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Graph-Supported Preparation of GIS Machine Learning Datasets
No full textThe paper presents an approach to preparing spatial (GIS) datasets
for machine learning models, and using graph structure to materialise and
utilise the results. The presented work is based on the Spatially-Triggered
Graph Transformations (STGT) methodology, previously used for many realworld
applications, e.g. in the area of smart cities. A workflow using OSM
data is presented, aimed at improving the granularity and semantic annotation
of map features
Paraisópolis Favela, São Paulo,Brazil: Urban Morphology through the British School
No full textInternationally associated with the Rio de Janeiro scene, favelas are typical features of the urban landscape in all main Brazilian cities, primarily in metropolitan areas. Favelas are the places where the poor are forced to gather to continue living in urban areas, in a process that increasingly pushes them towards the outskirts of the cities. Considering the São Paulo metropolis, the Paraisópolis favela has been mostly shaped by the dwellers’ individual actions, who built it and shaped it to what we see today. The buildings erected by public authorities on the borders of the community represent the main formal breach of continuity. Considering this formal discrepancy and the apparent homogeneity of the urban fabric in Paraisópolis, this article seeks to understand the complexity of the urban form in this favela, working in the theoretical field of urban morphology as presented by Costa and Netto (2014) and Oliveira (2016), as well as in the procedure developed by geographer Conzen (1960), who is considered the creator of the British School of urban morphology. Through the analysis proposed in this study, it has been realized that changes in urban form are consistent with the socioeconomic periods which overlap in today’s city. We have noticed a correlation between the Paraisópolis study, and a study carried out by Conzen (1960) in the city of Alnwick, in England. The database consisted of cartography and aerial photographs found in public planning agencies.
These data were redrawn and georeferenced. Understanding favelas through morphological studies is no novelty; however, the accomplishment of this work has been to remain within the array of the most solid research studies
Climate (In-) Justice in German Cities? Assessing the Relationship between Land Surface Temperature and Affordability of Housing
No full textTwo megatrends cumulate and interact in urban areas: global warming and urbanization. Their combination leads to growing numbers of urbanites affected by negative health impacts. Considering US cities, strong correlations between social indicators like income or race and areas featuring pronounced urban heat island intensities (UHII) are detected. This paper’s objective is to research whether correlations also exist in German cities. The chosen approach relates the affordability of housing (apartment rent as proxy) and land surface temperature (LST) in the seven largest German cities. Results yield no significant correlations between rent levels and LST. Thus, based on the methodology applied and the data used, there is no proof of climate injustice regarding heat hazard and the exposure of different socio-economic groups. One reason might lie in typical German urban morphological structures, e.g., perimeter block development and large housing estates. While high densities, centrality, and fewer urban green characterize the former typology, it is often found in sought-after residential areas and thus relatively hot and costly. The latter consists of large, sparsely distributed structures with vegetation patches in-between, making the surroundings cooler while apartments are often cheaper. The results obtained provide valuable information for planners, real estate development and social politics
Discussion on the effect of topographic barrier on the morphology of Chinese mountainous cities: an example of Southwest China
No full textChina is a mountainous country and mountains account for 69% of the country’s land area. Therefore, relevant scholars believe that the second half of Chinese development with high quality urbanization is in the mountainous region. Topographic barrier in this mountainous district have been produced unique morphology of mountainous cities which also have negative impacts such as excessive construction costs and information blocking. So we take mountainous cities in south-western region which own the most mountainous cities in China, as the research object to analysis how to achieve high-quality development with mountainous region in China. Firstly, we summarize the types of topographic barrier such as horizontal cutting, vertical limitation and integrated guidance to form four morphological types of mountainous cities including clump, ribbon, radial and group over time by figure-to-bottom relationship and typological analysis. Then this interweaving of natural and artificial built environment forms a generalized spatiotemporal evolution model of mountainous cities. Finally, this evolutionary process has also formed spatial effects of different scales from region, urban and block perspective, respectively. Therefore, this article expects to introduce a Chinese unique mountainous urban space, providing a reference for development of mountainous cities in other countries
On the relationship between urban form and amenities: A new perspective from Qom (Iran)
No full textAmenities are fundamental for urban life as they promote socio-economic interactions and enhance city dynamics. Previous studies investigated the relationship between metrics of street network centrality and urban amenities. However, they hardly focused on further aspects of the built environment. A further drawback is that relationships were mainly assessed through linear models even though more complex and non-linear relationships plausibly exist. In this work, we, first, comprehensively describe the urban form of our case study, the city of Qom (Iran), through a set of 55 morphometrics computed at the plot level; second, we investigate the relationship between these metrics and density of amenities, through a set of machine learning techniques that handle non-linear behaviours. The best model explains up to 45% of the variance of the density measure, with coverage ratio, plot size, floor area ratio, street canyon width, and betweenness centrality being the top five explanatory factors. While the findings of this work do not have universal value, the methodology can be replicated to explore the same research question in different contexts. It can also be used as an evidence-based tool to inform design choices in urban redevelopment affecting the location of amenities in cities
Spatial fragmentation as an opportunity for resilience building through urban acupuncture: Learning from Tehran and Bucharest
No full textThe rapid urbanization of metropolitan environments worldwide has led to increasing spatial fragmentation. Disconnected spaces have revealed spatial and social voids that reduce the adaptive capacity of a region. However, these spaces also offer latent potential for urban resilience. Accordingly, this study reveals how urban acupuncture promotes resilience in leftover spaces to reduce or embrace spatial fragmentation. This paper reviews spatial fragmentation and urban resilience from descriptive-analytical and normative perspectives. It proposes urban acupuncture to locate critical spatial structures and processes on a small scale. The study develops a conceptual framework around fragmentation and urban acupuncture. It investigates the assumptions behind the concepts of spatial fragmentation and proposes a dialectical framing of vacancy based on resilience and urban acupuncture, along with a reassessment of leftover space as a planning tool. The framework’s application is demonstrated in Tehran and Bucharest. As a result, spatial fragmentation significantly influences urban resilience to prevent expansion. Urban acupuncture opens the possibility of developing optimistic scenarios by considering leftover spaces and the broader opportunities they generate for urban resilience. Depending on the urban context, this strategy can be applied through a single intervention in a specific place or a network of coordinated interventions in different locations
Spatial Resilience of Local Places: A comparative study on Beijing’s breakfast service before and after Covid-19
No full textThe distribution of breakfast services under the impact of COVID-19 provides an ideal case for studying the supporting role of urban space on self-organized commerce. Based on the large-scale, multi-type and high-precision field survey of breakfast services in the central urban area of Beijing in 2019 and 2020, this paper analyzes the distribution pattern of breakfast services by using topological spatial accessibility based on spatial syntax, combined with the work-housing and commuting density data obtained by mobile signaling. Statistics showed that after the epidemic, the total amount of breakfast decreased and the distribution imbalance was further aggravated but the location of the gathering center was stable. Breakfast services on high topological accessibility streets are more likely to survive. Regression analysis showed that residential density had a greater effect than working density except for breakfast in the supermarket. Streets with high topological accessibility and close to subway stations have a stable supporting effect on the survival of breakfast services
Supporting Surgical Training with the Help of Computer Vision and Machine Learning Methods
No full textThe paper presents a novel concept of laparoscopic skills evaluation
based on the automated analysis of videos recorded during simulationbased
training exercises via an artificial intelligence algorithm. It has been
tested on data collected during the training of actual surgeons. Its performance
is promising, providing an opportunity to build an automatic system
used mainly in developing countries
Morphological characteristics of the waterfront ancient fortress settlement in South-eastern Shanxi based on System Theory: Space Syntax Analyses of Fort Diji in the Qinhe River Basin, China
No full textWith the rapid urban expansion, morphology of the Chinese waterfront ancient fortress settlement struggles to accommodate the changing needs of contemporary life. How to balance the relationship between spatial pattern protection and settlement development is the problem that need to be addressed. Taking Fort Diji (Yangcheng County, Jincheng City, Shanxi Province) as a complex system, morphological characteristics analysis was divided into three research hierarchies based on system theory: 1) the spatial relationship between system and external environment; 2) the spatial organization structures of system's internal spaces; 3) the evolution process of the system in time and space; 4) In addition, research further explored the succession pattern of morphology and undelying organization mechanisms. Two kinds of Space Syntax Analysis Models (Axial Map, Visibility Map) were utilized to each proposed quantitative analysis scenario, focusing on the value of Integration, Connection and Topological Depth. The results include: 1) Poor traffic accessibility and narrow surrounding spaces contradict with tourism development; 2) Introversion of system is difficult to meet frequent communication needs of modern life. 3) Spaces on water with high Visibility value are inaccessible to tourists. 4) System presents three evolution stages: ‘from chaos to order’, ‘from simple to complex’ and ‘from flourish to decline’. Three aspects of sustainable development suggestions were further put forward: Integrate the town road network; Renovate the surrounding environment; Comply with the law of evolution
