding light on the interactional practices of sales work in a new kind of work situation as well as focusing on the use of transformative responses that have not been previously studied as part of the sales encounter.Post-print / Final draf
Faktorisijoittaminen ja anomaliat : Toimiiko perinteiset faktorit enää sijoitustrategiana Yhdysvaltain osakemarkkinoilla?
No full textTraditional factors have played a central role in asset pricing models and factor investment strategies for decades. However, the growing complexity and efficiency of financial markets have raised new questions about whether these factors continue to provide excess returns as they once did. This bachelor’s thesis investigates the long-term relevance of five commonly studied factors that are low volatility, momentum, size, quality, and value in the U.S. stock market.
The study applies a quantitative approach using monthly excess return data from 1993 to 2023. Long-short portfolios for each factor were obtained from the Global Factor Data platform and the performance of these portfolios was evaluated by using annualized returns, Sharpe ratios, and statistical significance tests. In addition to the full-period analysis, the study compares an early period (1993–1997) and a recent period (2019–2023) to assess how factor performance has evolved over time.
The results show that momentum has remained statistically and economically strong, while quality has delivered solid risk-adjusted returns. In contrast, value and size failed to produce consistent or significant excess returns, especially in recent years. Low volatility showed weak absolute performance but offered some benefit in terms of risk-adjusted returns. The comparison of early and recent periods reveals a clear decline in the effectiveness of several traditional factors, likely driven by increased market efficiency and structural changes. These findings highlight the evolving nature of factor investing and the need for continuous evaluation of widely used factor investing strategies.Perinteiset faktorit ovat jo vuosikymmenten ajan olleet keskeisessä asemassa tuottoja selittävissä sijoitusstrategioissa. Kuitenkin rahoitusmarkkinoiden monimutkaisuus ja kasvava tehokkuus ovat herättäneet uusia kysymyksiä siitä, tuottavatko nämä faktorit edelleen ylimääräistä tuottoa samalla tavalla kuin aiemmin. Tämä kandidaatintutkielma tarkastelee viiden yleisesti tutkitun faktorin arvon, koon, momentumin, laadun ja matalan volatiliteetin pitkän aikavälin preemioita Yhdysvaltain osakemarkkinoilla.
Tutkimus toteutettiin kvantitatiivisena analyysina hyödyntäen kuukausittaisia preemioita vuosilta 1993–2023. Jokaiselle faktorille muodostetut long-short-portfoliot saatiin Global Factor Data -tietokannasta, ja niiden suoriutumista arvioitiin annualisoitujen tuottojen, Sharpen lukujen ja tilastollisten testien avulla. Kokonaisajanjakson lisäksi tutkimuksessa verrattiin kahden alajakson 1993–1997 ja 2019–2023 tuloksia, jotta saataisiin selville, miten faktoreiden tuotot ovat muuttuneet ajan myötä.
Tulokset osoittavat, että momentum on säilynyt sekä tilastollisesti että taloudellisesti merkittävänä faktorina koko tarkastelujakson ajan. Toinen merkittävänä säilynyt faktori on laatu, jolla on ollut vahva riskikorjattu tuotto. Sen sijaan arvo- ja kokofaktorit eivät tuottaneet johdonmukaisia tai tilastollisesti merkitseviä ylituottoja tutkimuksessa eri ajanjaksoilla. Matala volatiliteetti -faktorin absoluuttiset tuotot olivat heikkoja, mutta sen riskikorjattu tuotto oli tilastollisesti merkitsevä. Aikasarjavertailu vahvistaa havaintoa perinteisten faktoreiden heikentyneestä tehokuudesta, mikä viittaa lisääntyneeseen markkinatehokkuuteen ja rakenteellisiin muutoksiin. Tulokset korostavat faktorisijoittamisen muuttuvaa luonnetta ja tarvetta sijoitusstrategioiden jatkuvaan uudelleenarviointiin
Vastuullisen tietojohtamisen orastava käsite : perusperiaatteiden tunnistaminen ja määrittely
No full textThis thesis examines the emerging concept of responsible Knowledge Management (rKM) by identifying its core principles as discussed in academic literature. The research focuses particularly on the actions, practices, and concerns associated with ‘responsibility’ in the context of Knowledge Management (KM). The findings show rKM as a new paradigm of KM that integrates ethical value frameworks, inclusivity, and a sustainable ecosystem view, reorienting value creation in organisations toward contributing to the common good.
The thesis applies an integrative literature review combined with grounded theory coding to analyse publications of the past 5 years, identifying, through close reading, recurring themes and concepts that shape the discourse on rKM.
The synthesis identifies three interdependent domains – normative frameworks, inclusivity, and sustainable ecosystem view – whose convergence constitutes rKM. While the literature recognises the need for moral guidance, pluralism, and long-term purpose, it often remains abstract and underdeveloped in terms of implementation. The contribution of this thesis lies in consolidating these dispersed insights, exposing contradictions, and providing a conceptual foundation for future research and practice.
The thesis concludes that rKM has the potential to provide a more responsible and future-oriented foundation for knowledge practices. It offers a framework for addressing the limitations of traditional KM while emphasising knowledge as a shared, ethical, and transformative practice.Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma tarkastelee vastuullisen tietojohtamisen (responsible Knowledge Management, rKM) orastavaa käsitettä ja pyrkii tunnistamaan sen keskeiset periaatteet akateemisessa kirjallisuudessa. Erityistä huomiota kiinnitetään niihin toimiin, käytäntöihin ja huolenaiheisiin, joita vastuun käsitteen yhteydessä tietojohtamiseen liitetään. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että rKM on tietojohtamisen uusi paradigma, joka yhdistää eettiset arvoperustat, inklusiivisuuden ja kestävän ekosysteemin näkökulman ja suuntaa organisaatioiden arvonluonnin yhteisen hyvän edistämiseen.
Tutkimus toteutettiin integroivana kirjallisuuskatsauksena yhdistettynä Grounded Theory -koodaukseen (ankkuroitu teoria). Analyysi kohdistui viimeisen viiden vuoden aikana julkaistuun tutkimuskirjallisuuteen ja pyrki lähiluvun avulla tunnistamaan toistuvia vastuullisen tietojohtamisen diskussia muovaavia teemoja ja käsitteitä.
Synteesissä hahmottui kolme toisiinsa kietoutuvaa kokonaisuutta – normatiiviset viitekehykset, inklusiivisuus ja kestävä ekosysteeminäkökulma – joiden konvergenssi muodostaa rKM:n ytimen. Vaikka kirjallisuus tunnistaa moraalisen ohjauksen, pluralismin ja pitkäjänteisen tarkoituksen tarpeen, se jää usein abstraktille tasolle eikä kehitä konkreettisia toteutuskeinoja. Tutkielman kontribuutio on näiden hajanaisten oivallusten kokoaminen yhteen, ristiriitojen paljastaminen ja konseptuaalisen perustan tarjoaminen tulevalle tutkimukselle ja käytännölle.
Tutkielma päättelee, että rKM tarjoaa mahdollisuuden vastuullisempaan ja tulevaisuuteen suuntautuneeseen perustaan tietojohtamisen käytännöille. Se avaa väylän perinteisen tietojohtamisen rajoitteiden ylittämiseen ja korostaa tietoa yhteisenä, eettisenä ja muutosvoimaisena käytäntönä
The role of virtual currencies in investment scams
No full textVirtuaalivaluutat ovat viime vuosikymmenen aikana nousseet merkittäväksi osaksi globaalia rahoitusjärjestelmää, mutta samalla ne ovat tuoneet mukanaan uusia riskejä. Ne ovat mahdollistaneet uudenlaisia sijoitusmuotoja ja taloudellista vapautta, mutta myös tarjonneet rikollisille uusia keinoja toteuttaa petoksia. Viranomaiset ja pankit ovat raportoineet yhä useammin tapauksista, joissa huijauksen uhrit ovat sijoittaneet olemattomiin kryptosijoituksiin ja kokeneet merkittäviä taloudellisia tappioita. Sijoitushuijaukset ovat merkittävässä kasvussa, ja aihetta on käsitelty mediassa ja viranomaisraporteissa, mutta akateeminen tutkimus virtuaalivaluuttojen roolista huijauksissa on vielä rajallista.
Tämän kandidaatintutkielma tutkii, millainen rooli virtuaalivaluutoilla on sijoitushuijauksissa ja miten pankit sekä viranomaiset pyrkivät ehkäisemään näitä petoksia Suomessa. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan virtuaalivaluuttojen käyttöä huijausten välineenä, huijareiden käyttämiä toimintamalleja sekä torjuntakeinoja, joita pankit ja viranomaiset käyttävät ilmiön hallitsemiseksi. Tutkimuksen aineisto on kerätty asiantuntijahaastatteluiden avulla, ja analyysi toteutettiin kvalitatiivisen teoriaohjaavan sisällönanalyysin keinoin.
Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että virtuaalivaluutat mahdollistavat huijauksille nopean ja anonyymin rahansiirron, vaikeuttaen varojen jäljittämistä ja edistäen rikoshyötyjen hajauttamista. Huijauksille on tyypillistä kaavamaisuus, kuten henkilökohtaisen luottamuksen rakentaminen ja uhrin ohjaaminen itse siirtämään varoja virtuaalivaluuttapalveluihin. Pankkien ja viranomaisten yhteistyö, asiakastietoisuuden lisääminen näyttäytyvät keskeisinä tekijöinä huijausten ehkäisyssä. Torjuntakeinojen kehittäminen on jatkuvaa, huijausten lisääntymisen seurauksena. Vaikka tekniset ratkaisut kehittyvät jatkuvasti, onnistunut sijoitushuijausten torjunta edellyttää myös asiakkaiden aktiivista osallistumista ja nopeaa reagointia epäilyttävissä tilanteissa.Over the past decade, virtual currencies have become a significant part of the global financial system, while simultaneously introducing new risks. They have enabled new forms of investment and financial autonomy but have also provided criminals with new means to commit fraud. Authorities and banks have increasingly reported cases in which victims have invested in non-existent cryptocurrency schemes, resulting in substantial financial losses. Investment scams are on the rise, and while the topic has received attention in the media and official reports, academic research on the role of virtual currencies in fraud remains limited.
This bachelor's thesis examines the role of virtual currencies in investment scams and how banks and authorities in Finland attempt to prevent these types of fraud. The study focuses on the use of virtual currencies as tools for scams, the operational models employed by fraudsters, and the preventive measures used by financial institutions and authorities to manage the phenomenon. The research data was collected through expert interviews and analyzed using qualitative, theory-driven content analysis.
The findings indicate that virtual currencies facilitate rapid and anonymous fund transfers in fraud cases, making it difficult to trace assets and enabling the dispersion of illicit gains. Investment scams typically follow a recurring pattern involving the creation of personal trust and directing victims to transfer funds via cryptocurrency platforms. Cooperation between banks and authorities, as well as efforts to raise public awareness, emerge as key factors in fraud prevention. The development of countermeasures is ongoing in response to the growing number of scams. Although technical solutions continue to evolve, successful prevention of investment fraud also requires active customer participation and rapid response to suspicious activity
Urban open spaces for sustainability transformation : capturing citizens’ perceptions with arts-based methods
Get PDFUrban open spaces (UOS) in cities maintain urban nature enabling human-nature interaction. Citizens’ rich nature perceptions may facilitate positive attitudes to sustainability transformation. Current public participation in the management of UOS does not, however, allow the capture of citizens’ place-based perceptions. While artsbased methods to identify perceptions have been acknowledged, the potential has not been empirically tested in UOS.
This dissertation investigates, whether arts-based methods can capture citizens’ perceptions of UOS, and identifies place characteristics that contribute to positive, rich nature perceptions. The investigation took place in UOS of three cities in Finland. The arts-based methods (drifting and theatrical images) were piloted in three workshops in two public parks. In addition, the digitally enabled spontaneous self-articulated in-situ storytelling (DESIS storytelling) captured citizens’ place-based perceptions in UOS in one city. Totally 2368 digital clips of stories from 100 UOS places in one city over six years were utilised. The characteristics determining positive, rich perceptions were observed in 22 representative places. Finally, a national workshop and a Likert survey for UOS managers assessed the capacity to employ the captured perceptions. The mixed (qualitative and quantitative) methods were applied to the analysis of the data.
The findings suggest that arts-based methods are useful for capturing perceptions and DESIS storytelling particularly positive, rich nature perceptions in UOS. Especially three characteristics: mystery, prospect, and refuge were identified for the places of emotional and embodied perceptions. On the contrary, recreational activities and housing areas reduced these perceptions. Managers were found to have the capacity to utilise such perceptions. The results provide insights for land use planning and the management of UOS benefits from the continuous involvement of citizens who provide place-based knowledge.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Sähköauton akkujen toimitusketjun biodiversiteettivaikutusten arviointi : analyysi mineraalien louhinnasta akkupakettien valmistukseen
No full textThis master thesis investigated biodiversity impacts of NMC622 electric vehicle battery supply chain. The study assessed greenhouse gas emissions, acidification, land occupation and water stress impacts to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. The assessment was conducted using the LC-IMPACT method. Inventory analysis was performed via the R&D Greet model and mine land use measured through Google Earth. Locations of production phases corresponded to countries that currently dominate the market.
For terrestrial ecosystems, the supply chain’s impacts were quantified as 8,71E-11 PDF*year using extended characterisation factors and 1,38E-11 PDF*year with core characterisation factors. The extraction and production of cathode materials had the greatest impact. Especially nickel and lithium extraction and processing contributed most significantly due to energy intensive processes and reliance on fossil-based energy sources. Freshwater ecosystem impact was 8,36E-11 PDF*year with extended and 5,76E-11 PDF*year with core characterisation factors. Lithium extraction in Australia was identified as the largest contributor to freshwater biodiversity loss.
Potential ways to reduce the impacts could be shift from fossil-based energy to renewable in the mining sites. This would require new investments for energy infrastructure and initiatives that motivates the change. Implementing water reuse practices in mining operations could reduce the water stress. Usage of recycled materials instead of virgin raw materials could reduce mining related impacts, but development in recycling processes is still needed.Tämä diplomityö selvitti NMC622-sähköauton akun toimitusketjun biodiversiteettivaikutuksia. Tutkimuksessa arvioitiin kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen, happamoitumisen, maankäytön ja veden kulutuksen vaikutusta maa- ja makeanveden ekosysteemeihin. Arviointi toteutettiin LC-IMPACT-menetelmällä. Inventaarioanalyysi tehtiin R&D Greet -mallilla ja kaivosten maankäyttö mitattiin Google Earthin avulla. Tuotantovaiheiden sijainnit vastasivat maita, jotka tällä hetkellä hallitsevat markkinoita.
Toimitusketjun maaekosysteemeihin kohdistuvat vaikutukset olivat 8,71E-11⁻¹¹ PDF*year laajennetuilla karakterisointikertoimilla ja 1,38E-11 PDF*year ydinkertoimilla. Katodimateriaalien louhinta ja tuotanto aiheuttivat laskennallisesti suurimman biodiversiteettikadon. Erityisesti nikkelin ja litiumin louhinnalla ja jalostuksella havaittiin olevan merkittävä vaikutus. Prosessit ovat energiaintensiivisiä ja hyödyntävät fossiilisia energialähteitä. Makeanveden ekosysteemeihin kohdistuvat vaikutukset olivat 8,36E-11 PDF*year laajennetuilla kertoimilla ja 5,76E-11 PDF*year ydinkertoimilla. Litiumin louhinta Australiassa tunnistettiin suurimmaksi makeanveden biodiversiteettikadon aiheuttajaksi.
Mahdollisia keinoja vaikutusten vähentämiseksi ovat siirtyminen fossiilisista energialähteistä uusiutuviin kaivosalueilla. Tämä vaatisi uusia investointeja energiainfrastruktuuriin. Veden uudelleenkäytön lisäämisellä voitaisiin vähentää kaivostoiminnan vesistressiä. Kierrätettyjen materiaalien käytöllä neitseellisten raaka-aineiden sijaan voitaisiin pienentää kaivostoiminnan vaikutuksia, mutta kierrätysprosessit vaativat vielä lisäkehitystä
Assessing the raw material demand and geopolitical risks of battery sub-technologies in a 1.5°c scenario : the role of alternative technologies and recycling in supply chain resilience
Get PDFThis thesis looks at the material demand and geopolitical hazards of battery sub-technologies in a 1.5°C scenario. An examination of existing and alternative battery chemistries was conducted, and the battery sub-technologies LFP, LMO, LiO, LiS, NCA, NCA+, NMC, and SIBs were incorporated into four roadmaps to forecast potential future market developments. By incorporating data about the material composition of those batteries, it was possible to estimate future material demands, geopolitical risks, and recycling potentials. In conclusion, this thesis found that NMC batteries pose a significant danger of geopolitical interruptions and dependencies, while LFP currently provides a more realistic and balanced solution, but LiO, LiS, and SIBs may be advantageous possibilities as the technology matures. However, the material costs of LiO and LiS would increase drastically compared to other technologies, while SIBs could add risks to materials such as Magnesium and Vanadium. The findings of this thesis can assist policymakers, businesses, and users in gaining insights into various potential pathways for battery technologies in the 1.5°C scenario, as well as how varied market shares can influence overall geopolitical risks and recycling opportunities