Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages
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Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management for Soybean (Glycine max L.) under Temperate Conditions
No full textA field experiment was conducted at KVK, Srinagar during two consecutive kharif seasons of 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the “Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management for Soybean (Glycine max L.) Under Temperate Conditions”. The experiment was laid out under 18 treatment combinations viz., three levels of recommended inorganic fertilizers (50, 75 and 100% RD), three levels of organic manures (control, FYM 10 t ha-1 and Dalweed 10 t ha-1) and two levels of biofertilizers (control and dual inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB) in randomised complete block design with three replications. The results revealed that grain and straw yield increased significantly with increase in the recommended inorganic levels. Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 showed significantly superior results over other organic treatments. Dual inoculation with Rhizobium and PSB showed significantly superior results over no inoculation. Yield attributing characters viz. 100-seed weight and number of nodules showed significant increase with increasing levels of recommended inorganic fertilizers. Application of 75% recommended inorganic fertilizer level showed highest 100-seed weight over other levels. Organic fertilizers also showed significantly superior results. Among organics, FYM (10 t ha-1) was found superior than Dalweed (10 t ha-1) for yield attributes. Seed quality also improved with application of increased recommended inorganic fertilizers. Oil and lysine content was found superior with application of 75% recommended inorganic fertilizers over other levels. Among organics FYM (10 t ha-1) yielded significantly superior results for seed quality than Dalweed (10 t ha-1). Dual inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB showed significantly superior seed quality over control.
The plant analysis showed significant increase in major nutrients (N, P and K) content in straw with applications of recommended inorganic fertilizers. Among organics, FYM (10 t ha-1) showed significantly superior results over Dalweed (10 t ha-1). Dual inoculation also showed significantly superior results for major nutrient contents over control. Secondary nutrients (Ca, Mg) increased significantly by application of recommended inorganic fertilisers. FYM (10 t ha-1) was found significantly superior over other treatments. Similarly, Dual inoculation of Rhizobium + PSB yielded significant results over control. Plant analysis after harvest of crop also showed that recommended inorganic fertilizers alongwith organic manures yielded significant results for micro-nutrients cations (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu). Among organics, FYM (10 t ha-1) was found superior. Dual inoculation also showed significantly superior results for micro-nutrients over control.
Application of recommended inorganic fertilisers significantly increased the P-fractions (Fe-P Al-P and Ca-P) and available N, P and K content of the post harvest soil. Application of FYM/Dalweed (10 t ha-1) significantly increased various P-fractions (Fe-P, Al-P and Ca-P) and also available N, P and K of the post harvest soil. Although the dual inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB showed significant increase in available N and P but was non-significant for available K. Dual inoculation also showed significant increase in P-fractions (Fe-P, Al-P and Ca-P) over control. The secondary and micro-nutrients of post harvest soil were also increased with application of recommended inorganic fertilizers except for iron and copper which were found statistically non-significant. Application of FYM/Dalweed (10 t ha-1) was found significantly superior for both secondary nutrients (Ca, Mg and S) as well as micro-nutrient contents (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu). Dual inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB was found significantly superior over control for both secondary as well as micro-nutrients.
Soil physical properties were enhanced by application of recommended inorganic fertilisers except for bulk density. Organic manures also enhanced the physical properties of the soil. Among organic, FYM (10 t ha-1) was found superior over Dalweed (10 t ha-1). Dual inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB also showed significantly superior results in improved soil physical properties over no-inoculation
Open Source Tools for Varied Professions
Get PDFThe popularity of open source software in contemporary world with the emergence of globally distributed base of developers, contributors and users has given new identity to the present software development industry with growing use of freely available software tools along with the source code by non-profit organisations, universities and commercial establishments to suit their varied requirements. The success of such software tools is evident with the growing number of downloads and users from diverse professions. The present paper makes an attempt to explore some of the most Prominent Open Source tools used for highly specialised professional tasks in the fields of Business Management and Health
Nutrient Status of Walnuts in Kashmir.
No full textThe present investigations “Nutrient Status of Walnuts in Kashmir” was carried out in walnut growing belts of Kashmir. The nutrient status of walnut orchard soils and leaves at thirty locations, ten from each altitude (high, mid and low) in district Anantnag, Baramulla, Pulwama and Kupwara were studied. A correlation between the soil chemical properties and leaf nutrient concentrations was worked out. Correlation of nutrients with the nut characteristics was also worked out. Besides the leaf standardization and root distribution pattern of walnuts was also studied. The soil pH was almost neutral with normal EC. The soil OC was, however, low. The N, P, K, Ca and Mg showed a range of 35.06 to 144.33, 4.12 to 7.66, 30.06 to 84.03, 813.40 to 1616.60 and 117.95 to 199.42 ppm, respectively. N, P, and K showed a decreasing trend with an increase in the soil depth while as Ca and Mg decreased. N, K and Ca increased with an increase in the altitude of a location. Soil micro-nutrients, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu ranged from 15.34 to 66.65, 20.90 to 95.00, 0.10 to 1.50 and 0.70 to 3.81 ppm, respectively. All the micro-nutrients studied decreased with an increase in the soil depth. Fe and Cu increased with an increase in the altitude of a location. Soil pH of the surface layer had a significant and negative correlation with available nitrogen and zinc. A significantly positive relation was observed between soil pH and soil calcium content. Soil organic carbon showed a significant positive relationship with the available nitrogen, calcium and zinc.
The macro-nutrients N, P, K, Ca and Mg had a range of 2.04 to 2.84, 0.14 to 0.32, 0.19 to 1.14, 1.04 to 1.90 and 0.10 to 0.42 percent, respectively. Among the macronutrients, P and Mg increased with altitude while N and K had no relation and Ca decreased with the altitude of a location. The leaf micro-nutrients Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu range from 68.00 to 138.00, 23.50 to 83.00, 16.66 to 24.16 and 3.00 to 8.50 ppm, respectively. Micro-nutrients had no relation with the altitude of a location. Nitrogen and phosphorus had a significant positive relation with the soil nitrogen and phosphorus content in the surface and sub-surface soil. Calcium content of the leaves had a significant positive relation with the soil calcium content of the sub-surface soils.
Nut yield ranged between 40 to 80 kg per tree with a nut weight of 9.2 to 17.9 g, kernel weight 4.89 to 9.90 g, shelling percentage 41.00 to 61.26 and a nut size of 2.9×2.6 cm to 4.4×3.7 cm. Nut yield was higher at mid and high altitudes with nut size more in the high altitude areas. Shelling percentage was also high in the high altitude areas. Nut yield, nut size and kernel weight had a significant positive correlation with the leaf nitrogen and zinc concentration.
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in the walnut leaves decreased significantly as the season advanced. The nutrient content in the leaves sampled on 16th July and 16th August was almost stable with a non significant change between the samples collected on these dates.
The length and mass of fine roots (diameter less than 1mm) was maximum (2633.52 cm and 19.43 g, respectively) within the tree canopy i.e. at a distance 2/3rd from tree trunk to drip line. It was significantly low near the tree trunk and towards the drip line. The length and mass of the fine roots was more in the surface layer (2498.65 cm and 14.22 g, respectively). As the soil depth increased the RLD and RMD of the fine roots decreased significantly. RLD of thicker roots was not significantly influenced by the radial distance from the tree trunk but the RMD decreased significantly from the tree trunk to the drip line. Thicker roots were significantly more in the surface layer of the soil
Evaluation of intrathecal neostigmine in different doses added to bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia
No full textObjectives: 1. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intrathecal neostigmine with bupivacaine in two different doses for postoperative analgesia.2. To assess the effect of intrathecal neostigmine on the characteristics of bupivacaine spinal anesthesia.
Study Design & Setting: Prospective Double Blind, Hospital based Study.
Materials & Methods: Ninety patients aged 20-40 years of ASA I-II, undergoing lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries under spinal anaesthesia participated in the study were divided into 3 groups as Group A (n=30) received 2.5ml intrathecal bupivacaine 0.5% (Control group) Group B (n=30) received 50µg intrathecal neostigmine + 2.5 ml bupivacaine 0.5% Group C (n=30) received 150µg intrathecal neostigmine + 2.5 ml bupivacaine 0.5%. Standardized anaesthetic technique was carried out. Level of sensory block by pin prick method and motor block was assessed by Bromage scale. Time from start of anaesthesia to Bromage grade II, Time of 2 segment regression and motor recovery was checked and recorded every 15 minutes after completion of surgery. Patients with Visual Analogne Scale Score (VAS) above 4 received rescue analgesia. Side effects were noted and data statistically evaluated.
Results: Total duration of motor block was significantly prolonged in groups B & C compared to A. VAS scores at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hours was significantly higher in the control group. The mean duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged in group B (340±8.6) and group C (700±8.65) than group A (263.30±7.57) p value< 0.05 4 patients in the 50 mcg neostigmine group and 5 in the 150mcg neostigmine group developed nausea.7 patients in 50mcg and 11 in 150mcg groups developed vomiting.
Conclusion: Intrathecal neostigmine results in effective analgesia postoperatively. Further it prolongs sensory and motor block induced by bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia and at the same time cause no haemodynamic or ventilatory depression in the intraoperative and postoperative period
Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with low dose hyperbaric bupivacaine with or without fentanyl in patients with pregnancy induced hypertension - a comparative study.
No full textObjectives: 1. To compare the effects of low dose intrathecal bupivacaine and combination of bupivacaine and fentanyl in pregnancy induced hypertension patients.2. To compare the haemodynamic changes between the two groups.3. To compare the quality of analgesia between the two groups.4. To compare foetal outcome between two groups.
Study Design & Setting: Prospective Double Blind, Hospital based Study.
Materials & Methods: 50 ASA grade II patients with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) were divided into 2 groups as Group I (Bupivacaine) and Group II (Bupivacaine-Fentanyl). Haemodynamic variables like systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate were recorded every 2 minutes upto delivery of baby and then every 5 minutes until end of surgery. Sensory block and motor block alongwith side effects were recorded. Pain was evaluated using visual analogue scale and neonatal outcome assessed using APGAR scoring.
Results: Haemodynamic parameters like heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure between the study and control group, were comparable and statistically not significant. On comparing the highest sensory level achieved between the two groups, statistically significant difference was observed.. The time taken for sensory regression to T12 level (minutes) between the two groups was statistically significant with a longer duration (209.9 min) in the group II compared to 162.6 min in group I.
Conclusion: The spinal fentanyl- bupivacaine mixture produces a significant prolongation of sensory block, prolongs the duration of analgesia and achieves a higher level of sensory block as compared to bupivacaine alone. This combination does not hasten the onset of sensory or motor block and does not prolong the duration of motor block or produce haemodynamic instability
Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with low dose hyperbaric bupivacaine with or without fentanyl in patients with pregnancy induced hypertension - a comparative study.
No full textObjectives: 1. To compare the effects of low dose intrathecal bupivacaine and combination of bupivacaine and fentanyl in pregnancy induced hypertension patients.2. To compare the haemodynamic changes between the two groups.3. To compare the quality of analgesia between the two groups.4. To compare foetal outcome between two groups.
Study Design & Setting: Prospective Double Blind, Hospital based Study.
Materials & Methods: 50 ASA grade II patients with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) were divided into 2 groups as Group I (Bupivacaine) and Group II (Bupivacaine-Fentanyl). Haemodynamic variables like systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate were recorded every 2 minutes upto delivery of baby and then every 5 minutes until end of surgery. Sensory block and motor block alongwith side effects were recorded. Pain was evaluated using visual analogue scale and neonatal outcome assessed using APGAR scoring.
Results: Haemodynamic parameters like heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure between the study and control group, were comparable and statistically not significant. On comparing the highest sensory level achieved between the two groups, statistically significant difference was observed.. The time taken for sensory regression to T12 level (minutes) between the two groups was statistically significant with a longer duration (209.9 min) in the group II compared to 162.6 min in group I.
Conclusion: The spinal fentanyl- bupivacaine mixture produces a significant prolongation of sensory block, prolongs the duration of analgesia and achieves a higher level of sensory block as compared to bupivacaine alone. This combination does not hasten the onset of sensory or motor block and does not prolong the duration of motor block or produce haemodynamic instability
Women And The Development Of Hadith Literature: A Study of Ruwāt (Women Transmitters of Hadith)
No full textNot availabl
Studies on Downy Mildew of Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) in Kashmir valley
No full textDowny mildew of grapes (Plasmopara viticola) attained the status of a major disease of grape in Kashmir valley. The disease was prevalent in all the three districts of the valley surveyed during the year 2007 and 2008 with disease incidence and intensity ranging from 36.78 to 43.22 and 17.70 to 22.95 per cent, respectively. The highest disease incidence (53.28%) and intensity (26.75 %) was recorded in district Srinagar and least in district Ganderbal (24.77 and 12.94%, respectively). Among the locations surveyed, Shalimar of district Srinagar exhibited highest disease incidence (67.70%) and intensity (37.49%) and Repora of district Ganderbal exhibited least disease incidence (18.92%) and intensity (7.73%). The disease is characterised by small pale yellow, translucent spots measuring approximately 0.3 mm in size on adaxial leaf surface, which later on coalesced and formed irregular necrotic patches surrounded by chocolate coloured halo. On the corresponding abaxial surface, white cottony growth of the fungus appeared which later turned dirty grey to dark brown. The disease ultimately resulted in premature defoliation. Infected shoot tips exhibited Shepherd’s crook symptoms, dried up and dropped. Young infected berries turned brown, got covered with white cottony growth of the fungus and later withered. However, late infected berries remained stunted, developed a purplish grey colour, shrivelled and dropped. The disease appeared in the month of June and reached its maximum by the end of September. Maximum apparent infection rate of 0.166 and 0.179 units/day was observed during third week of July in the year 2007 and 2008, respectively. Weather factors viz. precipitation and relative humidity showed positive correlation with the disease development in terms of infection rate (units/day) with 65 per cent contribution alone by rainfall. The pathogen perpetuated through winter in the form of oospores on fallen diseased leaves in/on orchard floor and also in infected buds of pruned snag and intact shoots. The oospore production and their viability in soil decreased with increasing depth of placement of infected leaves. Maximum oospore production in leaves on orchard floor was observed during second fortnight of May to first fortnight of June and in buds of pruned snag during first to second fortnight of June. The infected leaves and buds of pruned snag lying on the orchard floor served as the most important overwintering site for P. viticola. Among the fungitoxicants tested, metalaxyl + mancozeb 72 WP (0.3%) followed by dimethomorph 50WP (0.02%), cymoxanil 50WP (0.2%) and mancozeb 75WP (0.3%) proved highly efficacious in controlling the disease when sprayed at five different phenological stages of grape vine. Disease tolerance of varying degrees was observed under natural conditions in the available grape germplasm. Of the eighteen grape cultivars screened for tolerance/resistance to P. viticola during 2007 and 2008, Himrod was the only tolerant cultivar whereas Sahibi, Khalili, Tas-e-Ganesh, Hussaine, Kishmish Rosavis, Perlette, Anab-e-Shahi and Thompson Seedless were highly susceptible
Genetic studies in brown sarson (Brassica rapa L.)
No full textThe present investigation on brown sarson (Brassica rapa L.) was carried out to generate information on genetic variability, degree of interrelationship and combining ability (general and specific), nature and magnitude of gene effects and heterosis for yield of 11 morpho-agronomic and quality traits. The experimental material comprised of a diallel set involving 10 diverse lines excluding reciprocals. Significant variability and GxE interaction was observed for all the traits indicating that the behaviour of parents and crosses was not similar in the random set of environments. The experimental material was evaluated in a randomized complete block design with two replications over two locations namely Regional Rice and Research Station, Khudwani (E1) and Experimental Farm, Division of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Shalimar (E2) of SKUAST-K during rabi 2008-09. The data was recorded on days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), primary branches plant-1, secondary branches plant-1, number of siliquae on main raceme, number of siliquae plant-1, number of seeds siliqua-1, days to maturity, 1000-seed weight (g), seed yield plant-1 (g), oil content (%) and harvest index (%).
Phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation was high for seed yield plant-1 followed by primary branches plant-1, secondary branches plant-1, number of seeds siliqua-1 and moderate for secondary branches plant-1 and days to maturity. The expected genetic gain (% of mean) was highest for secondary branches plant-1 followed by seed yield plant-1, number of siliqua plant-1, primary branches plant-1, 1000-seed weight and number of seeds siliqua-1. The lowest genetic gain was observed for days to 50% flowering followed by days to maturity.
Seed yield plant-1 exhibited a significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation with all the component traits studied. However, it was negatively correlated with maturity days and oil content at both the levels. For yield components significant positive association was revealed between number of siliqua plant-1 and seed yield plant-1, 1000-seed weight and number of seeds siliqua-1, seed yield plant-1 and harvest index both at phenotypic and genotypic levels.
The mean values were used for statistical analysis and estimation of genetic parameters following diallel analysis. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the parents and their crosses for all the traits in the individual environment and the data pooled over environments. The variance due to GCA and SCA was significant for all the traits which showed that both were important in the inheritance of the traits. Significant interaction between combining ability effects and environments were observed for all the traits. The estimates of dominance variance were higher in magnitude than their corresponding additive genetic variance in the individual as well as pooled analysis indicating preponderance of non-additive gene action. Estimates of average degree of dominance revealed preponderance of overdominance for all the traits. None of the parents was found to be a good general combiner simultaneously for all traits. However, CR-1617 was identified as a good general combiner for most of the traits viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height (cm), secondary branches plant-1, number of siliquae on main raceme, number of siliquae plant-1, days to maturity, 1000-seed weight and seed yield plant-1, CR-2871 was the best general combiner for oil content and CR-2630 for harvest index. Overall ranking of genotypes revealed that genotypes CR-1617, CR-2638, CR-2677, CR-1607, CR-1480, KOS-1 and KS-101 could be useful sources of elite alleles based on their general combining effects. The most promising crosses that revealed highly positive and significant SCA effects for yield and yield attributing traits were CR-1485 x CR-1607, CR-1485 x CR-2871, CR-1480 x CR-2677, CR-2871 x KOS-1, CR-2638 x KOS-1, CR-2677 x KOS-1 and CR-2677 x KS-101 (E1, E2 and pooled analysis). The component analysis indicated preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of all the traits. Net dominance effect over all loci in heterozygotes ( ) was significant and positive for all traits indicating unidirectional dominance, which was also confirmed from the value of / that indicated asymmetrical gene distribution. The value of KD/KR was more than one indicating presence of excess of dominant genes in parents, which was also verified by / value in almost all the cases. The graphical analysis indicated overdominance in case of 1000-seed weight and oil content (E1, E2 and pooled analysis) whereas, partial to complete dominance was observed for rest of the traits. Significant value of t2 alongwith significant deviation of regression coefficient from unity, indicated presence of non-allelic interactions, for secondary branches plant-1 and number of siliquae on main raceme, low to moderate estimates of heritability (narrow sense) were recorded. Significant and desirable mid and better parent heterosis was observed for most of the traits. The maximum heterosis for seed yield plant-1 was registered in CR-1485 x CR-1607, CR-1677 x KS-101, CR-1485 x CR-2871, CR-2677 x KS-101 and CR-1607 x CR-2677 (mid and better parent estimates). Higher magnitude of mid and better parent heterosis in the favourable direction for seed yield and component traits suggested the possibility of yield enhancement in brown sarson through the exploitation of heterosis breeding provided an economically feasible method is available for production of commercial hybrids
Studies on combining ability and hybrid sterility in rice (Oryza sativa L.).
No full textThe rationale of taking this programme was to combine the higher yielding ability of japonica varieties on account of their semi-tall stature and therefore less proneness to lodging and responsiveness to higher doses of fertilization with wide adaptability and grain quality characteristics of indicas. The major objectives were to estimate the combining ability effects of parents and crosses, to determine the nature of gene action and to estimate the nature and magnitude of heterosis. The major problem frequently encountered in the inter-subspecific crosses is hybrid sterility. Hence other objectives undertaken were to assess the magnitude of hybrid sterility in terms of pollen and spikelet sterility in indica x japonica crosses and to determine the overcome in sterility by using WCV (Dular) through three-way crosses.
In the present study twelve genetically diverse parents were used to generate 60 cross combinations. Thirty intervarietal (15 i x i and 15 j x j) crosses were generated through two 6 x 6 half diallel crosses. Fifteen inter-subspecific (i x j) crosses were obtained through single 5 x 3 line x tester mating design. Fifteen three-way crosses were generated by crossing five indica single crosses carrying WCV (Dular) as one of the parents with three japonica testers. The entire material were generated in Kharif 2008. The experimental material generated alongwith parents were evaluated in RBD with two replications at RR&RS, Khudwani, whileas intervarietal japonica (j x j) crosses were evaluated at High Altitude Rice Research Sub-Station, Larnoo during Kharif 2009. Observations were recorded for various morpho-agronomic and other traits. The analysis of variance revealed significant to highly significant differences for genotypes and crosses for the entire experimental material. The variances due to sca were higher in magnitude than the corresponding gca variances resulting in relatively higher than for most of the characters except for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity and grain yield plant/plant. Genetic components of variance revealed relatively higher estimates due to dominance deviation ( ) than corresponding estimates of additive genetic variance ( ) for most of the traits except for aforementioned characters. However, deviation from this trend was also observed among experimental crossing blocks for different traits. Average degree of dominance was in the range of overdominance for most of the yield components and other traits, however, maturity traits and grain yield/plant displayed partial dominance.
None of the parents could be identified to possess good general combining ability for all the attributes, however, the parents P1, P3, P8, P11 and P12 were found to be the promising combiners for most of the traits.
Based on the results of specific combining ability the crosses for early maturity were P4 x P6, P1 x P5, P1 x P2, P11 x P12, P8 x P10, L4 x T2 and L3 x T3. For higher grain yield/plant promising crosses identified were P1 x P5, P1 x P2, P4 x P6, P8 x P11, P11 x P12, P10 x P12 and L3 x T3. The cross combinations P1 x P6, P2 x P5, P4 x P5, P10 x P12 and P11 x P12 were suggested as the most favourable for more fertile spikelet/panicle.
Nature and extent of heterotic effects over better parent and standard check(s) were of appreciable magnitude for grain yield, yield component traits, besides for early maturity suggesting the possibility of improvement through exploitation of heterosis. The intervarietal crosses revealing standard heterosis over check(s) for yield and early maturity were P1 x P2 (9.62, -11.06 %), P1 x P4 (9.44, - 10.74 %) and P2 x P3 (10.62, -9.30 %), while as only vegetative heterosis was noticed on inter-subspecific crosses. Owing to apparent limitations in heterosis breeding in rice due to non-availability of suitable CMS system, biparental mating followed by recurrent selection is advocated to realise the maximum genetic gain. Hybridization of parents with good gca effects has an ample scope of throwing promising transgressive segregants in the segregating generations to be used as commercial varieties.
Magnitude of hybrid sterility in terms of pollen and spikelet sterility when compared in different crossing blocks were observed in the order of i x j > i x i > j x j. Very high mean value for both of these traits were observed for inter-subspecific (i x j) crosses (58.26 and 76.51%), followed by intervarietal indica (i x i) (30.25 and 27.32%) and intervarietal japonica (j x j) crosses (10.97 and 16.78%). The i x j cross combination revealing highest value of pollen and spikelet sterility were L4 x T2 followed by L4 x T3 and L5 x T2. The mean overcome in hybrid sterility by using WCV (Dular) through three-way crosses was 36.62 and 63.62 per cent respectively for pollen and spikelet sterility. The three-way crosses (L4 x D) x T1 and (L1 x D) x T3 realized maximum overcome for both sterility values thus elucidating the importance of WCV (Dular) in neutralizing the hybrid sterility to an appreciable extent. Differential degrees of expression of hybrid sterility (i x j crosses) and overcome in hybrid sterility using WCV through three-way crosses signify the role played by genetic make up of different materials used for the study viz-a-viz inconclusive nature of WCV to express in all backgrounds. Hence the present study suggests the testing of more and more prospective neutral alleles and their transfer into our indica and japonica varieties, so that a large number of WCVs with the desired agronomic background can be developed