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    Improving time efficiency in freight forwarding processes with process automation

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    Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena on tutkia, miten kohdeyrityksen huolintaprosessien toimipisteittäin ja asiakkaittain eroavat toimintatavat voidaan yhtenäistää yhdeksi prosessimalliksi ja miten tämä yhtenäistetty prosessi voidaan optimoida. Tämän jälkeen tarkastellaan, kuinka työvaiheita voitaisiin tehostaa hyödyntäen järjestelmäkehitystä ja ohjelmistorobotiikkaa, sillä nykyisin yrityksen huolintaprosessit koostuvat suurilta osin manuaalityöstä. Tutkimusta varten kirjallisuuskatsauksessa käsiteltiin huolinnan termejä ja huolinnan digitalisaatiota trendinä, prosessien optimointia ja lean-teoriaa sekä ohjelmistorobotiikkaa ja muita automaation vaihtoehtoja. Tutkimus on toteutettu havainnoinnin ja työpajan avulla. Tutkimuksen tuloksena saatiin luotua yhtenäinen prosessimalli muutamaa yksityiskohtaa lukuun ottamatta. Manuaalisen työn vähentämiseksi käytiin prosessin jokainen työvaihe läpi ja tehtiin ehdotus joko järjestelmäkehityksestä tai ohjelmistorobotiikan hyödyntämisestä. Muutaman työvaiheen kohdalla jouduttiin toteamaan, ettei järjestelmäkehitykseen tai ohjelmistorobotiikan hyödyntämiseen ole tässä vaiheessa kannattavaa ryhtyä.The purpose of this master’s thesis is to investigate how the different methods of the target company’s freight forwarding processes which differ by locations and customers can be unified into a single process model and how this unified process can be optimized. After optimizing the process we will examine how to optimize work phases by utilizing developing of the existing terminal management system and robotic process automation as at the company’s forwarding process currently consist largely of manual work. For the research, the literature review covered terms of freight forwarding and the digitalization of freight forwarding as a trend, process optimization and lean theory, robotic process automation and other alternatives for automation. The research was carried out as observation and a workshop. As a result unified process model for freight forwarding was developed with the execption of a few details. For reducing the amount of manual work, each process step was analyzed and a proposal was made for either developing of the terminal management system or robotic process automation solution. Few process steps was concluded that it was not worthwhile to proceed developing terminal management system or robotic process automation solution at this time

    Nesteytetyn biokaasun kilpailukyky liikennepolttoaineena Suomessa

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    This thesis examines the competitiveness of liquefied biogas as a transportation fuel in Finland. The objective of this study is to analyze the competitiveness of biogas as transportation fuel in comparison to studied fuel types: diesel, biodiesel, electricity, and hydrogen. In addition, the study examines what factors influence competitiveness within the transportation sector. The thesis includes perceptions and expectations of logistics companies regarding the current state of the transportation industry and its development. The thesis uses quantitative research approaches to answer the research questions. The thesis begins by addressing those questions with other background and motivational information. This is followed by comprehensive literature review, which focuses on competitiveness factors, role of nation and competitiveness limitations. Additionally, survey was conducted in a Likert scale form to logistic companies. The research questions are addressed by comparing the results of the survey with existing literature, and then the conclusions are drawn to highlight the main takeaways of the study. The thesis highlights that the Finnish transportation sector is shifting towards to more sustainable fuels, with liquefied biogas (LBG) expected to maintain a competitive position despite modest growth in new adopters. LBG is perceived as cost-efficient and widely accepted, but supply reliability could be improved. Biodiesel is its strongest competitor due to perfect mobility with diesel, while electricity and hydrogen show emerging but limited adoption. Fuel price, supply reliability, and infrastructure quality are the key determinants of competitiveness. High capital expenditures and imperfect mobility create entry barriers, benefiting early adopted fuels through ex-post limits to competition.Tämä tutkielma tarkastelee nesteytetyn biokaasun kilpailukykyä liikennepolttoaineena Suomessa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on analysoida biokaasun kilpailukykyä liikennepolttoaineena verrattuna muihin tutkittuihin polttoainetyyppeihin: diesel, biodiesel, sähkö ja vety. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan, mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat kilpailukykyyn kuljetusalalla. Tutkielma sisältää logistiikkayritysten näkemyksiä ja odotuksia liikennealan nykytilasta ja sen kehityksestä. Diplomityössä käytetään kvantitatiivista tutkimuslähestymistapaa tutkimuskysymyksiin vastaamiseksi. Työn alussa käsitellään näitä kysymyksiä ja muuta taustatietoa. Tämän jälkeen seuraa kattava kirjallisuuskatsaus, joka keskittyy kilpailukyvyn tekijöihin, valtion rooliin ja kilpailukykyyn liittyviin rajoituksiin. Lisäksi logistiikka yrityksille tehtiin kysely käyttäen Likert-asteikkoa. Tutkimuskysymyksiin vastataan vertaamalla kyselyn tuloksia olemassa olevaan kirjallisuuteen. Lopuksi tehdään johtopäätökset ja työn keskeiset havainnot tiivistetään. Opinnäytetyö osoittaa, että Suomen kuljetusala on siirtymässä kohti kestävämpiä polttoaineita, ja nesteytetyn biokaasun (LBG) odotetaan säilyttävän kilpailuasemansa, vaikka uusien käyttäjien määrä kasvaa vain maltillisesti. LBG koetaan kustannustehokkaaksi ja laajasti hyväksytyksi polttoaineeksi, mutta toimitusvarmuudessa on parantamisen varaa. LBG:n vahvin kilpailija on biodiesel, joka hyötyy täydellisestä yhteensopivuudesta dieselin kanssa, kun taas sähkön ja vedyn käyttö on vasta nousemassa ja toistaiseksi pientä. Polttoaineen hinta, toimitusvarmuus ja infrastruktuurin laatu ovat kilpailukyvyn keskeiset tekijät. Korkeat pääomakustannukset ja epätäydellinen resurssien liikkuvuus luovat alalle tuloesteitä, mikä hyödyttää aikaisin omaksuttuja polttoaineita vahvistamalla niiden markkina-asemaa

    Nivos Verkot Oy's distribution and high-voltage network development plan

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    Tässä diplomityössä laaditaan Nivos Verkot Oy:lle pitkän aikavälin kehittämissuunnitelma jakelu- ja suurjänniteverkon osalta. Työssä tarkastellaan verkon nykytilaa, johon sisältyvät kuormitusprofiilit, keskeytyshistoria sekä komponenttien ikärakenne. Lisäksi arvioidaan tulevaisuuden investointitarpeita muuttuvassa toimintaympäristössä, jossa sähkön kysyntää ja kulutusprofiilia muokkaavat digitalisaatio, sähköisen liikenteen kasvu, hajautettu energiantuotanto sekä uudet tariffirakenteet. Analyysi perustuu verkkotietojärjestelmän dataan, kuten kuormitus- ja kulutustietoihin, komponenttien teknisiin ominaisuuksiin ja luotettavuusindekseihin. Näiden avulla mallinnetaan verkon suorituskykyä ja tunnistetaan kriittisiä kehityskohteita, jotka voivat merkittävästi muuttaa kuormituksen alueellista jakautumista ja verkon mitoitustarpeita. Työn tuloksena laadittu kehittämissuunnitelma sisältää toimenpiteitä kapasiteetin turvaamiseksi, toimitusvarmuuden parantamiseksi ja investointien strategiseksi kohdentamiseksi. Suunnitelmassa esitetään suurjänniteverkon sähköasemakohtainen tarkastelu, vikatilanteiden korvattavuusanalyysit sekä vaihtoehtoja kapasiteetin vahvistamiseen eri alueilla. Tarkastelujen perusteella yhtiön sähköverkko on kokonaisuutena hyvässä valmiudessa vastaamaan lähivuosien tarpeisiin. Kuitenkin erityisesti haja-asutusalueilla sekä ennustetuissa kuormituskeskittymissä investointipaine kasvaa, mikä edellyttää kapasiteetin vahvistamista ja varayhteyksien lisäämistä. Kehittämissuunnitelma tukee yhtiön tavoitteita turvata verkon toimitusvarmuus, hallita kasvavaa kuormitusta sekä varmistaa kustannustehokkaat investoinnit pitkällä aikavälillä.This Master’s thesis develops a long-term development plan for the distribution and high-voltage network of Nivos Verkot Oy. The study examines the current state of the network, including load profiles, outage history, and the age structure of components. In addition, it evaluates future investment needs in a changing operating environment where electricity demand and consumption patterns are shaped by digitalization, the growth of electric transportation, distributed energy generation, and new tariff structures. The analysis is based on data from the network information system, including load and consumption records, technical characteristics of components, and reliability indices. These datasets are used to model network performance and to identify critical development areas that may significantly affect the regional distribution of loads and the dimensioning requirements of the grid. The resulting development plan proposes measures to secure network capacity, improve supply reliability, and strategically allocate investments. The plan includes a substation-level analysis of the high-voltage network, contingency assessments for fault situations, and options for reinforcing capacity in different areas. The results indicate that the company’s power grid is overall well prepared to meet the needs of the coming years. However, investment pressure is expected to increase particularly in rural areas and in zones with projected load concentrations, requiring both reinforcement of capacity and the expansion of backup connections. The development plan supports the company’s objectives to ensure network reliability, manage growing loads, and secure cost-efficient investments over the long ter

    Uncertainty Analysis in Socio-Economic Dynamic Microsimulation Models: A Literature Review

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    This paper investigates the use of dynamic microsimulation (DM) models and the application of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation as an uncertainty analysis (UA) technique in socio-economic policy analysis. Based on a structured review of 44 studies, the analysis identifies key shortcomings in how uncertainty is addressed in existing modeling practices and related reporting of probabilistic outcomes. Key findings reveal also a lack of standardized guidelines for validating simulation results, as well as a use of updated data and finer temporal resolution in models. The paper advocates for a methodological shift toward more agile, transparent, and frequently updated models that can better support timely, evidence-based policymaking. Establishing common standards for UA and related reporting would enhance both the interpretability and policy relevance of DM-based research.Post-print / Final draf

    Improving the operation and cost efficiency of a pulp mill’s non-condensable gas boiler : UPM Kaukas

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    Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli tutkia UPM Kaukaan sellutehtaan hajukaasukattilan optimointimahdollisuuksia, erityisesti kemikaalien kulutuksen ja päästöjen vähentämiseksi. Keskeinen tarkastelun kohde oli savukaasupesurissa käytettävä NaOH–kemikaali, jonka kulutuksen vähentäminen toisi säästöjä sekä taloudellisesti että ympäristön kannalta. Tavoitteita lähdettiin hakemaan hajukaasukattilan ajomallin muutoksella. Työssä arvioitiin erilaisia ajomalleja, joista teorian pohjalta valittuja parhaimpia vaihtoehtoja testattiin käytännössä. Parhaimmaksi ajomalliksi nykyisen ajomallin korvaajaksi osoittautui vaihtoehto, jossa väkeviä hajukaasuja poltettiin pelkästään soodakattilassa ja hajukaasukattilassa poltettiin pelkästään metanolia. Tämä ajomalli vähensi NaOH:n kulutuksen 10–12 % tasolle aiempaan ajomalliin verrattuna. Kustannuksien osalta vaikutus on sama, eli noin 10–12 % aiemmista kustannuksista, koska suurin kustannustekijä on NaOH:n kulutus hajukaasukattilalla. Uusi ajomalli nosti kuitenkin tehtaan sulfiditeettiä, mikä voi aiheuttaa ongelmia muualla tehtaalla. Rikkiä jää entistä enemmän kemikaalikiertoon. Korkea sulfiditeetti on ollut Kaukaan sellutehtaalla vuosia tunnettu haaste ja potentiaalinen jatkotutkimuksen kohde. Työssä ehdotettiin myös parannuksia hajukaasujärjestelmän teknisiin yksityiskohtiin, kuten painemittauksen ja tukihöyryn syötön sijoitteluun. Lisäksi muitakin parannusehdotuksia, joiden avulla voitaisiin mahdollistaa hajukaasukattilan joustavampi ja turvallisempi käyttö tulevaisuudessa. Parannukset saattaisivat avata jopa uusia ja parempia ajomalli vaihtoehtoja tulevaisuudessa.The objective of this master’s thesis was to investigate optimization opportunities for the non–condensable gas (NCG) boiler at UPM Kaukas pulp mill, with a particular focus on reducing chemical consumption and emissions. A key area of focus was the NaOH chemical used in the flue gas scrubber. Reducing its consumption would bring both economic and environmental benefits. These goals were approached by evaluating changes to the operating model of the NCG boiler. Several operational models were assessed, and the most promising alternatives based on theory were tested in practice. The most effective model proved to be one where the concentrated non–condensable gases were combusted solely in the recovery boiler, while only methanol was burned in the NCG boiler. This model reduced NaOH consumption to 10–12 % of the previous level. In terms of cost, the effect was the same, as NaOH consumption is the main cost driver in NCG boiler operation. However, the new operating model led to an increase in mill–wide sulfidity, which could cause problems elsewhere in the process. More sulfur remained in the chemical cycle, further stressing an already know and long–standing challenge at the Kaukas pulp mill. This makes sulfidity control a relevant topic for further research. The study also proposed technical improvements to the NCG system, such as changes to the placement of pressure measurement and support steam injection. In addition, other improvements suggestions were made to enhance the flexibility and safety of NCG boiler operation. These changes could also enable the implementation of new and more efficient operating models in the future

    Investigation of thermal-hydraulic coupling impact on transient modeling of steam flow in integrated energy systems

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    Transient modeling is essential for characterizing multi-energy flow dynamics in integrated energy systems, yet typically relies on the thermal-hydraulic decoupling assumption to ensure computational efficiency. This study develops a steam transient analytical model (STAM) to systematically evaluate the applicability boundaries of thermal-hydraulic decoupling. Through statistical analysis of actual industrial steam data, this study compares coupled numerical simulations against decoupled STAM solutions across diverse steam temperature fluctuations. Case#1 examines a single pipeline under 16 operational scenarios, quantifying decoupling applicability ranges via error curve fitting and revealing dominant error sources. Case#2 further validates the decoupling assumption under actual parameter fluctuations through a 24-node steam network. Key findings demonstrate: (1)The dominant steam parameter contributing to STAM errors varies under different baseline pressures; (2) Although thermal-hydraulic decoupling becomes invalid in low-pressure pipelines experiencing sudden pressure changes, it remains applicable under all other conditions at an average amplitude threshold of 11.66 % for temperature fluctuations; (3) Parameter fluctuations in operational energy systems exhibit irregular yet bounded characteristics, and the thermal-hydraulic decoupling assumption in STAM demonstrates applicability in the investigated steam network case study. This research provides critical references for the deployment of transient modeling in various scenarios.Publishers versio

    Erotustekniikan osasto 50 vuotta

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    Marking the 50th anniversary of the Department of Separation Science is both a joyful and humbling moment. This commemorative volume brings together voices from across generations — colleagues, researchers, and friends—who have shaped and been shaped by our Department’s journey over the past five decades.Publishers versio

    Real-time peer-to-peer energy trading of multi-carrier energy buildings: A multi-agent deep reinforcement learning solution

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    Multi-carrier energy buildings (MCEBs) integrated with renewable energy resources (RERs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and energy conversion technologies provide a flexible, economical, reliable, and environmentally friendly energy systems. However, independent operation of MCEBs may limit these benefits. Local peer-to-peer (LP2P) energy trading enhances these capabilities by enabling energy exchange among MCEBs. Implementing LP2P trading requires addressing key challenges such as privacy preservation, computational burden, and economic incentives. In this paper, a distributed market mechanism based on mid-market rate (MMR) pricing is adopted for LP2P energy trading among MCEBs within building communities (BCs). The complexity of such a mechanism results in a high computational burden and necessitates a robust method for handling uncertainties. Traditional model-based optimization struggles with uncertainty management and scalability issues. Therefore, a model-free artificial intelligence-based multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) approach is employed. Specifically, a twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3) algorithm is used to train the environment, enabling efficient handling of continuous state and action spaces. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed LP2P energy trading framework is highly practical, ensuring low computational burden while preserving privacy. Moreover, the mechanism encourages peer participation, ultimately reducing MCEB operation costs.Post-print / Final draf

    Supply Risk Pricing for Power-to-X Plant Investment

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    This study introduces a method for risk evaluation in P2X plant investments. The study analyses and models the financial effects of the realization of supply chain risks. The evaluation of risks is based on TCE risk theory, and the study seeks to understand the cost of uncertainty and pursues towards supply risk pricing. We investigate the impact of price fluctuations in electricity, hydrogen and e-fuel on the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) profitability analysis, extending traditional single-value estimations using simulation. Monte Carlo simulations validate DCF projections, highlighting the project’s low profitability. Moreover, the study underscores the economic uncertainties associated with the shift towards fossil-free energy, emphasizing the substantial financing requirements. This study analyzed uncertainty related to price of electricity, hydrogen and e-fuel and showed uncertainty may impact on the firm’s governance decisions. The results indicate that new business ecosystem models need to be developed to ensure green energy transformation.Post-print / Final draf

    PoseQueue : leveraging in-memory time-series databases for real-time pose estimation in healthcare applications

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    Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly applied in digital healthcare, particularly in physiotherapy and rehabilitation, where 3D pose estimation enables real-time assessment of human movement. However, to overcome hardware limitations, current systems often rely on a conventional client–server design, where the mobile application sends each video frame to the AI server for inference and awaits the result before continuing. This sequential exchange introduces high latency, causes dropped frame rate when network conditions fluctuate, and limits scalability as user concurrency increases. This thesis presents PoseQueue, a Redis-based in-memory buffering architecture developed to address these limitations and enhance AI-assisted medical applications. Unlike the baseline client-server design, PoseQueue decouples client requests from the inference process by caching pose estimation results as time-series data in memory. This enables the server to maintain continuous processing even if client frames arrive irregularly, minimising redundant computation, stabilising throughput under load, and significantly reducing response latency. Performance metrics, including throughput, latency, failure rate, accuracy, CPU and memory utilisation, and energy efficiency, were evaluated under controlled stress testing. Results show that PoseQueue achieved a 39% increase in efficiency rate compared to the baseline system, with lower failure rates, faster response times, and higher accuracy in exercise repetition counting. The findings demonstrate that in-memory architectures can substantially improve the scalability, reliability, and usability of AI servers for real-time medical applications. Beyond immediate benefits for the partner company’s physiotherapy service, Pose-Queue also offers a foundation for future research, including the use of buffered pose data to retrain estimation models for greater adaptability in clinical settings

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