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Trance: an architecture for altered states: reintroducing ritual and altered states of consciousness to the human experience in order to promote a holistic wellbeing
No full textThe lenses through which we see the world defines us, but we have the ability to step outside ourselves, change the lens, and see the world from a new perspective. This design dissertation investigates a proposal for a magic mushroom retreat in the Drakensberg, a substance that can bring to light the hidden aspects of ourselves, and as such enable a (w)holistic approach to being in the world. It affords us a glimpse of a world beyond our ordinary reality and allows us to bring back insights to our reality. The aim of this proposal is to provide a physical framework for the reintroduction of ritual and altered states of consciousness to the human experience. It sets the stage for a recalibration of the self to nature and the soul. A threshold between worlds. The architecture explores the relationship between the physical and the metaphysical through symbolism and embodied experience. Both emplaced and out of this world, the building defines itself as a part of the landscape and transcends it. It is an exercise in intuitive architecture, designing for future ruin and the building as a narrative. The research conducted throughout this thesis sets out to investigate the role of altered states of consciousness, myth, ritual and trance in our experience of the metaphysical. My interest in this topic is the natural result of a dedication to exploring the realms of consciousness and to the upliftment of the human soul. This dissertation follows the narrative of a journey. The end destination is not known, but we have faith in the process. Let us broaden the lens and open our eyes to a different way of being
Coping, resilience, self-esteem and age as predictors of psychological well-being amongst undergraduate university students
No full textPsychological Well-being is considered to be more than merely being free from stress and not having any psychological difficulties. It incorporates positive self-perception, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, autonomy, purpose in life, and emotions focused towards healthy development (Ryff, 1995; Ryff & Singer, 1998; Sosik et al., 2017). Stress is often used in the description of coping, as, without stress, there is no need to cope (Jurji et al., 2018). The coping style that university students adopt is often used as a predictor for PWB and their ease of settling into the university environment (Pluut et al., 2015). Additionally, individuals with high levels of resilience are more often able to maintain PWB in stressful and adverse situations (Shahdadi et al., 2017; Videlock et al., 2016). Moreover, high self-esteem contributes to greater PWB than low self-esteem overall (Swann & Bosson, 2010). PWB is beneficial for adults to live a healthy life, making it an important aspect of one's life in the university years, which can be chaotic and full of psychological stress (Molina-García et al., 2011). This study aimed to investigate which variables or combination of variables (Coping, Resilience, Self-esteem, and Age) explain a significant percentage of the variance in Psychological Well-being (PWB) amongst undergraduate university students. In order to determine the correlations between the variables, a correlational design was central to the non-experimental, quantitative study. This research study made use of an existing set of data from a larger research project. A non-probability convenience sampling method was employed in the original research project to recruit 1191 registered undergraduate university students between the ages of 18 and 29 at the University of the Free State. The sample included participants from all ethnic groups, cultures, languages, genders, provinces, majors and religious backgrounds. The measuring instruments included a biographical questionnaire, Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being (SPWB), the Resilience Scale (RS), the Coping Strategy Indicator (CSI), and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES). A correlation analyses was conducted, followed by a hierarchical multiple regression analyses which was used to analyse the data. From this, the combination of the predictor variables (Coping, Resilience, Self-esteem, and Age) statistically significantly predicted PWB. In terms of the hierarchical multiple regression results there was one result that was statistically and practically significant. With Self-acceptance as the criterion variable, the hierarchical regression analyses found that the combination of the independent variables (coping, resilience, self-esteem, and age) accounted for 37.3% of the variance in the Self-acceptance scores of the sample indicating a statistically significant result on the 1% level. Practically, this indicates that 37.3% of the variance in the Self-acceptance scores of the university students can be explained by the combination of their coping skills, levels of resilience, their self-esteem, and age. From this, 11.5% of the variance in the Self-acceptance scores of the sample is accounted for by Self-esteem as a statistically significant predictor variable. The medium comparable effect size (f2 = 0.18) suggests that this finding is of practical significance and the statistical significance is at the 1% level. In addition to the hierarchical multiple regression analysis, stepwise regression analyses was further conducted independently for each subscale of the criterion variable (Autonomy, Personal Growth, Positive Relations, Purpose in Life, and Self-acceptance). From the stepwise regression analyses, the discussion of the results focused mainly on self-esteem, which proved to significantly (both practically and statistically) account for the variance in the PWB dimensions. More research on PWB amongst university students in South Africa is required to validate these findings
The effect of computer simulation on Grade 11 learners’ conceptualisation of stoichiometric chemistry
No full textThis study, titled The Effect of Computer Simulation on Grade 11 Learners’ Conceptualisation of Stoichiometric Chemistry, was carried out at a school in the Frances Baard District of the Northern Cape province of South Africa. Stoichiometric chemistry is a topic in physical sciences in Grades 10–12 in the South African secondary school curriculum. Poor conceptualisation of the topic by learners and, hence, their failure to apply the concepts to problem-solving in the same and other topics in chemistry, cause concern. The study was conducted with the theoretical framework of activity theory. The study employed a mixed method design that consisted of a pre-test post-test experimental design, a questionnaire and interviews. Two Grade 11 physical sciences classes were involved in the study, one as a control group of 30 learners and the other as an experimental group of 32 learners. Both groups were taught stoichiometric chemistry after the SCAT pre-test. The experimental group obtained an intervention comprising computer simulations during teaching, while the control group was taught using the lecture method. After the post-test was written, a questionnaire was distributed to all learners, and interviews were conducted with six learners of each group. The ANOVA that was performed shows that learners of the control and experimental groups were comparable in terms of prior knowledge of the topic of stoichiometric chemistry. The paired t-test shows that both groups improved their performance in stoichiometric chemistry. However, the ANCOVA results show that the experimental group had a greater improvement in performance than the control group. The results of the qualitative test response analysis of the SCAT post-test, questionnaire and interviews show that the experimental group conceptualised stoichiometric chemistry better than the control group. The quantitative and qualitative data was triangulated, and it also indicated that the experimental group conceptualised stoichiometric chemistry better than the control group
Mining, corporate social responsibility and communities in Limpopo Province: the case study of Mogalakwena Local Municipality
No full textThe current study scrutinised the positive and negative effects of the communities closer to the Anglo-American Platinum Mine (AAPM) in Limpopo Province, Mogalakwena Local Municipality. A qualitative approach was applied to this study, and respondents were selected through crucial informants. The researcher also used a semi-structured interview method. Currently, the mining policies introduced in South Africa, such as the Mineral and Petroleum Resource Act No 28 of 2002 (MPRDA), as well as other mining sector policies. The study also discussed the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 and emphasised that the mining right cannot be issued without the Environmental Impact Assessment Study (EIA). NEMA was ammended during 2014 where the South African Government proposed that the mining companies should put finances aside for the rehabilitation of the land. Broad-Based Socio-Economic Empowerment (BBSE) was introduced to redress the issue of the past. The MPRDA also redressed and developed the mining sector by introducing the Social Labour Plan (SLP). The SLP guidelines also clarify the mining industry about the development and improvement of the local economy. Human resource development primarily focuses on increasing mining skills. The mining charter also introduced the procurement plan divided into three levels: consumables, capital goods, and services. Research revealed that the Ga-Mapela communities were significantly provided with social infrastructures by the AAMP. The AAMP employed the local community who have matric certificates with mathematics and physical sciences. Direct traditional community leaders from different Ga-Mapela villager’s asked the AAMP to develop a gravel main road. However, they were referred to government. Ga-Mapela communities also experience the adverse effects of AAMP mining activities. Those negative effects include noise and dust during blasting, disturbing the community, and cracking houses. The natural resources were also affected, especially the local river water and groundwater. The community noted the changing taste of groundwater, while the animals died after drinking the river water. Mountains and graveyards are negatively affected by AAMP mining activities. The AAMP employed a few communities due to requirements. When the youth realised the AAMP has a prerequisite before hiring, they mobilised themselves and protested. During the expansion, the AAMP informed paramount chiefs and community forums, excluding direct local traditional leaders, which caused the protests. The study recommends that the AAMP a create friendship with local communities, reduce the health hazard and protect the environment and biodiversity. Government and AAMP should work together in the development of the local economy and generate employment for the local community. However, intensive research should be conducted by the AAMP before implementing any development to the community
The meaning and symbolism of cultural dress practices in Lesotho
No full textThis study investigated the perceptions of the Lesotho College of Education staff and students in the Maseru district, and elderly people from the districts of Quthing and Botha-Bothe on the meaning and symbolism of cultural dress practices in Lesotho. The cultural dress practices with meaning or symbolism have not been extensively interrogated and recorded and are at the verge of extinction. Other studies on Basotho dress have indicated some gaps pointing to a need to determine, preserve and communicate the distinctive nuances attributed to the overall Basotho dress (PhetoMoeti, 2005:90). The study sought to address these gaps regarding the Basotho cultural dress practices. Accessibility of the information currently found in the Sesotho literature was interrogated to widen the scope of knowledge. The aim of this study was to determine knowledge and explore meanings, symbolism and cultural practices of dress of different rites of passage and artefacts for different cultural activities of Basotho and also to identify factors that influenced these cultural practices. This study was premised on the theory of symbolic interactionism developed by George Herbert Mead (1863-1931). In addition, a cultural perspective enabled the understanding of the meanings of cultural dress practices as they were developed over time within different historical contexts of the Basotho people (Kaiser, 1990). The research design for the study was an explanatory sequential mixed method approach in which a quantitative survey was followed by a qualitative phase (Creswell 2014). The target population was the Lesotho College of Education staff and students in the Maseru district and elderly persons in the selected villages of Ha Mosuoe and Ha Belo in Quthing and Botha-Bothe districts respectively. The staff and student populations were 200 and 590, and sample sizes of 132 and 233 at 0.05 confidence interval respectively. The study raised a number of important observations. It showed that there was need to preserve and encourage the conservation of Basotho cultural dress artefacts and practices for future generations to prevent their extinction. Preservation and encouragement of Basotho cultural dress practices was a contribution that will lead to their restoration and appreciation. Consequently, the future generation shall be endowed with respect (hlonipha), sense of self-identity, and patriotism. Adherence to cultural dress practices was retained by a few individuals who were still attached to these practices, placing them in danger of being replaced by modern practices. Even though the respondents showed a high degree of knowledge and understanding of meaning or symbolism of cultural dress practices for the various stages of human development, the existence of these practices was under the threat of Christianity and modernisation because they were no longer observed by everybody any more. Adoption of the changes brought by Christianity and modernisation to Basotho cultural dress practices has resulted in the suppression of indigenous creativity and gradual cultural loss. For Basotho to have accepted that modern dress practices were more decent than their cultural dress practices led to the gradual loss of their heritage. The Basotho blanket has been adopted as the traditional dress for the national identity for Basotho replacing the original cowhide and skin karosses. Seshoeshoe dress has replaced setea as a traditional identity dress for Basotho women. The result of this was the suppression and abdication of indigenous creativity of their cultural dress practices. In order to respond to the issues raised by the study it is recommended that the Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Culture in conjunction with the Education sectors and other stakeholders should develop appropriate policies that will facilitate education for the appreciation of cultural dress practices as part of required knowledge for the Basotho nation
Time motion analysis of under-19 rugby union players during match-play
No full textIntroduction: Rugby is a highly intermittent sport that is characterized by many different physical demands such as walking, jogging, running and sprinting at maximal velocities. The requirements between forward and backline players differ, so do the physical and physiological demands of u/19 rugby players. Understanding the physiological demands of u/19 rugby is essential to the development of rugby coaching as well as strength and conditioning programmes in South Africa. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to profile physical and physiological demands of under-19 rugby players during match-play in the 2019 rugby season, as well as to compare these demands across different positional groups. The following physical demands were recorded using global positioning system (GPS) technology for time motion analysis (TMA): total player load, total player load per metre, distance covered, total distance percentage in velocity bands 1-5, total duration in velocity bands 1-5, and the maximum velocity. Methods: GPS data of the 15 player positions in rugby for u/19 first team schoolboy rugby players were collected in 11 matches, with 149 data sets. GPS data was collected by the Catapult Minimax X4 units to determine the physiological demands of on-field playing positions. The following variables were recorded: total player load, total player load per metre, distance covered, total distance percentage in velocity bands 1-5, total duration in velocity bands 1-5, and the maximum velocity. This study made use of a quantitative, cross-sectional research design to determine the physical demands of u/19 rugby match-play using GPS technology. Specific measuring equipment, namely tri-axial accelerometer GPS technology, was used to measure the physical activity profile of u/19 rugby players. Participants were selected using non-random sampling. The researcher had the availability of these players and therefore used convenient sampling. Furthermore, the pairwise mean differences between playing positions were estimated, together with P-values associated with the null-hypothesis of zero mean difference between the pair of playing positions in question. Results: The total player load (TPL) was higher in forwards than in backline players, with locks experiencing the highest TPL. The data in Table 4.1 shows that the mean TPL for all positions in under-19 rugby was 583.7 Player Load™(PL) (au). The highest mean TPL values were experienced by the positions locks (636.4 PL (au)), props (603.3 PL (au)) and lose forwards (600 PL (au)). The lowest mean TPL values were experienced by the flyhalf (541.7 PL(au)), wings (526.1 PL(au)) and fullback (556.8 PL (au)) playing positions. The mean total distance covered by all under-19 rugby players was 5733.5 m over a period of 11 matches in 2019. The fullback position covered the highest distance 6119.2 m, followed by the scrumhalf 5872.6 m, centres 5800.3 m, flyhalf 5689.4 m and all backline positions. The forwards covered lower distances than that of backline players, except for the position of hooker 5796.7 m. Lock 5695.8 m and loose forwards 5692.1 m had similar distances. The lowest mean value for total distance was by the props covering 5584.5 m on average. This confirms that distances covered are higher in backline players. The mean maximum velocity value for all positions was 8.3 m.sˉ¹. The total duration mean value for all players showed that the most time was spent in velocity bands (VB)1-2, compared to less time spent in VB3 and the least time spent in VB4 and 5. Conclusions: The study revealed the differences in the player profile of u/19 rugby players participating in first team rugby at u/19 level. The findings confirm that the physical demands of forwards and backline positions differ from one another, as is true when comparing u/19 rugby to professional rugby. GPS technology can be used as a monitoring tool for player management and the findings of the study should be considered when designing conditioning programmes. Forwards and backline players have different physical demands and should be trained accordingly in u/19 rugby
Historical perspectives on the development of Sesotho linguistics with reference to syntactic categories
No full textThesis (Ph.D.(African Languages))--University of the Free State, 2021Numerous scholars, including missionaries of various denominations of the past as well as other contemporary Sesotho linguists, have written on various aspects of the Sesotho language, especially in unpublished research theses and dissertations. However, there is no publication, which formerly traces the diachronic development of Sesotho linguistics, and in particular, the identification and classification of Sesotho syntactic categories within a particular linguistic developmental period. This research study traces the historical development of Sesotho syntactic categories. It also traces over time how various linguists have identified, described, and analyzed Sesotho syntactic categories, looking at the prominent characteristics of various linguistic periods, namely the pre-literacy period (1659-1800), historical-comparative period (1800-1826), missionary period (1826-1927), structural/functional period (1927-1975) and modern/Chomskyan period (1975 to date). It has been observed that during the pre-literary period, Sesotho was a spoken language and the transmission of information, history, and involvement within the Basotho was predominantly through the oral practice and performance rather thano n written texts.
The Basotho people used oral traditions such as folklore, proverbs, riddles, songs, and stories to pass information from one generation to another. The missionaries introduced Sesotho orthography and Sesotho grammar where syntactic categories such as nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections were identified; where grammatical concepts such as case in Sesotho and its various types were also identified, the concept that was later disputed by Doke and Mofokeng. In the structural period, Doke, van Wyk, and Ziervogel identified more syntactic categories besides nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and conjunctions. They added copulatives, interjections, and relatives. The Chomskyan period broadly classified Sesotho syntactic categories; it provides a full description and analysis of sentences, phrases, and words. It identified five broad syntactic categories, namely i) sentences as parts of speech, ii) Phrases as grammatical categories, iii) Lexical categories as syntactic categories (this category consists of nouns, verbs, copulatives, deficient verbs, adverbs, adjectives, relatives, conjunctions, prepositions, quantifiers, and enumerative), iv) Inflectional categories (agreement of inflection, tense, mood, aspects, and negatives) and v) Empty categories such as pronouns, null subject, and the infinitive. Finally, this study presents an observation that the analysis of grammatical phenomena at different times in the history of African Languages, were patterned and classified according to European classical languages and prominent characteristics of a particular linguistic period, despite their unique grammatical structures, and that with the arrival of the modern linguistic approaches (Generative Transformational Grammar), which filtered through at a later stage in the historical development of African languages, recognized the uniqueness of syntactic categories of African Languages, bringing them back into their spaces of history and securing their lost identity.
___________________________________________________________________Talle geleerdes, insluitend sendelinge van verskeie denominasies van die verlede sowel as ander hedendaagse Sesotho-taalkundiges, het al oor verskeie aspekte van die Sesotho-taal geskryf, veral in ongepubliseerde navorsingstesisse en proefskrifte. Daar is egter geen publikasie wat die diachroniese ontwikkeling van die Sesotho-linguistiek naspeur nie, en veral nie die identifikasie en klassifikasie van Sesotho-sintaktiese kategorieë binne 'n bepaalde linguistiese ontwikkelingsperiode nie. Hierdie navorsingstudie volg die historiese ontwikkeling van Sesotho-sintaktiese kategorieë. Dit bestudeer ook hoe verskeie taalkundiges Sesotho-sintaktiese kategorieë oor tyd geïdentifiseer, beskryf en ontleed het, met die oog op die prominente kenmerke van verskeie linguistiese tydperke, naamlik die pre-geletterdheidsperiode (1659-1800), histories-vergelykende tydperk (1800-1826), sendingstydperk (1826-1927), strukturele/funksionele tydperk (1927-1975) en moderne/Chomskyaanse tydperk (1975 tot op datum). Daar is waargeneem dat Sesotho gedurende die pre-literêre tydperk 'n gesproke taal was en die oordrag van inligting, geskiedenis en betrokkenheid van die Basotho was hoofsaaklik deur die mondelinge praktyk en uitvoering eerder as deur geskrewe teks. Die Basotho-mense het mondelinge tradisies soos volksverhale, spreekwoorde, raaisels, liedjies en stories gebruik om inligting van een geslag na 'n ander oor te dra. Die sendelinge het Sesotho-ortografie en Sesotho-grammatika bekendgestel waar sintaktiese kategorieë soos selfstandige naamwoorde, voornaamwoorde, werkwoorde, bywoorde, byvoeglike naamwoorde, voegwoorde, voorsetsels, en tussenwerpsels geïdentifiseer is; waar grammatikale begrippe soos hoofletters in Sesotho en die verskillende reëls ook geïdentifiseer is – ’n konsep wat later deur Doke en Mofokeng betwis is.
In die strukturele tydperk het Doke, Van Wyk en Ziervogel meer sintaktiese kategorieë naas selfstandige naamwoorde, voornaamwoorde, werkwoorde, bywoorde, byvoeglike naamwoorde en voegwoorde geïdentifiseer. Hulle het kopulatiewe, tussenwerpsels en familielede bygevoeg. Die Chomsky-tydperk het Sesotho-sintaktiese kategorieë breedweg geklassifiseer; dit verskaf 'n volledige beskrywing en ontleding van sinne, frases en woorde. Dit het vyf breë sintaktiese kategorieë geïdentifiseer, naamlik i) sinne as dele van spraak, ii) frases as grammatikale kategorieë, iii) leksikale kategorieë as sintaktiese kategorieë (hierdie kategorie bestaan uit selfstandige naamwoorde, werkwoorde, kopulatiewe, gebrekkige werkwoorde, bywoorde, byvoeglike naamwoorde, verwantskappe, voegwoorde, voorsetsels, kwantifiseerders, en enumeratief), iv) verbuigingskategorieë (ooreenkoms van verbuiging, tyd, stemming, aspekte en negatiewe) en v) leë kategorieë soos voornaamwoorde, nulsubjek en die infinitief. Laastens bied hierdie studie 'n waarneming dat die ontleding van grammatikale verskynsels op verskillende tye in die geskiedenis van Afrikatale gevorm en geklassifiseer is volgens Europese klassieke tale en prominente kenmerke van 'n bepaalde linguistiese tydperk, ten spyte van hul unieke grammatikale structure. Met die koms van die moderne linguistiese benaderings (Generative Transformational Grammar), wat op 'n later stadium in die historiese ontwikkeling van Afrikatale deurgesyfer het, is die uniekheid van sintaktiese kategorieë van Afrikatale erken, om terug te keer na hul geskiedenisruimte en hul verlore identiteit te hervestig.
___________________________________________________________________Baithuti ba bangata, ba kenyeletsang baruti ka dikereke tse fapaneng ba nakong ya kgale le baithuti ba nakong ya jwale ya dipolelo tsa Sesotho, ba ngotse ka dikarolo tse fapakaneng tsa sebopeho sa puo ya Sesotho, haholoholo dingolweng tsa diphuputso tse sa phatlalatswang. Leha e le hore ha ho dingolwa tse phatlaladitsweng, tse hlakisang diphuputso tsa sebopeho sa puo ya Sesotho, haholoholo tlhakiso le tlhophiso ya dipolelo tsa Sesotho ka dikarolo ho ipapisitswe le nako ya ntshetsopele ya sebopeho sa puo. E boetse e latellisa ka nako e itseng hore na mefuta ya baithuti ba puo na ba utlwisisitse, ba hlalositse, le ho sheba dibopeho tsa dipolelo tsa Sesotho, ba shebile dibopeho tse hlahellang tse fapakaneng ka dinako tse fapaneng tsa sebopeho sa puo e leng nako ya pele ho mongolo (1659-1800), nako ya nalane ya papiso (1800-1826), le nako ya baruti (1826-1927), esita le nako ya tshebediso (1927-1975), le nako ya jwale kapa nako ya Chomsky (1975 ho fihlela jwale). Ho bonahetse hore nakong ya pele ho mongolo, Sesotho se ne se buuwa mme ho fetisetsana melaetsa, nalane le ho kenella ha Basotho ho ne ho etswa haholoholo ka molomo le botshwantshisi eseng ka dingolwa. Basotho ba sebedisitse neanotaba jwalo ka ditshomo, maele, dilotho, dipina le dipale ho fetisa ditaba ho tloha molokong o mong ho ya ho o mong. Baruti ba qadile mongolo wa Sesotho ekasitana le sebopeho sa puo ya Sesotho moo dikarolo tsa polelo jwalo ka mantswe, maemedi, maetsi, makgethi, mahlalosi, makopanyi, mabopi le makgotsi di ileng tsa utlwisiswa, mme dikarolo tsa puo jwalo ka tsa puo ya Sesotho le dikarolo tse ding tsa puo ya Sesotho di ileng tsa utlwisiswa e leng se ileng sa hanwa ke Doke le Mofokeng ha morao.
Nakong ya sebopehopuo, Doke, van Wyk, le Zievogel ba ile ba utlwisisa tse ngata tse bopang polelo ho fapana le mantswe, maemedi, maetsi, makgethi, mahlalosi le makopanyi. Ba ile ba kenyeletsa leetsi-leba, makgotsi le marui. Nako ya Chomsky ka ho pharalla e ka utlwisiswa e le nako ya kahopolelo ya Sesotho, mme ya hlaloswa ka ho phethahala le ho qhaqholla polelo, sekapolelo le mantswe. Ke nako ya ho utlwisisa polelo ka makala a mahlano a pharalletseng e leng: (i)polelo e le karolo ya dikarolo tsa puo ya Sesotho, (ii)dikarolwana tsa sebopeho sa puo, (iii) maetsinyana, (ii) di ka maetsi, (iv) hlooho boiketsi (tumellano ya boiketsi, nako, mokgwa, dikarolwana le tatolo), (v) tse se nang mabitso jwaloka maemedi, mahlalosi le tse haellwang di haellwa. Qetellong, boithuto bona bo beha seo e se bonang e le hore boqhaqholli ba sebopehopuo dinakong tse fapakaneng nalaneng ya dipuo tsa Maafrika, di fuwe le sebopeho le ho hlophollwa ho ya ka dipuo tsa Mayuropa le ho fuwa ditshobotsi tse totobetseng tsa nako eo, ho sa tsotellwe sebopeho sa tsona se ikgethang, le ho fihla ha mekgwa e metjha ya ho hlahloba sebopeho sa puo tse hlahisitsweng hamorao ntshetsopeleng ya nalane ya dipuo tsa Maafrika, e hlokomela sebopeho se ikgethang sa dikarolo tsa dipolelo tsa dipuo tsa Maafrika, e di kgutlisetsa morao ho nalane le tshireletso ya boitsebo bo lahlehileng.
___________________________________________________________________Izazi eziningi, okuhlanganisa izithunywa zevangeli zamahlelo ehlukene ezikhathi ezedlule kanye nabanye ongoti bezilimi zesiSuthu besimanje, babhale ngezinto ezihlukahlukene zolimi lwesiSuthu, ikakhulukazi emibhalweni yocwaningo engashicilelwe. Kodwa-ke, akukho okushicilelwe, phambilini okulandelela ukukhula kolimi lwesiSuthu, ikakhulukazi, ukuhlonza nokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba zohlelo lwesiSuthu esikhathini esithile sokuthuthuka kolimi. Lolu cwaningo lulandelela ukuthuthuka komlando kwezigaba zesintekthiki yesiSuthu. Luphinde futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lulandele ukuthi izazi ezahlukene zezilimi ziye zahlonza, zachaza, futhi zahlaziya kanjani izigaba zesintekthiki yesiSuthu, zibheka izici ezivelele zezikhathi zolimi ezihlukahlukene, okuyinkathi yangaphambi kokufunda nokubhala (1659–1800), inkathi yokuqhathanisa umlando (1800–1826), inkathi yezithunywa zevangeli (1826–1927), inkathi yesakhiwo/yokusebenza (1927–1975) kanye nenkathi yesimanje/ yamaChomskyan (1975 kuze kube imanje). Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sangaphambi kokufunda nokubhala, isiSuthu bekuwulimi olukhulunywayo futhi ukudluliswa kolwazi, umlando, kanye nokubandakanyeka phakathi kwabeSuthu kwakuvame kakhulu ngokukhuluma ngomlomo nangokwenza okuthile esikhundleni sokuthi kube ngemibhalo. AbeSuthu babesebenzisa ubuciko bomlomo obunjengezinganekwane, izaga, iziphicaphicwano, amaculo, nezindaba ukuze badlulisele ulwazi ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Izithunywa zevangeli zethula ukubhalwa kolimi lwesiSuthu kanye nohlelo lolimi lwesiSuthu lapho kwahlonzwa khona izigaba zesintekthiki ezifana namabizo, izabizwana, izenzo, izandiso, izichasiso, izihlanganiso, izandiso, nezinqamuleli; lapho kwabuye kwahlonzwa khona amagama ngengegama ‘icala’ esiSuthwini kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zalo, igama elabuye laphikiswa kamuva liphikiswa nguDoke noMofokeng.
Esikhathini sokuhlela, u-Doke, u-Van Wyk, kanye no-Ziervogel bahlonza ezinye izigaba zesintekthiki ngaphandle kwamabizo, izabizwana, izenzo, izandiso, izichasiso, nezihlanganiso. Banezela amakhophulethivu, ama-inthajekshini, nezihlobo. Isikhathi samaChomskyan sahlukanisa ngokubanzi izigaba zesintekthiki yesiSuthu; sinikeza incazelo egcwele kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemisho, imishwana, namagama. Ihlonze izigaba ezinhlanu ezibanzi zesintekthiki, okungukuthi i) imisho njengezingcezu zenkulumo, ii) Imisho njengezigaba zohlelo lolimi, iii) Izigaba zamagama njengezigaba zesintekthiki (lesi sigaba sakhiwe ngamabizo, izenzo, izihlanganisi, izenzo, izandiso, izichasiso, izihlobo, izihlanganiso, izandiso, izilinganiso, kanye nokubala), iv) Izigaba zokuguquguquka (isivumelwano sokuguquguquka kwezwi, inkathi, isimo sengqondo, izingxenye, amagama aphikisayo) kanye v) nezigaba ezingenalutho njengezabizwana, ukungabibikho kwenhloko, isenzo. Okokugcina, lolu cwaningo luveza umbono wokuthi ukuhlaziya uhlelo lolimi ngezikhathi ezehlukene emlandweni wezilimi zase-Afrikha, zenziwa futhi zahlukaniswa ngokwezilimi zasendulo zaseYurophu kanye nezici ezivelele zenkathi ethile yolimi, naphezu kwezakhiwo zazo ezihlukile zohlelo, nokuthi ukufika kwezindlela zesimanje zezilimi (i-Generative Transformational Grammar), ezahlunga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ekuthuthukisweni komlando wezilimi zase-Afrikha, zabona ukwehluka kwezigaba zesintekthiki yezilimi zase-Afrikha, zizibuyisela ezindaweni zazo zomlando kanye nokuvikela ukulahleka kwazo.
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Interethnic conflict and the role of traditional leaders in the truth and reconciliation programme in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
No full textThesis (Ph.D. (Centre for Africa Studies))--University of the Free State, 2021This empirical research was built on the failure of military operations, and formal peacebuilding processes sought to curb the interethnic conflicts revolving around the issues of land, citizenship and political power in the North Kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This study focused on the truth and reconciliation process designed by the Amani Programme in 2008 for the eastern provinces of North Kivu and South Kivu. It probed the role of the traditional leaders in the said programme for the period between 2008 and 2018. In order to establish its argument, this case study relied on data collected from eleven focus groups and thirty interviews purposively selected. Focus group discussions were conducted among members of CBOs, civil society, field NGOs, church leaders and members of field organisations, while interviews were conducted with traditional/ethnic leaders, church leaders, UN officials, government officials, and members of the civil society. Theoretically, this study used Lederach’s Conflict Transformation Theory and peace education. On the one hand, from the transformative viewpoint, the study's findings revealed that peacebuilding processes failed because they did not consider the local context of North Kivu, which endorses the full participation of the grassroots leadership represented by traditional leaders. On the other hand, this study found that informal and formal education for peace is still insufficient in the province. Clearly, there is a need for change, which is possible if a bottom-up approach is adopted where traditional leaders become the initiators of the reconciliation programme. It is worth noting that traditional leaders have the attribute to manage and distribute land as land question is one of the underlying causes of ethnic conflict in North Kivu. The engagement that restores the bami in their status as peacemakers can significantly change communities’ attitudes and perceptions. There is a strong need to engage the community in more workshops and meetings for reconciliation at the communal level
A clinical audit of red blood cell transfusion at National District Hospital
No full textDissertation (M.Med.(Family Medicine))--University of the Free State, 2021: Red blood cell transfusion is one of the most critical and expensive live-saving treatment modalities. Literature has shown that restrictive transfusion is safe and yields good patient outcomes. Evidence shows that a clinical audit is one of the most valuable instruments to determine if transfusion practices align with the guidelines and identify knowledge deficiencies. The National District Hospital was audited against the South African guidelines, including trigger conditions, administrative standards and monitoring requirements.
: To evaluate the red blood transfusion practice and patients’ outcomes at National District Hospital and determine adherence to transfusion guidelines.
: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted. Blood transfusion registers in the hospital were used to compile all transfusion episodes from 01 June 2019 to 31 December 2019. Files were retrieved from the admissions office using that list. A datasheet was used. The department of Biostatistics at the University of the Free State processed the data.
: One hundred eighteen (118) transfusion episodes occurred in the study period, 78 files could be retrieved, but only 76 met the inclusion criteria. The median age was 47. HIV (44.7%) was the most common comorbid condition. A large percentage of patients (81.6%) received oral iron as an additional treatment. Pre-transfusion haemoglobin was documented for all patients with a median of 4.6 g/dL. All ordered units were transfused. The audit revealed that 68% of
the cases adhered to the guidelines.
: Most of the transfusion episodes adhered to the guidelines. Training on transfusion medicine recommended
Evaluation of a training manual for groundwater resource management and groundwater governance for municipalities in South Africa
No full textGroundwater knowledge is crucial in water scarce countries like South Africa. The management of groundwater resources are often neglected, and there is a lack of proper knowledge in groundwater as a discipline. It is vital that countries such as South Africa enlighten the public and knowledgeable individuals about groundwater. Groundwater resource management and groundwater governance in municipalities is required to improve groundwater management and governance. The enhancement of knowledge and skills will improve groundwater governance and management and educate individuals on groundwater use, sustainability, and protection. These problems can be resolved by developing and providing an easy-access platform. The platform provides individuals from various disciplines with sufficient information to gain general knowledge of groundwater. The development of an easy-access platform (Thinkific) provided an easy gateway to narrow the bridge between groundwater and individuals and was used to determine the effectiveness of the “Training Manual for Groundwater Resource Management and Groundwater Governance for Municipalities in South Africa”. Within this dissertation, the effectiveness of the training manual was significantly proven on a sample of 55 young working adults (participants). The data collected from numerous participants provided a holistic perspective of the effectiveness of the dissertation. Different types of quantitative statistical techniques were used to collect, analyse, and display the data. The main concept revolved around the Kirkpatrick’s evaluation method. Only the first two levels of this evaluation model were utilised. Participants wrote pre- and post-tests and completed evaluation questionnaires. This was done to establish the enhanced level of knowledge within participants and to gather reactions regarding perception and satisfaction of the training manual. These tests indicate the effectiveness of the training manual. The data gathered from this training manual show that it is significant to use the training manual as a foundation for groundwater knowledge. The groundwater content in this training manual is sufficient to use for training