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Elementy analizy zespolonej z przykładami
No full textPublikacja elektroniczna.Projekt okładki: Agata Niewiadomsk
Harnessing Switchgrass for Sustainable Energy: Bioethanol Production Processes and Pretreatment Technologies
No full textThis article belongs to the Section A4: Bio-EnergyThis paper investigates bioethanol production from switchgrass, focusing on enhancement of efficiency through various pretreatment methods and comparing two bioethanol production processes: simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). Physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment processes are applied to enhance the breakdown of switchgrass’s lignocellulosic structure. Effects of pretreatments, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation on ethanol yield are discussed in detail. The comparative analysis reveals that SSF yields higher ethanol outputs within shorter times by integrating hydrolysis and fermentation into a single process. In contrast, SHF offers more control by separating these stages. The comparative analysis highlights that SSF achieves higher ethanol yields more efficiently, although it might restrict SHF’s operational flexibility. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current pretreatments, hydrolysis methods, and fermentation processes in bioethanol production from switchgrass, offering insights into their scalability, economic viability, and potential environmental benefits. The findings are expected to contribute to the ongoing discussions and developments in renewable bioenergy solutions, supporting advancing more sustainable and efficient bioethanol production techniques.This research received the support from BIOmass Valorisation via Superheated Steam Torrefaction, Pyrolysis, Gasification Amplified by Multidisciplinary Researchers TRAINing for Multiple Energy and Products’ AddedVALUEs (BioTrainValue), with project number: 101086411, funded under Horizon Europe’s Maria Skłodowska-Curie Staff Exchange program
On Streets. Streets as an Element of Urban Fabric
No full textScientists and practitioners alike use the term public space when referring to squares, plazas, markets or parks; less often it is used in connection with streets, although streets and roads occupy the biggest share of un-built urban space. It is not only the sheer amount that makes streets the most important sphere for an urban society, but streets also represent a continuous and all-accessible spatial construct, a network that spans the entire city.
Our paper provides an in-depth review of selected historical literature that focuses on streets as public space in densely built-up areas; with the aim of developing an understanding of the on-time academic discussion around the requirements and nature of these streets. This should help us to recognise the genesis of our existing urban structures and in particular of the secondary streets.
In the second part, following the previously elaborated findings, we strive to identify existing and potential qualities of those street spaces; whereby it is important for us to leave the usual intra-disciplinary connotations and to read street as an inherent part of the systemic urban parterre. By examining cross-cutting issues that are mostly underrepresented in discipline-specific discourse, the ultimate goal is to achieve a better understanding of one of the most fundamental determinants of a city's quality of life: the actual spatial and functional quality of secondary streets
Interpreting urban voids as the morphological reading tool of Historic Urban Landscape: The case study of former British concession in Tientsin
No full textFollowing the extended cognition of historical urban landscape, former concession areas are considered particular zones with certain historic and artistic values and undergo a tremendous conservative change. Current economic service-oriented transformation raised the issue of environmental rupture, gentrification and the decline of landscape diversity. Giving a glance at the variety of urban voids, this study analyses the neglected formation process of parks, boulevards, plazas as well as the Hang-Dao, and their morphological characteristic through history, integrates them into the general urban construction process meanwhile clarifies their dominating role in historic urban landscape image. Take the whole British concession area of Tientsin in modern time as the target, use historic maps as a discussion base, superimpose historical images and textual information to sort out continuous evolution and formative identities of urban voids. The results reflect in synthesis diagrams of urban void system which are constituted by a dominated crossing-axis and a hierarchical layering grid pattern in two morphological regions. These formative schemes could be further elaborated into conservation planning strategies for historical urban landscape
A Comparison of Shallow Explainable Artificial Intelligence Methods against Grammatical Evolution Approach
No full textThis paper reports on an ongoing, innovative research in the area
of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). An XAI task is considered as
finding an explanation of the model generated via Machine Learning by
identifying the most influential variables for local decision-making. The
proposed approach moves the explanatory process to a new, deeper-level
dimension. It is oriented towards Model Discovery, i.e. the internal structure
and functions of the components. An experiment on Function Discovery
via Grammatical Evolution is reported in brief
Spatial-temporal Changes and Driving Forces of Nanning San Jie Liang Xiang from 1947 to 2020
No full textThe urban space remains and traditional cultures face the contradiction between development and conservation. In urban morphology study, GIS and Spatial Syntax enables quantitative analysis of morphology evolution and explorations of the driving forces through which could control the change of the urban form. This paper is about one case study of San Jie Liang Xiang, Nanning, China. Firstly, four critical periods are defined. And the morphological characteristics and structural relationships of street blocks in each period are extracted. Secondly, space syntax is used to study the morphological evolution in terms of its spatial configuration and the relationship between spatial characteristics and urban development. Third, the morphological evolution and evolution dynamics are matched to explain the law of spatial-temporal change. Finally, this paper attempts to establish spatial form element control to guide the practice, combining form type with form design. In conclusion, the driving forces affect the morphology in the development period. Following the law of morphological evolution, morphological guidance and control based on driving forces research may provide solutions for renewing sustainable historical street blocks
Urban segregation of London social housing estates: Measuring access to the city and the question of regeneration
No full textWhile London is currently experiencing an acute shortage in affordable housing, local authorities are selling existing council estates for private redevelopment. This practice is often explained with the notion of failure of certain buildings, such as the Robin Hood gardens estate which went on to be partly demolished in 2017. At the same time increasing evidence has been gathered, which shows that social, walkable streets and neighbourhood amenities are especially important to economically vulnerable groups as they provide the basis for local communities that act as social support networks through childcare, informal employment, or housing.
However, it is often these groups that are most affected by segregation through the urban form of the neighbourhood and limited access to the wider city. Research into segregated communities by Legeby, among others, suggests that a simple regeneration of the buildings themselves does not tackle the underlying problem of social urban resource distribution. This research will investigate the relation of urban form to the potential of pedestrian activity and distribution of neighbourhood resources for four high-rise council housing estates in London. An innovative workflow combines space syntax measures with Gravity accessibility, including the access to amenities such as shops and restaurants via the street network. The findings suggest that access to the resources the city provides, including access to urban co-presence, is very unequally distributed between the four case studies. It is also shown to what degree some urban form is creating obstacles and how it can be measured and compared. Improving opportunities through urban form in the neighbourhood may be an alternative to demolition of the buildings. Quantifying these inequalities offers a more nuanced debate about social housing redevelopment and a pathway for sustainable improvement
Digital Twin for Training Set Generation for Unexploded Ordnance Classification
No full textThe use of machine learning methods for unexploded ordnance
(UXO) detection and classification is very limited. This limitation derives
from the lack of representative and enough large training data. To overcome
this issue we propose a construction of a digital twin where UXO and
non-UXO objects are represented using mathematical models in a simulated
Earth magnetic field. The use of digital twins allows for simulating and collecting
a large training set which can be used for training machine learning
models. In the conducted research we discuss obtained results and point out
several of the detected problems
The places of the crisis as a gnoseological field of new interpretative processes
No full textThe research filed is the plastic-masonry territory of Mediterranean, focused on the city of Taranto: a city of ancient Magna Graecia, characterized by an extraordinary historical-archaeological-landscape palimpsest, for decades subject to regressive transformations, due to vast industrial plants and scattered settlements, detached from the organic relationship with the historic city, with its sea, with the countryside. The aim is to experiment methods to resolve the pathologies of the contemporary city with regard to the palimpsest inherited from urban history, focusing above all on public spaces. The method is based on the historical-processual reading, aimed at understanding the formative phases of the city and at identifying and classifying the phenomena composing and characterizing the aggregative space. Starting from this reading, the essay proposes a reflection on regressive phenomena, through a project experimenting a critical relationship between original codes, organic evolutions, critical transformations and their possible re-meanings. The project site is to the north of ‘Mar Piccolo’, a sea basin facing the historic city. An area with landscape values, subject to regressive phenomena due the presence of the largest steel plant in Europe and bounded by the shipyards and the ‘Tamburi’ district, detached from the direct relationship and organic with the historical city. These issues allow to reflect critically not only on the specific theme, but also on the meaning and methods of the contemporary project. Rethinking these places in fact means making a critical and multidisciplinary comparison between consolidated urban codes and the current needs. A comparison that becomes the gnoseological field through which to plan the renewal actions according to a critical continuity capable, at the same time, of revealing new meanings of urban grammar