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The Societal Cost of Prioritising Nuclear Power Over Renewable Energy in Finland : Policy brief 11/2025
Get PDFThis policy brief describes how prioritising nuclear power over renewables leads to significantly higher costs and risks for the Finnish energy system.Publishers versio
Knowledge management : young leaders in a labyrinth of challenges and opportunities
No full textTässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa havainnoidaan ja tutkitaan miten nuoret johtajat 25–39-vuotiaat toteuttavat tietojohtamista työssään. Uusi johtajasukupolvi toimii tietointensiivisissä työympäristöissä, mutta heidän käytännön tietojohtamisen keinoistaan ja tiedon käsityksestä on vähän aiempaa tutkimusta. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää millaisia tietojohtamisen toimia nuoret johtajat tunnistavat työssään sekä tunnistaa millaisia tietojohtamista tukevia ja estäviä asioita he kohtaavat arjessaan. Tutkielman empiirinen osuus on tehty laadullisena tutkimuksena, jossa aineistoa kerättiin haastattelemalla kuutta nuorta johtajaa eri toimialoilta.
Vaikka tietojohtamisella ei ole yhtä vakiintunutta määritelmää, sen ydintoiminnot, kuten tiedon tunnistaminen, luominen, jakaminen, hyödyntäminen ja tallentaminen ovat keskeisiä organisaation kilpailuedulle. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys kehkeytyy nuoren johtajan, tietojohtamisen ydintoimintojen sekä niitä mahdollistavien tekijöiden ihmiset, organisaatio, teknologia ja johtamisprosessit ympärille.
Tutkimuksen keskeinen anti on se, että nuoret johtajat toteuttavat aktiivisesti kaikkia tietojohtamisen ydintoimintoja, mutta toiminta on operatiivista ja reaktiivista, eikä toimintaa välttämättä tunnisteta ja nimetä tietojohtamiseksi. Tietojohtamisen suurimmat mahdollisuudet ja haasteet liittyvät inhimillisiin ja kulttuurillisiin tekijöihin, eivät teknologioihin. Tietojohtamisen mahdollistajana luottamukseen ja avoimuteen rakentuva organisaatiokulttuuri oli keskeinen tekijä ja esteitä tuotti ajan puute, kiire, tietojohtamisen strategisen asemoinnin puute ja hiljaiseen tietoon liittyvät haasteet. Teknologia on itsestään selvä väline nuorille johtajille, mutta se aiheuttaa myös ongelmia tietotulvan ja tiedon pirstaloitumisen merkeissä. Systemaattisten prosessien puute varsinkin hiljaisen tiedon siirtämisessä ja tietojohtamisen strategisen kytköksen kehittäminen organisaatioissa tunnistetiin keskeisiksi kehityskohteiksi.This master’s thesis observes and examines how young leaders aged 25–39 implement knowledge management in their work. The new generation of leaders works in knowledge-intensive environments, but there is little previous research on their practical knowledge management methods and understanding of knowledge. The aim of the study is to find out what kind of knowledge management activities young managers recognize in their work and to identify the factors that support and hinder knowledge management in their everyday work. The empirical part of the study was conducted as qualitative research, in which data was collected by interviewing six young managers from different industries.
Although there is no single established definition of knowledge management, its core functions, such as identifying, creating, sharing, utilizing, and storing knowledge, are essential to an organization's competitive advantage. The theoretical framework of the study revolves around the young leader, core functions of knowledge management and the factors that enable them: people, organization, technology, and management processes.
The key finding of the study is that young leaders actively implement all core functions of knowledge management, but their actions are operational and reactive and are not necessarily recognized and identified as knowledge management. The greatest opportunities and challenges of knowledge management are related to human and cultural factors, not technologies. An organizational culture based on trust and openness was a key enabler of knowledge management, while obstacles included lack of time, pressure, lack of strategic positioning of knowledge management, and challenges related to tacit knowledge. Technology is a natural tool for young leaders, but it also causes problems in the form of information overload and fragmentation. The lack of systematic processes, especially in the transfer of tacit knowledge, and the development of strategic links between knowledge management and other areas within organizations were identified as key areas for development
Rakennushankkeen ESG-konseptin ja tavoitteiden määrittämisen viitekehyksen kehittäminen
No full textIn this thesis, an ESG-based framework for identifying sustainability targets in new construction projects is created and tested by identifying sustainability targets for an industrial construction project to be constructed in Lappeenranta. The aim of the thesis is to answer the following research questions: What are the relevant ESG requirements to assess sustainability of a construction project and how are they measured; What are the potential ESG targets to be set for an industrial construction project. The building and construction industry does not currently have a common framework for identifying and setting sustainability targets for construction projects, so this thesis aims to fill this gap by developing the framework as well as testing it in a case project.
The framework developed in this study can be used as a basis for identifying the sustainability targets of a construction project in oral interviews with, for example, the building owner and user and project financier. The framework can be expanded and refined as necessary based on the project. With the framework, sustainability targets were identified across all ESG topics for an industrial construction project. The identified targets focus mostly on environmental sustainability, but several targets were identified in relation to social responsibility and governance as well. The building user and owner highlighted some of the same or similar targets. The financier, on the other hand, did not identify any targets for the project itself.Tässä diplomityössä luodaan ESG:hen pohjautuva viitekehys uudisrakennushankkeiden vastuullisuustavoitteiden tunnistamiseen, jota testataan Lappeenrantaan rakennettavan tuotanto- ja toimitilarakennuksen vastuullisuustavoitteiden tunnistamiseen. Työn tarkoituksena on vastata seuraaviin tutkimuskysymyksiin: Mitkä ovat rakennushankkeen vastuullisuuden arviointiin liittyvät ESG-vaatimukset ja miten niitä mitataan; Mitä ovat teollisuusrakennushankkeelle mahdollisesti asetettavat ESG-tavoitteet. Kiinteistö- ja rakennusalalla ei toistaiseksi ole olemassa yhtä yhtenäistä viitekehystä rakennushankkeiden vastuullisuustavoitteiden tunnistamiseen ja asettamiseen, joten työllä vastataan tähän tarpeeseen sekä luotu viitekehys testataan tarkoitukseensa toimivaksi.
Työssä luotu viitekehys soveltuu pohjaksi rakennushankkeen vastuullisuustavoitteiden tunnistamisen pohjaksi suullisiin haastatteluihin esimerkiksi rakennuksen omistajan ja käyttäjän sekä hankkeen rahoittajan kanssa. Viitekehys on hankkeen perusteella tarpeen mukaan laajennettavissa ja täsmennettävissä. Viitekehyksen pohjalta teollisuusrakennukselle tunnistettuja tavoitteita tunnistettiin liittyen kaikkiin ESG:n osa-alueisiin. Tunnistetut tavoitteet painottuvat ympäristövastuuseen, mutta useita tavoitteita tunnistettiin liittyen niin sosiaaliseen vastuuseen kuin hallintoonkin. Rakennuksen käyttäjä sekä omistaja painottivat osin samoja tai saman tyyppisiä tavoitteita. Rahoittaja puolestaan ei kohdistanut hankkeeseen liittyen lainkaan tavoitteita
Probabilistic multivariate statistical process control
Get PDFFault detection has become a fast-growing area of research to ensure the reliability and safety of industrial processes. Conventional machine learning techniques for fault detection often struggle with optimizing a large number of parameters and do not provide uncertainty quantification. To overcome these limitations, a novel probabilistic framework is developed for fault detection in this thesis. This framework provides uncertainty-aware control charts improving fault detection performance. Kernel parameters are estimated with uncertainty estimates and posterior inference using Gaussian process regression and Markov chain Monte Carlo. The optimized kernel parameters are then used in the calibration of probabilistic control charts for process monitoring. Two Gaussian kernel forms, squared exponential kernel and automatic relevance determination squared exponential kernel, are compared. The Tennessee Eastman Process dataset is used to evaluate the proposed methodology. The results show that both kernel cases turned out effective for fault detection. Comparatively, a kernel that learns an individual length scale for each process variable achieves more accurate fault detection and yields narrower predictive uncertainty envelopes. Overall, the proposed methodology results in a probabilistic approach that improves multivariate statistical process control-based monitoring and supports more informed decision-making in complex industrial processes
Development of the project business profitability
No full textTutkielma käsittelee teknologia-alan yrityksen projektiliiketoiminnan haasteita projektien elinkaaren eri vaiheissa ja sen tavoitteena oli löytää juurisyyt projektiliiketoiminnan heikkoon kannattavuuteen. Kohdeorganisaation liiketoiminta on muuttunut viimeisen kymmenen vuoden aikana perinteisestä palveluliiketoiminnasta kohti projektiliiketoimintaa, mikä on seurausta energiamurroksesta ja vallitsevasta markkinatilanteesta sekä asiakkaiden muuttuneista tarpeista.
Tutkimus toteutettiin monimenetelmällisesti yhdistämällä kvantitatiivisen ja kvalitatiivisen tutkimuksen aineistot sekä vuosina 2023 ja 2024 toteutetuista projekteista kerätty tutkimusaineisto. Kvantitatiiviseen kyselytutkimukseen osallistui yhteensä 20 henkilöä kolmesta eri liiketoimintayksiköstä. Kvalitatiiviseen haastattelututkimukseen osallistui neljä henkilöä kohdeyksiköstä.
Tutkimuksen tuloksien perusteella keskeisimmät haasteet liittyivät seurantamenetelmien puutteisiin sekä yhtenäisten prosessien ja työkalujen puuttumiseen kohdeyksikössä. Tutkimus toteutettiin poikkileikkausmenetelmällä ja se kattoi vain rajallisen määrän organisaation toiminnasta. Näistä syistä tutkimustuloksia täytyy pitää suuntaa-antavina eikä puhtaana faktatietona.The master's thesis examines the challenges related to the project business (area) of a technology company across different phases of the project lifecycle and its target was to find the root causes of the poor profitability of the project business. Over the past ten years, the target organization’s operations have shifted from traditional service-oriented business to project-based delivery. This transformation is driven by the energy transition, prevailing market conditions, and changing customer needs.
The study was conducted using a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data with project records collected during the years 2023 and 2024. The quantitative survey included 20 participants from three different business units, while the qualitative interviews involved four participants from the target unit.
Based on the findings, the most significant challenges were related to the lack of monitoring methods and the absence of standardized processes and tools within the target unit. The study was carried out as a cross-sectional analysis and covered only a limited portion of the organization’s operations. Therefore, the results should be considered indicative rather than definitive
Suitability of leak testing methods for installed HEPA filters in different cleanliness classes
No full textThis thesis compares the testing methods for installed HEPA filters defined in the ISO 14644-3 standard, with particular focus on the LSAPC method and its applicability across different cleanliness classes. The objective is to support the selection of the most suitable testing method based on the cleanliness classification of the testing environment.
The theoretical background covers cleanrooms, cleanroom ventilation, HEPA filters, and testing methodologies. Experimental filter tests were conducted under varying conditions using both the LSAPC and aerosol photometer methods. The resulting measurement data were analysed, and the underlying causes of observed phenomena were examined.
The findings are largely consistent with the observations of the commissioning company. The LSAPC method proved reliable for testing filters in non-unidirectional airflow environ-ments of ISO Class 5. In less clean environments, however, elevated background particle concentrations significantly affected testing, particularly testing edge-areas of the filter. In such cases, the particle background exceeded the leakage threshold, leading to false leakage indications in edge and gasket tests. In contrast, filter media testing and tests conducted in unidirectional airflow conditions were not notably affected, as background concentrations did not interfere with results.Tämä työ keskittyy vertailemaan standardissa ISO 14644-3 asennetuille HEPA-suodattimille määriteltyjä testausmenetelmiä. Pääpainona on LSAPC-testausmenetelmään perehtyminen ja sen soveltuvuuden tutkiminen eri puhtausluokissa. Tavoitteena on selkeyttää soveltuvimman testausmenetelmän valintaa testausympäristön puhtausluokan perusteella.
Työssä perehdytään puhdastiloja, puhdastilojen ilmanvaihtoa, HEPA-suodattimia sekä testausmenetelmiä koskevaan teoriaan. Lisäksi suoritettiin suodatintestauksia eri olosuhteissa LSAPC sekä aerosolifotometri -testausmenetelmillä. Testauksista saadut mittaustulokset analysoitiin sekä niissä havaittuja ilmiöitä ja niiden syitä käsitellään työssä.
Työssä suoritetuista HEPA-suodatintestauksista saadut tulokset ovat suurilta osin saman suuntaisia tilaajayrityksen havaintojen kanssa. LSAPC-testausmenetelmällä onnistuttiin luotettavasti testaamaan suodattimia ei-yhdensuuntaisen ilmavirtauksen tilassa ISO 5 puhtausluokassa. Tätä puhtausluokkaa epäpuhtaammissa tiloissa tilan taustahiukkaspitoisuus alkaa merkittävästi vaikuttamaan varsinkin suodattimen reuna-alueiden testaukseen. Epäpuhtaamman tilan suurempi hiukkasten taustapitoisuus ylittää testaukseen määritellyn vuotorajan indikoiden virheellisesti vuotoa reuna-alueiden sekä tiivisteen vuototestauksessa. Suodatinmedian testauksessa sekä yhdensuuntaisen ilmavirtauksen tiloissa kyseistä ongelmaa ei juurikaan ilmennyt, kun tilan hiukkasten taustapitoisuus ei pääse vaikuttamaan testaukseen
Toward adaptive explainable artificial intelligence : a systematic literature review across human, task context, and model dimensions
Get PDFThis thesis presents the new and growing area of adaptive Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) carried out under the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The research investigates the possibility of explanations being adjusted dynamically in three core aspects: Human, Task, and Model. The review of the 43 studies (2015-2025) points out that although the three dimensions have been extensively studied taken separately, very little research has been done to unify them in an adaptive framework. Most of the existing methods are not yet focused on three dimensions at the same time. The results expose critical research areas that need to be investigated, among them, the absence of three-dimensional adaptation mechanisms and the standardization of evaluation criteria. To tackle these challenges, the thesis proposes a conceptual model for the Adaptive XAI, which underlines the necessity for dynamic and balanced explanations that can vary according to the human, the text context, and the model focus
Towards deployable autonomous robots
No full textAutonomous robots are increasingly expected to operate in industrial yards, warehouses, offices, and outdoor and indoor work sites, where variability in terrain, lighting, weather, and human activity stresses perception, localization, mapping, planning, and control. Achieving deployability under such conditions requires methods that tolerate uncertainty, work within realistic compute/energy and hardware budgets, reduce engineering effort, and make error characteristics explicit. Guided by this perspective, the dissertation advances the algorithmic core of the autonomy stack through four contributions that collectively facilitate real-world deployment.
The first study presents a systematic literature review of autonomous systems for semistructured environments, using mill yards as a representative case. The review maps technologies and sensors across perception, localization and mapping, and path planning and control; discusses feasibility and adoption strategies; highlights implementation challenges; and proposes a conceptual reference autonomy architecture for autonomous navigation and material handling. The second study develops a practical protocol for benchmarking stereo depth sensors and modelling depth errors. Results demonstrate that real-world performance diverges from manufacturer claims, with heavy-tailed error distributions that defy Gaussian assumptions. The study’s approach is inexpensive, reproducible, and offers practical guidance for configuring perception modules.
The third study introduces UDGS-SLAM, which fuses single-image metric depth with 3D Gaussian splatting for dense, photorealistic mapping and pose optimization. UDGSSLAM achieves competitive or superior tracking performance, compared with monocular and RGB-D baselines, as well as high-fidelity view reconstruction. The fourth study presents MoRE, which leverages multiple large language models (LLMs) as concurrent oracles to generate, evaluate, and refine white-box reward functions for reinforcement learning. In 29 Isaac Gym and Dexterity tasks, MoRE matched or surpassed expert, sparse, and single-LLM rewards, achieving top performance on 24 tasks. Ablation studies confirm that diversity, rather than model size alone, drives these gains.
Overall, this dissertation advances the theoretical and practical understanding needed to facilitate real-world deployment of autonomous robots. It contributes: (i) a conceptual reference autonomy architecture for dynamic, semi-structured environments; (ii) a reproducible stereo-depth benchmarking protocol that exposes range-dependent, non-Gaussian error characteristics of depth measurements; (iii) UDGS-SLAM, a monocular photorealistic SLAM system that reduces hardware burden while achieving competitive localization and high-fidelity rendering; and (iv) MoRE, a multi-oracle LLM framework that lowers reward-engineering overhead and delivers strong performance across 29 tasks. Together, these tools and systems reduce engineering effort, enable lean sensing configurations, and improve robustness under real-world noise and variability, and support the wider deployability of autonomous robots.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Orchestrating ICT ecosystem for sustainability transition: strategies, models and empirical evidence from the Finnish ICT sector
Get PDFInformation and communication technology (ICT) has become deeply embedded in our everyday lives, bringing tremendous wealth and prosperity. Sadly, ICT business activities have also resulted in unintended sustainability challenges, including carbon emissions, energy consumption, natural resource depletion, and massive electronic waste. These sustainability challenges are wicked problems, meaning they are complex and systemic, difficult to trace the problem to a single source, and involve multiple interdependent stakeholders. Although many of these sustainability challenges have been discussed for decades among scholars, practitioners, and policymakers, our collective response as ICT ecosystem stakeholders has been inadequate. This dissertation aims to provide Finnish ICT organisations with a framework for advancing the sustainability transition through collective action from ICT ecosystem stakeholders. Based on a qualitative methodology and a multi-stakeholder ecosystem (MSE) approach, the study articulates strategies and approaches to orchestrate ICT ecosystem stakeholders toward supporting systemic change for sustainability. The dissertation reveals four distinct approaches for engaging ICT ecosystem stakeholders to address sustainability challenges: top-down, bottom-up, formal, and informal, all of which are imperative to advancing the sustainability transition in the ICT sector. Theoretically, the dissertation contributes to the literature on ecosystem orchestration, sustainability, and stakeholder engagement by developing an integrated theoretical framework for ecosystem orchestration to achieve sustainability outcomes. For practitioners, the study proposes artifacts to help organizations translate their sustainability visions into concrete actions. The study underscores the importance of collective action among ICT producers, organizations, policymakers, and end-users to advance the sustainability transition in the digital revolution.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Understanding gen Z’s fashion choices : attitudinal, social, and behavioral drivers of second-hand clothing consumption in Finland
Get PDFFast fashion emerges as a leading contributor to environmental degradation due to textile waste and short product lifecycles. In Finland, Gen Z remains reliant on fast fashion despite strong sustainability concerns, reflecting a value–action gap. This thesis investigates the attitudinal, social, and behavioural drivers that drive the intention of Finnish Gen Z consumers to adopt second-hand clothing as a sustainable alternative to fast fashion, thereby understanding the profile of such consumers and recommending strategies for circular fashion brands. Grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the study examines six key constructs: Perceived Functional Value (PFV), Emotional and Identity Alignment (EIA), Social Media and Influencer Impact (SMI), Fear of Social Criticism (FSC), Perceived Access and Convenience (PAC), and Perceived Financial Feasibility (PFF).
The impact of these variables was quantitatively analyzed using SPSS with data collected through a questionnaire distributed to 100 Gen Z consumers who consume fast fashion. Findings revealed that the sample was predominantly female, aged 24-26 years, mostly students earning €1,000–1,499 per month, and spending under €100 on clothing. Two-thirds followed fashion content, with fast fashion still being in demand. Regression analysis showed that PFV, EIA, SMI, PAC, and PFF significantly and positively shaped intention to adopt second-hand clothing consumption. By contrast, FSC had no significant effect, suggesting that Gen Z in Finland is less motivated by social judgment and more by tangible value, identity expression, and practical feasibility.
Theoretically, the study extends TPB by incorporating context-specific variables. Managerially, it provides insights for stakeholders to design strategies that enhance product functionality and identity alignment, leverage digital influence, and improve accessibility and affordability. By doing so, circular fashion initiatives can better align with Gen Z’s evolving consumption patterns, thereby narrowing the value–action gap in sustainable clothing consumption