Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages
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Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV 1 & 2), in hemophiliacs of Kashmir valley.
No full textBackground: Hemophiliacs receiving component therapy are at risk of developing viral hepatitis and AIDS
Objective: To explore the Sero-positivity status of hemophiliacs of Kashmir for Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV infection.
Methods: From 1st October 2008 to 30th September 2009, 62 hemophiliacs attending the hematology clinic of SKIMS and 10 multiply transfused non-hemophiliacs were studied and screened for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV (1 & 2) infections in the Department of Blood Transfusion and Immunohematology, SKIMS, Srinagar, using the second generation ELISA. A second sample (of the cases only) was taken one month before the completion of study and results were evaluated.
Results: Seroprevalence of hepatitis C was significant (14.5%;9/72) and within hemophiliacs (15.5%;9/62). Seroprevalence of hepatitis B was 1.6% (1/72) and among the hemophiliacs 1.7% (1/62). Seroprevalence of HIV (1 & 2) among the studied subjects and among hemophiliacs was zero. Same results were found in the second sample.
Conclusion: Hepatitis C and then Hepatitis B is common among hemophiliacs and is related to: Number of transfusions (1500 -2100 units), Multiplicity of catering blood banks, Mean duration of illness and transfusion or component reception. (Average 17.4 years), Higher age groups (15-30yr) i. e., the patients who had received components before the screening for Hepatitis C was made mandatory, and Low sensitivity of the diagnostic tools. Seroprevalence of HIV (1 or 2), among studied subjects was zero probably because HIV infection is not highly prevalent in our general population. And that the screening procedures adopted in our blood bank are up to date and stringent saving the chance of missing a seropositive donor due to lack of 100 % sensitivity of the diagnostic tests
Studies on Reproductive Biology of some Species of the Genus Potamogeton L. in Relation to their Habitat Characteristics
No full textNot availabl
Studies on In vitro Propagation of Peony (Paeonia spp.) in Kashmir
No full textPeony is an important ornamental plant used for landscaping and cut flower production. Propagation coefficient of peony is very low through conventional methods. Present studies on in vitro propagation of Peony (Paeonia spp) were conducted for the development of a micropropagation protocol. Investigation was carried out in the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Division of Pomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar during 2006-2009 using herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora) cv. Sara Bernhardt and tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) cv. Black Dragon.
Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora) cv. Sara Bernhardt
Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora) cv. Sara Bernhardt is a very excellent cut flower with good vase life. It is highly demanded for its attractive and sweet scented fragrant flowers. Development of a micropropagation protocol is very important for bridging the gap between demand and supply of propagating material of this plant which has a very low multiplication rate in nature. Explant contamination and browning are serious obstacles encountered during in vitro propagation of herbaceous peony. Explant contamination is high as the buds grow under soil. Treatment of different types of explants for 30 minutes in a solution of megapin (0.03%)+ bavistin (0.01%) followed by surface sterilization with mercuric chloride (0.1%) for 10 minutes + 70% ethyl alcohol for 10 seconds proved best sterilant combination giving maximum aseptic cultures in all types of explants. Next best treatment was mercuric chloride (0.1%) for 10 minutes + 70% ethyl alcohol for 10 seconds. Browning is a serious problem with peony. All types of explants resulted in media/explant browning which was controlled by culturing in media supplemented with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (5.0 g/l) and incubation under refrigeration (4 oC) for 48 hours. Antioxidants (ascorbic acid and citric acid) failed to control browning. Among the explant types, maximum media browning was observed with ovary and leaf segments (89.09%) followed by stem segments (54.78%) whereas minimum with terminal buds and petiole segments (45.00%) on media supplemented with ascorbic acid (0.2 g/l) and incubated under light. Explant source and harvesting stage had a significant effect upon browning. Minimum media browning was noted when unexpanded inner leaves of terminal buds were used as explants or explants were collected from forced stock plants.
Explant type, media and growth regulators had a significant influence on callus initiation and growth. Maximum callus initiating cultures (63.17%) and callus fresh weight (321.82 mg) was obtained with BA + 2,4-D (0.50 + 2.00 mg/l). Covered leaf segments gave maximum callus initiating cultures (66.82%), callus fresh weight (281.96 mg) and minimum days to callus initiation (10.404) followed by forced leaf, stem and petiole segments. Highest callus proliferation grade of 3.68 was obtained in ½ MS medium supplemented with BA + 2,4-D + GA3 (0.50 + 1.00 + 1.00 mg/l). Various combinations and concentrations of BAP, NAA, IBA, IAA, 2,4-D and GA3 failed to induce organogenesis in the callus derived from different explants.
Establishment of underground and terminal buds was significantly affected by media and growth regulators. Maximum shoot length and leaf number/shoot was obtained on full strength MS media fortified with BAP + GA3 (0.50 + 0.10 mg/l). Shoot proliferation varied with the explant type recording 6.20 and 2.36 axillary shoots/explant with terminal buds and underground buds on full strength MS media supplemented with BAP (1.00 mg/l) and BAP + Kinetin (0.50 + 0.50 mg/l), respectively. Length of axillary shoots and leaf number/shoot was maximum with BAP + GA3 (0.50 + 0.10 mg/l). Half strength MS medium supplemented with IBA or NAA (0.25, 0.50 & 0.75 mg/l) was used for root initiation. Healthy in vitro shoots were incubated under complete darkness for 15 days in root initiation medium and then transferred to hormone-free root development medium under light conditions. Maximum rooting (46.92%) and maximum root number/shoot (2.62) was recorded on medium supplemented with IBA (0.25 mg/l). Ex vitro survival of the rooted plantlets was 46.67% under greenhouse conditions in pots filled with soil, well decomposed farmyard manure and sand (1:1:1).
Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) cv. Black Dragon
Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) cv. Balck Dragon is an important landscape plant but rare because of very low propagation coefficient. New growing shoots pinkish in color were collected in spring. Shoots were cut into nodal segments and surface sterilized with different sterilant combinations. Maximum aseptic cultures to the tune of 59.01% were obtained when explants were kept immersed in a solution of 0.01% bavistin + 0.03% megapin for 30 minutes and surface sterilized with 0.1% mercuric chloride for 10 minutes + 70% ethyl alcohol for 10 seconds. Survival of the explants ranged between 62.71 to 83.85% but the differences between treatments were statistically non-significant. Nodal segments inoculated in the MS medium resulted in media browning which was maximum in media supplemented with ascorbic acid (26.07%) and in control (22.78%). Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (5.0 g/l) proved best chemical for controlling media/explant browning. There was practically no media/explant browning when explants were inoculated in media supplemented with PVP (5.0 g/l) and incubated under refrigerated conditions at 4oC for 48 hours. Maximum callus initiating cultures (78.81%) and callus fresh weight (512.290 mg) was obtained when in vitro shoots were cultured on medium supplemented with BAP + GA3 (2.00 + 1.50 mg/l). BAP alone or in combination with NAA, IBA, IAA, 2,4-D and GA3 failed to induce organogenesis in callus. Development of shoot buds in callus was observed with different concentrations of TDZ (0.25 – 2.00 mg/l) only. Shoot bud initiating cultures varied non-significantly between 49.39 to 55.44%. Maximum shoot buds/culture (12.80) were obtained on full strength MS medium supplemented with TDZ (2.00 mg/l).
Establishment of nodal segments ranged between 66.14 to 84.21%. Growth regulators significantly affected shoot length and leaf number/shoot which was 0.89 cm and 4.85 with TDZ (1.00 mg/l), 1.46 cm and 9.22 with BAP (1.50 mg/l) and 1.86 cm and 9.86 with BAP + GA3 (1.00 + 1.50 mg/l), respectively. Proliferation via axillary shoots was significantly affected by BAP concentrations recording maximum proliferating cultures (53.93%) and axillary shoots/culture (4.62) with BAP (1.50 mg/l) and minimum of 39.16% and 2.27 with BAP (0.25 mg/l). Adventitious shoot buds developed with different concentrations of TDZ. Non-significant influence was observed on proliferating cultures which ranged between 59.53 to 84.21%. Number of shoot buds/explant significantly varied between 13.45 with TDZ (0.50 mg/l) to 18.20 with TDZ (2.00 mg/l). Satisfactory growth of adventitious shoots was obtained on medium containing BAP (0.25 mg/l). Rooting of in vitro shoots was tried in two media. Shoots were kept in root initiation medium containing IBA (0.1, 0.2, 0.5 mg/l) for 10 days in complete darkness and then transferred to hormone-free root development medium under light. No root initiation was observed even after 2 months of culture in root development medium
Effect of ethrel on flowering, sex expression and fruiting behavior of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
No full textTwo experiments, one under open field and another in protected green house condition were conducted at Shalimar Campus during Kharif, 2008 and 2009 to study the effect of genotypes and ethrel concentrations on growth, flowering, sex expression and fruiting behavior of cucumber. The treatments consisted of two genotypes (Japanese Green Long and Green Express) and five ethrel levels (0, 200, 300, 400 and 600 ppm) in a randomized block design replicated thrice. The ethrel spray was made at two stages one at two true leaf stage and another at four leaf stage. A uniform dose of N, P and K @ 70, 30 and 30 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively was applied to each plot.
The findings revealed that all the concentrations of ethrel under green house and 400 ppm to 600 ppm under open field condition significantly reduced the plant height than control. Spray application of 200 to 300 ppm under green house and 400 to 600 ppm in open field found significantly superior to higher and lower concentration including control respectively for increasing no. of branches and nodes per plant. The node no. for the appearance of first male flower was significantly higher with all ethrel concentrations while the appearance of first female flower was recorded significantly at lower nodes due to 300, 400 and 600 ppm in green house and under open field 400 ppm and 600 ppm found superior in this respect. The no. of male flowers significantly reduced with the increase in ethrel levels. Spraying ethrel at 300- 600 ppm under green house condition completely inhibited the appearance of male in the first 3 weeks of flowering in the genotype Green Express while the genotype Japanese Green Long produced less than 1 male flower/plant (on an average) with 300 to 400 ppm and at 600 ppm no male flower was formed and the female flowers were significantly higher with 200-400 ppm than 600 ppm and control. Where as under open field condition maximum number of female flowers were recorded with 400 and 600 ppm. Application of ethrel significantly reduced the days to first fruit set, days to first fruit ripening and duration of fruiting as compared to control. The fruit diameter, average fruit weight, number of fruits, fruit yield, number of seeds per fruit and seed yield/plant was significantly higher with 200 to 400 ppm under green house and with 400 and 600 ppm in open field while the fruit length and test weight of seed was significantly higher with control, 200 ppm and 300 ppm than higher concentrations. The effect of treatments on germination percentage of seeds and dry matter content of fruits remained non significant whereas vitamin C content of fruits increased significantly due higher concentrations (300, 400 and 600 ppm).
As regard to genotypes, no significant difference was observed between the two cultivars in respect of plant height, no. of nodes /plant, node no. for the appearance of first male and female flowers, no. of male flower, duration of fruiting, average fruit weight, fruit dry matter content and seed germination percentage under both green house and open field condition while fruit yield (under open field), test weight and no. of seeds/fruit under green house only. However, the cultivar Green Express found superior than Japanese Green Long for no. of female flowers, sex ratio, days to first fruit ripening, fruit diameter, no. of fruits/plant under both conditions and no. of branches /plant, days to first fruit set, fruit yield /plant and vitamin C content of fruits in green house condition only. Where, as Japanese Green Long was significantly superior to Green Express for larger fruit length only.
The economics of seed production of each treatment indicated that in Green Express the highest net returns of Rs. 8.68 lakhs per hectare with a benefit cost ratio of Rs. 3.76 was obtained with 300 ppm ethrel under green house condition while Rs.4.03 lakhs per hectare net returns and Rs.3.16 benefit cost ratio under open field condition. In case of Japanese Green Long the highest net return of Rs 7.92 lakhs per hectare with benefit cost ratio of 3.42 was obtained with 300 ppm ethrel under green house while under open field condition a net return of Rs. 2.72 lakhs and benefit cost ratio of 2.13 was recorded
Genetic Divergence in Some Bivoltine Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Breeds.
No full textSericulture industry has been benefited tremendously through exploitation of heterosis. Silkworm hybrids in general, are superior to pure breeds in growth, vigour and economic traits. In order to improve yield and quality of silk, it is pertinent to characterize the potential of available allelic resources in transferring desirable performance to hybrid progenies. Selection of parents on the basis of per se performance does not always lead to fruitful results. The selection should be based on a thorough knowledge of genetic diversity of parents with regard to traits that need to be improved. More diverse the parents, greater are chances of obtaining higher amount of heterotic expression and also more variability is expected to appear in segregating generations of such crosses.
In the present study twenty eight bivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) genotypes were grouped into five clusters on the basis of Mahalanobis D2 analysis. The twelve genotypes selected from among these D2 clusters were again grouped into five groups on the basis of analysis of six isozymes viz., alkaline phosphatase, amylase, aspartate amino transferase, esterase, peroxidase and succinate dehydrogenase. The estimates of genotypic correlation coefficients were higher in magnitude than the corresponding estimates of phenotypic correlation coefficients. All the isozymes studied were found associated with yield parameters viz., single cocoon weight, single shell weight, cocoon yield/10,000 larvae by number and cocoon yield/10,000 larvae by weight. No genotype displayed a significant superior performance vis-à-vis check breeds in all the metric traits under study. However, several genotypes registered higher performance in several subsets of traits.
In view of the results obtained it could be conceived that the genetic distance and not the geographic diversity are to be considered while identifying parents for hybridization programme. The choice of characters is also important while planning the cross breeding programmes. Out of thirty three bands observed for six isozymic systems, twenty seven were polymorphic. Moreover, the enzymes showed an appreciable range of relative mobility and activity suggesting their usefulness as genetic markers for genotype identification. Based on the mean performance of genotypes and the genetic distances between them it can be conceived that the genotypes NB4D2, SH6, Meigitsu, CSR4, Sheiki II, Pampore-5, J122, J2M, 14M, JBEL, NJ3 and B38 could be used for hybridization programme in future. In the present study weight of mature larvae, single cocoon weight, single shell weight, cocoon yield/10,000 larvae by number and filament length exhibited a significant positive correlation with cocoon yield/ 10,000 larvae by weight. Hence these are the core characters determining economic end product (the yield). These traits also revealed strong genetic association with one another. Hence simultaneous selection of these traits would help in increasing the efficiency of selection while evolving high yielding genotypes or in the amelioration of deteriorated breeds. The enzymes studied, being associated with certain yield parameters can be utilized in marker assisted selection (MAS) programmes for the improvement of silkworm. In spring the breeds J2M, A and NCD displayed significantly superior performance in several subsets of traits while, genotypes CSGRC-5, New race, JA1 and Jam 21 surpassed the check breeds (NB4D2 and SH6) in a good number of metric traits during summer. The genotypes Sheiki II, Pampore-5, J122, Meigitsu, 14M, NJ3, NB18, CSR2 and CSR4 were significantly superior to the check breeds in several subsets of traits in both spring and summer. This information can be utilized for evolving new season specific breeds with accumulation of maximum desirable traits
Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with low dose hyperbaric bupivacaine with or without fentanyl in patients with pregnancy induced hypertension - a comparative study.
No full textObjectives: 1. To compare the effects of low dose intrathecal bupivacaine and combination of bupivacaine and fentanyl in pregnancy induced hypertension patients.2. To compare the haemodynamic changes between the two groups.3. To compare the quality of analgesia between the two groups.4. To compare foetal outcome between two groups.
Study Design & Setting: Prospective Double Blind, Hospital based Study.
Materials & Methods: 50 ASA grade II patients with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) were divided into 2 groups as Group I (Bupivacaine) and Group II (Bupivacaine-Fentanyl). Haemodynamic variables like systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate were recorded every 2 minutes upto delivery of baby and then every 5 minutes until end of surgery. Sensory block and motor block alongwith side effects were recorded. Pain was evaluated using visual analogue scale and neonatal outcome assessed using APGAR scoring.
Results: Haemodynamic parameters like heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure between the study and control group, were comparable and statistically not significant. On comparing the highest sensory level achieved between the two groups, statistically significant difference was observed.. The time taken for sensory regression to T12 level (minutes) between the two groups was statistically significant with a longer duration (209.9 min) in the group II compared to 162.6 min in group I.
Conclusion: The spinal fentanyl- bupivacaine mixture produces a significant prolongation of sensory block, prolongs the duration of analgesia and achieves a higher level of sensory block as compared to bupivacaine alone. This combination does not hasten the onset of sensory or motor block and does not prolong the duration of motor block or produce haemodynamic instability
Cause and management of phytophthora fruit rot of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Kashmir.
No full textCankers attained the statue of a major disease of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) in Kashmir during the last few years. Survey of the apple orchards in Baramulla, Pulwama and Budgam districts during 2006 and 2007 revealed the prevalence of four different types of cankers — smoky canker, stem bark canker, Cytospora canker and anthracnose canker — with varying degrees of incidence. Smoky canker was most prevalent with an average incidence of 46.67 per cent followed by stem bark canker (28.10%). Cytospora and anthracnose cankers were lesser frequent. Smoky canker was characterized by the appearance of sunken reddish brown lesion which on enlargement became elliptical, developed series of concentric rings, turned smoky, girdled the affected limb or branch and roughened the large tree trunks; the stem bark canker appeared as reddish brown lesion, occasionally with purplish margins, which on enlargement became elliptical, developed vertical and horizontal fissures, turned black, brittle and completely girdled the affected tree part. The cytospora canker mostly originating as vertical crack along the branch/ twig developed in to pale yellowish water-soaked area which later turned brownish and brittle and caused collapse of branches by downward elongation and depression. The anthracnose canker, on the other hand, appeared as small water-soaked area which extended along the branch/ twig axis, rendered the diseased bark brownish, which on rupturing finally peeled off. The pathogens constantly associated with these diseases were isolated and pathogenicity established on potted saplings of apple cv. Red Delicious. Based on morphological characters and pathogenicity as compared with authentic descriptions, the pathogens were identified as Diplodia seriata De Not. associated with smoky canker; Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug. Fr.) Ces. & De Not. associated stem bark canker; Valsa ambiens (Pers. Ex. Fr.) Fr. associated with Cytospora canker and Cryptosporiopsis sp. associated with anthracnose canker. The most prevalent canker pathogen, Diplodia seriata, exhibited maximum in vitro radial mycelial growth and fructification on oat meal and potato dextrose agar media with pH 6.0 at 25±1OC; sucrose and glucose were the best carbon sources, while sodium and potassium nitrate proved better nitrogen sources. Field evaluation of six linseed oil based fungicide paints when applied four times a year at intervals of three months on existing unscrapped and scrapped smoky cankers revealed better efficiency of the test paints on scrapped cankers than on unscrapped ones. When applied on unscrapped cankers, none of the paints completely restricted the canker spread though a pronounced and significant effect among the paints was observed. Application of the test paints on the scrapped cankers completely restricted the canker spread and exhibited wound healing without recurrence of the disease. Carbendazim in combination with either chlorothalonil or captan gave 92 and 84 per cent wound healing followed by the admixture of carbendazim with either copper oxychloride (80%) or mancozeb (76%); Bordeaux and Chaubattia paints proved least effective. Of the fourteen elite apple cultivars screened under natural field conditions for tolerance to D. seriata, none of the cultivars exhibited tolerant or moderately tolerant reactions; however, the cultivars viz. King of Pippins, Yellow Newton and Ambri were moderately susceptible to the pathogen
The optimum intravenous fluid to be used during transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) for the prevention of hyponatremia
No full text: Development of hyponatremia is a known problem with TURP, which can lead to cerebral edema, seizures, coma and death; but there is paucity of literature to know which Intravenous (iv) fluid is optimum to be used during TURP to minimize or prevent this complication.
Objectives: To find out the optimum iv fluid out of Normal Saline (NS), Dextrose Normal Saline (DNS) and Ringer’s Lactate (RL) to be used during TURP to minimize the development of hyponatremia immediately post-operatively and 24 hours post-operatively
Compatibility Studies of Some Exotic And Indigenous Almonds
No full textAlmond is a self–incompatible plant and incompatibility is of gametophytic type requiring pollen transfer between trees of different cultivars for fruit set. Incomplete pollination is a principal barrier to maximize almond productivity. Maximum orchard efficiency depends on proper combination of compatible cultivars. The present investigation on Prunus amygdalus (Batsch) was carried out with an objective to evaluate cross compatibility among selected genotypes of a given segment of almond germplasm. Investigations were also conducted on various quality attributes in relation to pollen source. A wide range of variation was observed among the nine genotypes for various phenological characters and quality attributes. There was considerable overlapping of bloom among cultivars. Duration of bloom ranged from 4 days in Pranyaj, Mukhdoom, KD-6 and Shalimar to 9 days in Primorskij and Merced in years of 2005 and 2006. The effective bloom period in the genotypes ranged between 8th March to 18th March and 7th March to 19th March in Mukhdoom, Shalimar, KD-3, KD-5,KD-6 and 23rd March to 31st March and 24th March to 2nd April in Pranyaj, Merced, Primorskij and Waris. Fruit set varied with each cross combination, Initial fruit set percent ranged from 5.55% in Shalimar x KD-3 to 77.77 % in Waris x Shalimar in 2005 and varied from 11.11 % in Merced x Shalimar to 85.71% in Waris x KD-6 in 2006. The highest final fruit set of 58% was obtained in Merced x KD-5 as compared to lowest fruit set of 1.01 % recorded in Shalimar x KD-3 in year 2005. While as the fruit set ranged between 3.23%-66% in Merced x Shalimar and Waris x KD-6 during 2006. Fruit set under open pollination varied from 9 to 60 % among genotypes. No fruit set was observed in any genotype following selfing by bagging. Optimum stigma receptivity was recorded for a duration of four days in all genotypes. Maximum pollen germination of 96% and 90% was observed for Primorskij and Pranyaj during 2005 and 2006 respectively.
The influence of pollen source on the nut and kernel characteristics of recipient genotype reveals that the characters like nut weight, kernel weight, nut size, kernel size and shelling percentage were significantly influenced by the donor parent. While as, characters like organoleptic rating, kernel color, shell color, shell hardness, did not show any effect of the source of pollen
Comparative study of intrathecal tramadol Administration on postoperative analgesia after transurethral resection of prostate using three different doses of tramadol.
No full textObjectives: 1: To determine the optimal dose requirements of intrathecal Tramadol as the main postoperative Analgesic.2: To evaluate the side effect profile of various doses of Intrathecal Tramadol
Study Design & Setting: Prospective Double Blind, Hospital based Study.
Materials & Methods: 87 patients of status ASA I and II, aged between 50-70 years scheduled for TURP under spinal anesthesia, received 30 mg, (Group I), 40mg (Group II), and 50mg (Group III) of intrathecal tramadol hydrochloride with 2.5ml of 0.5% bupivacaine each. VAS score was assessed hourly for the first 8 hours after operation and every four hourly thereafter for a total of 24 hours. The duration of analgesia in three groups was obtained from the completion of spinal injection to the time of rescue analgesic administered on demand or when visual analogue score was =3
Results: There was a statistically significant difference in postoperative pain relief in group I (14.69±5.85 hours), group II (18.48±6.18 hours) and group III (19.45±4.626 hours). Incidence of vomiting in group III (34.5%), group II (17.2%) and group I (13.8%) was statistically significant. The Postoperative Visual Analogue Scale score is statistically significant among the three groups at different time periods.
Conclusions: Tramadol hydrochloride is an effective analgesic agent when administered intrathecally for postoperative pain.40 mg is an optimum dose for postoperative analgesia given intrathecally without significant increase in side effects.50 mg of tramadol can be used with appropriate anti-emetics to reduce the incidence of nausea and vomiting associated with this dose